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SAT Biology > Ch 2 Cells > Flashcards

Ch 2 Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells
  2. cells are the basic unit of all organisms
  3. all cells arise from preexisting cells
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2
Q

prokaryotes

A

have no nucleus or other internal membranes

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3
Q

eukaryotes

A

have nucleus and are more complex. make up every other form of life except bacteria.

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4
Q

which cells have membrane bound organelles

A

eukaryotes

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5
Q

which cells have a single, circular chromosome.

A

prokaryote

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6
Q

which cells have plasmids

A

prokaryote

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7
Q

which cells have smaller ribosomes

A

prokaryotes

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8
Q

which cells have larger ribosomes

A

eukaryotes

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9
Q

which cells have cytoskeletal elements, like microfilaments

A

eukaryotes

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10
Q

which cells have sizes of 1-10 um

A

prokaryotes

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11
Q

which cells have tough external cells walls

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotic plant.protist cells

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12
Q

how old is the earth

A

4.6 billion years old

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13
Q

theory of endosymbiosis

A

eukaryotic cells containing organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved whne free-living prokaryotes took up permanent residence inside other prokaryotic cells. This was the origin of a eukaryotic cell.

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14
Q

chromatin network

A

a network of DNA wrapped with histones into chromosomes

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15
Q

nucleolus

A

prominent region inside nucleus of a cell that is not dividing. compnonents of ribosomes are synthesized here.

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16
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis, made of ribosomal RNA and protein. suspended in cytoplasm or bound to ER

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17
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of membrane channels that traverse cytoplasm.

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18
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes. site of protein synthesis AS WELL AS cytoplasmic transport.

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19
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesizes steroid hormones. Connects ER to Golgi. detoxifies cell.

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

contains flattened sacs of membranes stacked next to each other and surrounded by vesicles. They modify, store, and package substances produced in the rough ER. also secretes substances to other pats of cell and to cell surface.

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21
Q

lysosome

A

sac of hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes enclosed by single membrane. principle site of intracellular digestion. breaks down and recycles cell parts, renews cells. aids in apoptosis.

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22
Q

mitochondrion

A

site of cell respiration. consist of outer double membrane and folded inner membranes called criste.

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23
Q

vacuole

A

store substances for cell.

24
Q

vesicle

A

tiny vacuole.

25
Q

plastids

A

only found in algae and plants. 3 types: chloroplasts, leucoplasts, and chromoplasts,

26
Q

chloroplasts

A

green, contain chlorophyll, sites of photosynthesis. inner membrane of grana which lie in the stroma.

27
Q

leucoplasts

A

plastids that are colorless and store starch.found in roots or tubers.

28
Q

chromoplasts

A

plastids that store carotenoid pigments and are responsible for colors of carrots, tomoatoes, and daffodils.

29
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm and gives the cell its shape.

30
Q

microtubules

A

thick hollow tubes that make up cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers.

31
Q

microfilaments

A

made of protein actin and help support the shape of the cell.

32
Q

centrioles and centrosomes

A

only found in animal cells. two centrioles are a right angles to each other and make up one centrosome. made up of microtubules arranged in circle

33
Q

cilia and flagella

A

made of microtubules, cilia shorter than flagella

34
Q

Cytosol

A

refers to the semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm

35
Q

cyclosis

A

process where organelles suspended in the cytosol and get carried around the cell as cytoplasm cycles around the cell.

36
Q

fluid mosaic

A

term to describe structure of cell membrane. consists of phospholipid bilayer with molecules of cholesterol embedded within.

37
Q

solvent

A

the substance that does the dissolving

38
Q

solute

A

substance being dissolved

39
Q

hypertonic

A

greater concentration of solute than other solution

40
Q

hypotonic

A

lower concentration of solute than other solution

41
Q

passive transport

A

movement of molecules down concentration gradient by diffusion or osmosis. never requires energy

42
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of particles from high to low concentrations. this is how alveoli work

43
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

relies on special protein membrane channels to assist in transporting substances across membrane

44
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across membrane

45
Q

plasmolysis

A

cell in hypertonic solution that causes water to leave the cell, causing it to shrink

46
Q

turgid

A

water enters a plant cell in a hypotonic solution and cell swells. if animal cell, it would burst.

47
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules against gradient. requires energy (ATP).

48
Q

exocytosis

A

active release of molecules from a cell, like synapse of nerve cells.

49
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking; uptake of large, dissolved molcules.

50
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulfing of large particles or large organisms by pseudopods.

51
Q

compound microscope

A

main tool for studying cell structure (cytology)

52
Q

resolution

A

image clarity

53
Q

phase contrast microscope

A

light microscope that enhances contrast. useful for living unstained cells

54
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

useful for study of interior of cells. however, it kills the tissue being studied, elaborate prep, specimens must be thinly sliced, expensive.

55
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

useful for study of surface of cells. goves 3D appearance. kills tissue

56
Q

ultracentrifuge

A

enables scientists to isolate components of cells in large quantities by cell fractionation. requires blender

57
Q

freeze fracture

A

studies details of membrane structure under electron microscope

SAT Biology (13 decks)

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