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SAT Biology > Ch 9 Taxonomy > Flashcards

Ch 9 Taxonomy Flashcards

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1
Q

taxonomy

A

system by which we name and classify all organisms, living and extinct. by linnaeus.

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2
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

describes system of taxonomy because every organism has a two part name.

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3
Q

taxa

A

levels of organization; kingdom phylum class order family genus

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4
Q

extremophiles

A

microorganisms that live in extreme enviros and seemed so different from bacteria they were their own domain

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5
Q

three domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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6
Q

describe domain bacteria

A

prokaryotes, play role of decomposers, many are pathogenic, vital role in genetic engineering, carry out conjugation (primitive sex), rigid cell wall, no introns

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7
Q

describe domain archaea

A

unicellular, prokaryotes, some introns.

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8
Q

methanogens

A

archaea that produce methane from hydrogen

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9
Q

halophiles

A

thrive in high salt concentration

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10
Q

thermophiles

A

thrive in high temps

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11
Q

describe domain eukarya

A

cells have nucleus and internal organisms, have four kingdoms: protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia.

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12
Q

Kingdom protista

A

widest variety of org’s all are euks. single celled some are primitive multicellular org’s. heterotrophs (amoeba) and autotrophs (euglenas). can cause diease

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13
Q

euglenas

A

autotrophic protista that have red eyespot to locate light and chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis

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14
Q

conjugation

A

primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material.

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15
Q

kingdom fungi

A

heterotrophic eukaryotes, carry out extracellular digestion by secreting hydrolytic enzymes outside body. absorbed into fungus by diffusion. they are decomposers, saprobes, chitin cell walled, symbiotic with algae, reproduce sexually.

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16
Q

saprobes

A

organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter. recycle nutrients in an ecosystem

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17
Q

pioneer organisms and example

A

Ex: lichens, they are the first to colonize a barren enviro in an ecological succession

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18
Q

kingdom plantae

A

multicellular, nonmotile, autotrophic eukaryotes. cellulose cell walls, photosynthesis, store carbs as starch, reproduce sexually,

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19
Q

kingdom animalia

A

heterotrophic, multicellular, eukaryotes. mostly motile, reproduce sexually with egg and sperm.

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20
Q

sponges

A

consist of loose federation of cells which are not considered tissues because they are unspecialized

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21
Q

cnidarians

A

hydra/jellyfish; have primitive and simple forms of tissue

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22
Q

flatworms

A

more complex than cnidarians, they were able to develop organs, but no organ systems.

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23
Q

annelids

A

earthworms

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24
Q

arthropods

A

grasshoppers

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25
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost germ layer, becomes skin and nervous system like brain and nerve chord.

26
Q

germ layer

A

formed early in embryonic development

27
Q

endoderm

A

innermost germ layer, becomes viscera (digestive system/guts)

28
Q

mesoderm

A

middle germ layer; becomes blood, muscle, and bones.

29
Q

diploblastic

A

animals with only two cells layers. porifera and cnidarians. the have ectoderm, endoderm, and middle glue called mesoglea.

30
Q

tripoblastic

A

most complex animal phyla, they have three true cell layers.

31
Q

radial symmetrical animals

A

exhibited by primitive animals

32
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

exhibited by sophisticated animals with three germ layers. body is org’d along a longitudinal axis with mirroring left and right sides.

33
Q

echinoderms as exception to symmetry theories

A

advanced phylum that exhibit bilateral symmetry as larvae, but radial symmetry as adults.

34
Q

anterior development

A

when a sensory apparatus, brain, or just ganglia are clustered towards where the end should be

35
Q

posterior development

A

contains digestive, excretory, and reproductive structures in posterior. enables animals to move fast.

36
Q

cephalization

A

development of a head. done from flatworms to chordates. sponges and cnidarians dont do it

37
Q

coelom

A

fluid filled body cavity surrounded by mesoderm. Provieds space for organ systems, helped advance animals in evolution.

38
Q

acoelomates, ex

A

animals without coelom, primitive, like the flatworms.

39
Q

pseudocoelomates, ex

A

have a fluid filled tube between endoderm and mesoderm; nematodes and roundoworms

40
Q

coelomates

A

animals with a coelom and are most complex. include annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, and chordata

41
Q

trends in primitive animal deelopment

A

so symmetry or radial symmetry, no head, dipoblastic, acoelomate, no true tissues, sessile

42
Q

trends in complex animal development

A

bilateral symmetry, head with sensory apparatus, tripoblastic, pseudocoelomate/coelomate, true tissues organs and systems, motile

43
Q

Porifera

A

sponges, no symmetry, sessile (non moving), filter nutrients from water drawn into central cavity, dipoblastic, specialized cells, but no tissues or organs, reproduce by fragmentations, and reproduce sexually as hermaphrodites.

44
Q

cnidarians

A

radial symmetry, body plan is polyp or medusa . dipolblastic. contain stingers called nematocysts.

45
Q

polyp body plan

A

used by some cnidarians; it is vase shaped and sessile

46
Q

medusa body plan

A

used by some cnidarians; it is upside down bowl shaped, mostly motile

47
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

used by cnidarians where extracellular digestion occurs.

48
Q

platyhelminthes

A

flatworms and tapeworms, simplest animals with bilateral symmetry, anterior end, and three germ layers. digestive cavity is both for ingestion and egestion.

49
Q

how do flatworms solve the problem that their bodies dont have enough room for true digesive or respiratory systems

A

their body is so flat, the body cells exchange nutrients and waste by diffusion with environment.

50
Q

nematodes

A

roundworms, unsegmented, bilateral symmetry, little sensory apparatus. many are parasitic.

51
Q

annelids

A

segmented worms like earthworms and leeches; bilateral symmetry little sensory app, digestive teract is tube with in tube consisting of crop, gizzard, and intestine, closed circulatory sys, hermaphrodites

52
Q

nephridia

A

used by annelids to excrete nitrogen waste/urea

53
Q

mollusks

A

squids, octopus, slugs, clams, snails - often have shell, open circulatory system, have bilateral symmetry with three body zones. most have gills and nephridia.

54
Q

arthropods

A

insecta, crustacra, and arachnida - jointed appendages (head, thorax, abdomen), more sensory apparatus than annelids more freedom to move, open circulatory sys, chitin exoskeleton, malphigian tubes

55
Q

malphigian tubes

A

removal of nitrogenous wastes in arthropods

56
Q

echinoderms

A

sea stars and seas urchins - sessile, radial symetry of adult shows sedentary life, sexually reproduce with external fertilization, or fragmentation and regeneration. have endoskeleton.

57
Q

chordates

A

fish, amphibs, repts, birds, mammals - have notochord, bilateral, tail for movement and balance

58
Q

homeotherms

A

chordates birds and mammals are able to maintian consistent body temp.

59
Q

endotherms

A

heat from within and can raise temp, some reptiles

60
Q

mammal characteristics

A

chordata, mothers give baby milk, hairy, endothermal, placental.

61
Q

are humans primates

A

yes

62
Q

characterization of primate

A

dexterous hands, opposable thumbs, front facing eyes, slose set eyes, single births, nurture young.

SAT Biology (13 decks)

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