Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A.P. Biology > Ch. 42 Ecology (Ecosystems and Energy) > Flashcards

Ch. 42 Ecology (Ecosystems and Energy) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Regardless of an ecosystem’s size, it’s dynamics involve what two main processes

A

Energy flow and chemical aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Consists of all the organisms living In a community as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact

A

Ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Difference between energy and matter in an ecosystem

A

Energy flows through an ecosystem while matter cycles within it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do ecologists study

A

The transformations of energy and matter within ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it is only transferred or transformed

A

First law of thermodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In what form does energy enter an ecosystem and to what form is it transformed into

A

Enters as solar radiation

Transformed into chemical energy by photosynthetic organisms and is dissipated as heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Every exchange of energy increases the entropy of the universe

A

Second law of thermodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is required to maintain energy flow in earths ecosystems

A

Continuous input from the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Matter cannot be created or destroyed

A

Conversion of mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to chemical elements within ecosystems

A

Continually recycled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do nutrients enter and exit a forest ecosystem

A

Enter as dust or solutes

Carried away in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Absorbs energy and mass and releases heat and waste products

A

Open system ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Happens if a mineral nutrients outputs exceed its imputs

A

It will limit production in that system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Build molecules themselves using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as an energy source

A

Autotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Depend on the biosynthetic output of other organisms

A

Heterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What connects all trophic levels

A

Composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by auto troughs during a given period of time

A

Primary production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What sets the spending limit for an ecosystems energy budget

A

Extent of photosynthetic production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What limits the photosynthetic output of ecosystems

A

The amount of solar radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Measure does the conversion of chemical energy from photosynthesis per-unit time

A

Gross primary production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

gross primary production minus energy used by primary producers for autotrophic respiration

A

Net primary production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the equation for net primary production

A

NPP=GPP-Ra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

New biomass in a given time period

A

Net primary production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

WhAt is net primary production only available to?

A

Consumers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs at a given time

A

Standing crop

25
Q

A measure of the total biomass during a given period

A

Net ecosystem production

26
Q

Gross primary production minus the total respiration of all organisms

A

Net ecosystem production

27
Q

What is the equation for net ecosystem production

A

NEP=GPP-Rt

28
Q

What controls primary production in marine and freshwater ecosystems

A

Light and nutrients

29
Q

What effects primary reduction in the photic zone of an ocean or lake

A

Depth of light penetration

30
Q

What also limits primary reduction in geographic regions of the oceans and lakes

A

Nutrients

31
Q

Element that must be added for production to increase in an area

A

Limiting nutrient

32
Q

What are the nutrients that most often limit marine production

A

Nitrogen and phosphorus

33
Q

What if experiment with suction on a large scale in terrestrial ecosystems

A

Temperature and moisture

34
Q

Primary production increases with..

A

Moisture

35
Q

Water transpired by plants and evaporated from landscape

A

Evapotranspiration

36
Q

What is evapotranspiration affected by

A

Precipitation temperature and solar energy

37
Q

What is often the limiting factor in primary production on a more local scale

A

Soil nutrient

38
Q

Is most common limiting nutrient interest real ecosystems

A

Nitrogen

Phosphorus can also be a limiting nutrient especially in older soils

39
Q

The amount of chemical energy in food converted to new bio mass during a given period of time

A

Secondary production

40
Q

What is an organisms production efficiency

A

Net secondary production times 100 over assimilation of primary production

41
Q

The percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next

A

Trophic efficiency

42
Q

What does trophic efficiency take into account

A

Energy lost through respiration and contained in feces as well as the energy stored in unconsumed portions of the food source

43
Q

Represents the loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain

A

Pyramid of not production

44
Q

The ratio of standing crop Biomass to production

A

Turnover time

45
Q

Play a key role in the general pattern of chemical cycling

A

Decomposers other known as Detrivores

46
Q

What controls the rate of decomposition

A

Temperature moisture a nutrient availability

47
Q

Biotic and abiotic components in nutrient cycles in ecosystems

A

Biogeochemical cycles

48
Q

What you carbon reservoirs include

A 
Fossil fuels
Soils and sediments
Solutes in oceans
Plants and animal biomass
The atmosphere
Sedimentary rocks
49
Q

How does The carbon cycle work

A

Photosynthetic organisms convert CO2 to organic molecules that are used by heterotrophs

CO2 is taken up by the process of photosynthesis and released into the atmosphere through cellular respiration

50
Q

Process where nitrogen must be converted to ammonium or nitrate for uptake by plants

A

Nitrogen fixation and this is done by bacteria

51
Q

Organic nitrogen is decomposed to ammonium by

A

Ammonification

52
Q

Ammonium is decomposed to nitrates by

A

Nitrification

53
Q

Convert nitrates back to nitrogen

A

Denitrification

54
Q

It is the most important in organic form of phosphorus

A

Phosphate

55
Q

Largest reservoirs for phosphorus

A

Sedimentary rocks

56
Q

Seeks to initiate or speed up the recovery of degraded ecosystems

A

Restoration ecology

57
Q

What are two key strategies for restoration ecology

A

Buy a remediation and augmentation

58
Q

Use of organisms to detoxify ecosystems

A

Bioremediation

59
Q

Where organisms are usually used for bioremediation

A

Prokaryotes fungi plants

60
Q

Uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem

A

Biological augmentation

A.P. Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions