Ch 9 Taxonomy Flashcards
taxonomy
system by which we name and classify all organisms, living and extinct. by linnaeus.
binomial nomenclature
describes system of taxonomy because every organism has a two part name.
taxa
levels of organization; kingdom phylum class order family genus
extremophiles
microorganisms that live in extreme enviros and seemed so different from bacteria they were their own domain
three domains of life
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
describe domain bacteria
prokaryotes, play role of decomposers, many are pathogenic, vital role in genetic engineering, carry out conjugation (primitive sex), rigid cell wall, no introns
describe domain archaea
unicellular, prokaryotes, some introns.
methanogens
archaea that produce methane from hydrogen
halophiles
thrive in high salt concentration
thermophiles
thrive in high temps
describe domain eukarya
cells have nucleus and internal organisms, have four kingdoms: protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia.
Kingdom protista
widest variety of org’s all are euks. single celled some are primitive multicellular org’s. heterotrophs (amoeba) and autotrophs (euglenas). can cause diease
euglenas
autotrophic protista that have red eyespot to locate light and chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis
conjugation
primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material.
kingdom fungi
heterotrophic eukaryotes, carry out extracellular digestion by secreting hydrolytic enzymes outside body. absorbed into fungus by diffusion. they are decomposers, saprobes, chitin cell walled, symbiotic with algae, reproduce sexually.
saprobes
organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter. recycle nutrients in an ecosystem
pioneer organisms and example
Ex: lichens, they are the first to colonize a barren enviro in an ecological succession
kingdom plantae
multicellular, nonmotile, autotrophic eukaryotes. cellulose cell walls, photosynthesis, store carbs as starch, reproduce sexually,
kingdom animalia
heterotrophic, multicellular, eukaryotes. mostly motile, reproduce sexually with egg and sperm.
sponges
consist of loose federation of cells which are not considered tissues because they are unspecialized
cnidarians
hydra/jellyfish; have primitive and simple forms of tissue
flatworms
more complex than cnidarians, they were able to develop organs, but no organ systems.
annelids
earthworms
arthropods
grasshoppers
ectoderm
outermost germ layer, becomes skin and nervous system like brain and nerve chord.
germ layer
formed early in embryonic development
endoderm
innermost germ layer, becomes viscera (digestive system/guts)
mesoderm
middle germ layer; becomes blood, muscle, and bones.
diploblastic
animals with only two cells layers. porifera and cnidarians. the have ectoderm, endoderm, and middle glue called mesoglea.
tripoblastic
most complex animal phyla, they have three true cell layers.
radial symmetrical animals
exhibited by primitive animals
bilateral symmetry
exhibited by sophisticated animals with three germ layers. body is org’d along a longitudinal axis with mirroring left and right sides.
echinoderms as exception to symmetry theories
advanced phylum that exhibit bilateral symmetry as larvae, but radial symmetry as adults.
anterior development
when a sensory apparatus, brain, or just ganglia are clustered towards where the end should be
posterior development
contains digestive, excretory, and reproductive structures in posterior. enables animals to move fast.
cephalization
development of a head. done from flatworms to chordates. sponges and cnidarians dont do it
coelom
fluid filled body cavity surrounded by mesoderm. Provieds space for organ systems, helped advance animals in evolution.
acoelomates, ex
animals without coelom, primitive, like the flatworms.
pseudocoelomates, ex
have a fluid filled tube between endoderm and mesoderm; nematodes and roundoworms
coelomates
animals with a coelom and are most complex. include annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, and chordata
trends in primitive animal deelopment
so symmetry or radial symmetry, no head, dipoblastic, acoelomate, no true tissues, sessile
trends in complex animal development
bilateral symmetry, head with sensory apparatus, tripoblastic, pseudocoelomate/coelomate, true tissues organs and systems, motile
Porifera
sponges, no symmetry, sessile (non moving), filter nutrients from water drawn into central cavity, dipoblastic, specialized cells, but no tissues or organs, reproduce by fragmentations, and reproduce sexually as hermaphrodites.
cnidarians
radial symmetry, body plan is polyp or medusa . dipolblastic. contain stingers called nematocysts.
polyp body plan
used by some cnidarians; it is vase shaped and sessile
medusa body plan
used by some cnidarians; it is upside down bowl shaped, mostly motile
gastrovascular cavity
used by cnidarians where extracellular digestion occurs.
platyhelminthes
flatworms and tapeworms, simplest animals with bilateral symmetry, anterior end, and three germ layers. digestive cavity is both for ingestion and egestion.
how do flatworms solve the problem that their bodies dont have enough room for true digesive or respiratory systems
their body is so flat, the body cells exchange nutrients and waste by diffusion with environment.
nematodes
roundworms, unsegmented, bilateral symmetry, little sensory apparatus. many are parasitic.
annelids
segmented worms like earthworms and leeches; bilateral symmetry little sensory app, digestive teract is tube with in tube consisting of crop, gizzard, and intestine, closed circulatory sys, hermaphrodites
nephridia
used by annelids to excrete nitrogen waste/urea
mollusks
squids, octopus, slugs, clams, snails - often have shell, open circulatory system, have bilateral symmetry with three body zones. most have gills and nephridia.
arthropods
insecta, crustacra, and arachnida - jointed appendages (head, thorax, abdomen), more sensory apparatus than annelids more freedom to move, open circulatory sys, chitin exoskeleton, malphigian tubes
malphigian tubes
removal of nitrogenous wastes in arthropods
echinoderms
sea stars and seas urchins - sessile, radial symetry of adult shows sedentary life, sexually reproduce with external fertilization, or fragmentation and regeneration. have endoskeleton.
chordates
fish, amphibs, repts, birds, mammals - have notochord, bilateral, tail for movement and balance
homeotherms
chordates birds and mammals are able to maintian consistent body temp.
endotherms
heat from within and can raise temp, some reptiles
mammal characteristics
chordata, mothers give baby milk, hairy, endothermal, placental.
are humans primates
yes
characterization of primate
dexterous hands, opposable thumbs, front facing eyes, slose set eyes, single births, nurture young.
