Ch. 42 Ecology (Ecosystems and Energy)

Question 0

Regardless of an ecosystem’s size, it’s dynamics involve what two main processes

Answer 0

Energy flow and chemical aging

Question 1

Consists of all the organisms living In a community as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact

Answer 1

Ecosystem

Question 2

Difference between energy and matter in an ecosystem

Answer 2

Energy flows through an ecosystem while matter cycles within it

Question 3

What do ecologists study

Answer 3

The transformations of energy and matter within ecosystems

Question 4

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it is only transferred or transformed

Answer 4

First law of thermodynamics

Question 5

In what form does energy enter an ecosystem and to what form is it transformed into

Answer 5

Enters as solar radiation

Transformed into chemical energy by photosynthetic organisms and is dissipated as heat

Question 6

Every exchange of energy increases the entropy of the universe

Answer 6

Second law of thermodynamics

Question 7

What is required to maintain energy flow in earths ecosystems

Answer 7

Continuous input from the sun

Question 8

Matter cannot be created or destroyed

Answer 8

Conversion of mass

Question 9

What happens to chemical elements within ecosystems

Answer 9

Continually recycled

Question 10

How do nutrients enter and exit a forest ecosystem

Answer 10

Enter as dust or solutes

Carried away in water

Question 11

Absorbs energy and mass and releases heat and waste products

Answer 11

Open system ecosystems

Question 12

Happens if a mineral nutrients outputs exceed its imputs

Answer 12

It will limit production in that system

Question 13

Build molecules themselves using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as an energy source

Answer 13

Autotrophs

Question 14

Depend on the biosynthetic output of other organisms

Answer 14

Heterotrophs

Question 15

What connects all trophic levels

Answer 15

Composition

Question 16

The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by auto troughs during a given period of time

Answer 16

Primary production

Question 17

What sets the spending limit for an ecosystems energy budget

Answer 17

Extent of photosynthetic production

Question 18

What limits the photosynthetic output of ecosystems

Answer 18

The amount of solar radiation

Question 19

Measure does the conversion of chemical energy from photosynthesis per-unit time

Answer 19

Gross primary production

Question 20

gross primary production minus energy used by primary producers for autotrophic respiration

Answer 20

Net primary production

Question 21

What is the equation for net primary production

Answer 21

NPP=GPP-Ra

Question 22

New biomass in a given time period

Answer 22

Net primary production

Question 23

WhAt is net primary production only available to?

Answer 23

Consumers

Question 24

The total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs at a given time

Answer 24

Standing crop

Question 25

A measure of the total biomass during a given period

Answer 25

Net ecosystem production

Question 26

Gross primary production minus the total respiration of all organisms

Answer 26

Net ecosystem production

Question 27

What is the equation for net ecosystem production

Answer 27

NEP=GPP-Rt

Question 28

What controls primary production in marine and freshwater ecosystems

Answer 28

Light and nutrients

Question 29

What effects primary reduction in the photic zone of an ocean or lake

Answer 29

Depth of light penetration

Question 30

What also limits primary reduction in geographic regions of the oceans and lakes

Answer 30

Nutrients

Question 31

Element that must be added for production to increase in an area

Answer 31

Limiting nutrient

Question 32

What are the nutrients that most often limit marine production

Answer 32

Nitrogen and phosphorus

Question 33

What if experiment with suction on a large scale in terrestrial ecosystems

Answer 33

Temperature and moisture

Question 34

Primary production increases with..

Answer 34

Moisture

Question 35

Water transpired by plants and evaporated from landscape

Answer 35

Evapotranspiration

Question 36

What is evapotranspiration affected by

Answer 36

Precipitation temperature and solar energy

Question 37

What is often the limiting factor in primary production on a more local scale

Answer 37

Soil nutrient

Question 38

Is most common limiting nutrient interest real ecosystems

Answer 38

Nitrogen | Phosphorus can also be a limiting nutrient especially in older soils

Question 39

The amount of chemical energy in food converted to new bio mass during a given period of time

Answer 39

Secondary production

Question 40

What is an organisms production efficiency

Answer 40

Net secondary production times 100 over assimilation of primary production

Question 41

The percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next

Answer 41

Trophic efficiency

Question 42

What does trophic efficiency take into account

Answer 42

Energy lost through respiration and contained in feces as well as the energy stored in unconsumed portions of the food source

Question 43

Represents the loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain

Answer 43

Pyramid of not production

Question 44

The ratio of standing crop Biomass to production

Answer 44

Turnover time

Question 45

Play a key role in the general pattern of chemical cycling

Answer 45

Decomposers other known as Detrivores

Question 46

What controls the rate of decomposition

Answer 46

Temperature moisture a nutrient availability

Question 47

Biotic and abiotic components in nutrient cycles in ecosystems

Answer 47

Biogeochemical cycles

Question 48

What you carbon reservoirs include

Answer 48

``` Fossil fuels Soils and sediments Solutes in oceans Plants and animal biomass The atmosphere Sedimentary rocks ```

Question 49

How does The carbon cycle work

Answer 49

Photosynthetic organisms convert CO2 to organic molecules that are used by heterotrophs CO2 is taken up by the process of photosynthesis and released into the atmosphere through cellular respiration

Question 50

Process where nitrogen must be converted to ammonium or nitrate for uptake by plants

Answer 50

Nitrogen fixation and this is done by bacteria

Question 51

Organic nitrogen is decomposed to ammonium by

Answer 51

Ammonification

Question 52

Ammonium is decomposed to nitrates by

Answer 52

Nitrification

Question 53

Convert nitrates back to nitrogen

Answer 53

Denitrification

Question 54

It is the most important in organic form of phosphorus

Answer 54

Phosphate

Question 55

Largest reservoirs for phosphorus

Answer 55

Sedimentary rocks

Question 56

Seeks to initiate or speed up the recovery of degraded ecosystems

Answer 56

Restoration ecology

Question 57

What are two key strategies for restoration ecology

Answer 57

Buy a remediation and augmentation

Question 58

Use of organisms to detoxify ecosystems

Answer 58

Bioremediation

Question 59

Where organisms are usually used for bioremediation

Answer 59

Prokaryotes fungi plants

Question 60

Uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem

Answer 60

Biological augmentation