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SAT Biology > Ch 12 Human Physiology > Flashcards

Ch 12 Human Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

two functions of digestive system

A

breaking down large molecules of food and absorbing smaller molecules

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2
Q

fats get digested into ___ and ____

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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3
Q

starch gets digested into ______ and _____

A

monosaccharides ad thats it

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4
Q

vitamins are digested into _____ and ______

A

ridiculous question, they are small enough to go by without being digested

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5
Q

peristalsis

A

process that pushes food along digestive tract

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6
Q

muscles of digestive tract are controlled by _____ nervous system

A

autonomic

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7
Q

salivary amylase

A

enzyme in saliva, begins STARCH digestion

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8
Q

where does mechanical digestion occur

A

mouth

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9
Q

where does chemical digestion occur

A

mouth

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10
Q

what digestion occurs in esophagus

A

none

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11
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of cartilage in back of throat (pharynx)

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12
Q

what kind of digestion occurs in stomach

A

mechanical and chemical

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13
Q

digestion of _____ begin in stomach

A

proteins

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14
Q

mechanical digestion in stomach?

A

done by churning of its thick muscular walls

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15
Q

pepsinogen

A

activated by hydrochloric acid and digests proteins in stomach

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16
Q

cause of ulcers? treatable?

A

bacterium Heliobacter pylori; yes

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17
Q

pH of small intenstine

A

6-8

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18
Q

duodenum

A

first 10 inches of small intestine, completes all digestion.

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19
Q

enzymes in small intestine

A

amylases, proteases, lipases, nucleases.

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20
Q

villi

A

millions of fingerlike projections from small itestine, absorb all nutrients previously released from digested food.

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21
Q

structure of villus

A

contains capillaries which absorb amino acids, vitamins, and monosaccharides directly into bloodstream. Lacteal absorbs fatty acids and glycerol into lymp system

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22
Q

kidneys produce ____ that emulsify _____

A

bile; fats

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23
Q

pH of bile

A

11

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24
Q

role of bile

A

neutralize acidified food from the stomach in small intestine

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25
Q

gallbladder

A

keeps bile from lover until released into small intestine. body does not actually need it

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26
Q

other functions of liver

A

breaks down red blood cells, detoxifies blood, produces cholesterol for cell membranes, produces urea

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27
Q

pancreas

A

secretes peptidases into small instestines; protein digesting

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28
Q

what kind of digestion occurs in large intestine

A

none

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29
Q

3 functions of large intestine

A

egestion, vitamin production, reabsorption of water

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30
Q

egestion

A

removal of undigested waste

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31
Q

constipation

A

too much water is reabsorbed from intestine into body

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32
Q

diarrhea

A

not enough water is reabsorbed into body

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33
Q

rectum

A

egestion - removal of undigested waste

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34
Q

where does diffusion of gas occur

A

alveoli

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35
Q

what happens when rib cage expands

A

forces diaphragm to contract, move down; expands chest cavity and decreases internal pressure

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36
Q

why is air drawn into lungs

A

negative pressure - air inside the chest cavity is lower than air pressure surrounding the body

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37
Q

medulla

A

in brain, sets breathing rhythm by monitoring CO2 levels in blood and sensing pH

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38
Q

hemoglobin

A

carries oxygen; combines to form oxyhemoglobin

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39
Q

carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion system

A

maintains the blood at a constant pH of 7.4

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40
Q

plasma

A

liquid matrix in blood that suspends several cell types. 90% water

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41
Q

____ is necessary for normal blood clotting

A

calcium

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42
Q

pathway of normal blood clotting

A

thromboplastin + Ca++ stimulates prothrombin (inactive) to thrombin (active) which stimulates fibrinogen (inactive) to fibrin (active) which does the clotting.

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43
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells; carry hemoglobin and oxygen, no nucleus, formed in bone marrow

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44
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells, fight infection, formed in bone marrow

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45
Q

trombocytes

A

platelets, clot blood, cell fragments

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46
Q

SA Node

A

sinoatrial node, heart’s pacemaker, sets the timings of the contraction of the heart.

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47
Q

factors that influence the hearts pacemaker

A

nervous system, hormones, and body temperature

48
Q

average blood pressure

A

120/80

49
Q

systolic nuymber

A

number on top, measurement of pressure when ventricles contract

50
Q

diastolic number

A

number on bottom, measurement of pressure when the heart relaxes

51
Q

pathway of blood starting from right atrium go!

A

RA, RV, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, LA, LV, aorta, body cells, vena cava

52
Q

pulmonary artery carries _______ blood, and pulmonary vein carries ______ blood

A

deoxygenated, oxygenated

53
Q

two systems that work together to maintain homeostasis

A

endocrine and nervous

54
Q

endocrine system secretes ____, nervous secretes

A

hormones; neurotransmitters

55
Q

ductless glands

A

produce hormones

56
Q

short lived response EX

A

adrenaline causing fight or flight response

57
Q

long term response EX

A

edcysone controls metamorphosis in insects

58
Q

tropic hormones

A

stimulate other glands to release hormones; far reaching effect

59
Q

hypothalamus

A

in brain; bridge between the endocrine and nervous systems

60
Q

hypothalamus role in nervous system

A

sends electrical signals to adrenal gland to release adrenaline

61
Q

hypothalamus role in endocrine

A

produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones thats stored in posterior pituitary

62
Q

other roles of hypothalamus

A

thermostat and hunger/thirst regulator

63
Q

hormones in anterior pituitary

A

growth, luteinizing, thyroid stimulating, follice stimulating

64
Q

hormones in posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and ADH

65
Q

wtf are pituitaries

A

different glands that secrete hormones

66
Q

two types of hormoes

A

steroid and nonsteroidal

67
Q

steroid hormones

A

lipid, diffuse directly through plasma membrane and bind to receptor inside cell that triggers response

68
Q

non steroidal hormones

A

protein; cannot dissolve in membrane, so they bind to receptor on surface, triggers secondary messenger (like c AMP)

69
Q

positive feedback

A

enhances an already existing response. like childbirth contraction pressure stimulating more contractions.

70
Q

negative feedback

A

maintains homeostasis, when something too low, it gets higher and vice versa

71
Q

central nervous system consists of ____ and ___

A

brain and spinal cord

72
Q

peripheral nervous system consists of ______

A

all nerves outside central system

73
Q

somatic system

A

part of peripheral nervous system and controls the voluntary muscles

74
Q

aotonomic system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system and controls the involuntary muscles

75
Q

sensory

A

conveys info from sensory receptors or nerve endings

76
Q

motor

A

stimulates voluntary and involuntary muscles. consist of somatic and autonomic systems

77
Q

neuron

A

basic unit of nervous system. has two cytoplasmic extensions: dendrite and axons

78
Q

dendrites

A

sensory, 100s can be in neuron

79
Q

axons

A

transmit impulse from cell body to another cell. only one per neuron.

80
Q

reflex arc

A

simplest nerve response. knee jerk reflex.

81
Q

neuron at resting potential

A

its polarized, membrane potential of -70 mV. maintained by sodium potassium pump.

82
Q

the larger the membrane potential, the _____ the stimulus must be to cause the nerve to fire

A

stronger

83
Q

action potential

A

impulse, can only be generated in the axon when it overcomes the threshold. sodium channels open, floods into cell, potassium out of cell,

84
Q

wave of depolarization

A

rapid movement of sodium ions in to cell and potassium ions out of cell

85
Q

repolarization

A

sodium pump restores membrane to original position. causes refractory period

86
Q

refractory period

A

when graph of neuron dips below resting potential; neuron can’t respond to another stimulus.

87
Q

impulse travels along axon ______, it crosses a synapse ________ through the use of ______

A

electrically, chemically, neurotransmitters

88
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors in retina that distinguish colors

89
Q

cornea

A

tough and clear; protects the eye

90
Q

humor

A

fluids that maintain eye’s shape

91
Q

iris

A

colored part of eye, controls how much light gets in

92
Q

lens

A

focuses light on retina

93
Q

retina

A

converts light into nerve impulses to brain

94
Q

rods

A

very sensistive photoreceptors, but no color distinction

95
Q

auditory canal

A

ear canal where sound enters

96
Q

cochlea

A

fluid filled art of inner ear, sends nerve impulses to brain

97
Q

ear bones

A

hammer, anvil, and strrup. transmit vibrations from eardrum to oval window

98
Q

eustachian tube

A

equalizes pressure between environment and inner ear

99
Q

oval window

A

sends waves of pressure to cochlea

100
Q

semicircular canals

A

fluid filled, helps maintain balance

101
Q

tympanum

A

ear drum, vibrates as sound hits it

102
Q

excretion

A

removal of metabolic wastes; skin, lunds, liver, and kineys are organs involved

103
Q

renal artery

A

supplies blood to kidney to filter

104
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

released by posterior pituitary, targets collecting tube of nephron. regulates blood pressure by controlling how much water is reabsorbed by the kidneys.

105
Q

nephron

A

basic funcitonal unit of kidney. consists of glomerulus, bowmans capsule, tubule, and loop of henle.

106
Q

four steps of nephron

A

filtration, secretion, reabsorption, and excretion

107
Q

glomerulus

A

sluster of capillaries in nephron that sits inside bowmans capsule

108
Q

bowmans capsule

A

contains glomerulus

109
Q

tubule

A

long narrow tube in nephron

110
Q

filtration (kidney)

A

occurs by diffusion, passive and nonselective. filtrate goes into bowmans capsule, goes through loop of henle, and then collecting duct. trickles to ureter, urethra, and out of body

111
Q

secretion (kidney)

A

active, selective uptake of molecules that didnt get filtered into bowmans capsule.

112
Q

reabsorption (kidney)

A

water and solutes that initially entered tubule during filtration are transported back into body

113
Q

excretion (kidney)

A

removal of metabolic wastes.

114
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary, walls of blood vessels, and digestive tract. not striated. autonomic

115
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found in heart, not striated, generates its own action potential (will beat even outside body).

116
Q

skeletal muscles

A

voluntary. large. work in pairs

117
Q

sliding filament theory

A

how muscles work; actin and myosin proteins

SAT Biology (13 decks)

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