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SAT Biology > Ch 8 evolution > Flashcards

Ch 8 evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Microevolution

A

changes in one gene pool of a population over generations

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2
Q

macroevolution

A

speciation, formation of new species.

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3
Q

can populations change or evolve?

A

yes

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4
Q

can individuals change or evolve?

A

no

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5
Q

six areas of study that provide evidence of evolution

A

fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative biochemistry, comparative embryology, molecular biology, and biogeography.

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6
Q

fossil record

A

reveals the existence of species that have become extinct or have evolved into other species.

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7
Q

___% of all organisms that ever lived on earth are now extinct

A

99

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8
Q

earth is ____ years old

A

4.6 billion

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9
Q

how is the age of the earth determined

A

through radioactive dating and half life

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10
Q

_____ were the oldest fossils and earths first organisms

A

prokaryotic cells

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11
Q

transistional fossils

A

link older extinct fossils to modern species

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12
Q

comparative anatomy

A

organisms that have similar anatomical structures are related to each other and have a common ancestor

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13
Q

homologous structures

A

function of common anatomical structure differs, but has the same interior bone structure. Ex: wing of bat, lateral fin of whale, and human arm

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14
Q

homologous structures are an example of _____ evolution

A

divergent. we diverged from a common ancestor millions of years ago

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15
Q

analogous structures

A

same function of not same underlying structure. Ex: bat’s wing and fly’s wing. reflects adaptation to a similar environment.

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16
Q

homologous and analogous structures are evidence of a common origin/ancenstry

A

no. analogous structures do not provide this evidence

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17
Q

analogous structures are evidence of _____ evolution

A

convergent.

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18
Q

vestigial structures

A

evidence that anatomy of animals have evolved. structures that are not used by the body anymore like the appendix, which shows human ancestors had a very different diet.

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19
Q

comparative biology

A

org’s that have common ancestor will have common biochemical pathways.

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20
Q

comparative embryology

A

closely related org’s go through similar stages in embryonic development.

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21
Q

molecular biology

A

since all aerobic org’s have cells that carry out respiration and require ETC’s, they also cojntain necessary protein, cytochrome c. comparison of amino acid sequences of cytochrome c show differences in evolution.

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22
Q

biogeography

A

theory of continental drift. Pangaea 250 million years ago. study of locations of fossils prove this.

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23
Q

Lamarcks theories

A

relied on ideas of inheritance of acquired characteristics and use/disuse. individual organisms change in response to environment. Giraffes stretch necks to reach tall trees and pass that on to child.

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24
Q

essence of darwin’s natural selection theory

A

pop’s tended to grow exponentially to overpopulate and exceed resources (Malthus). Overpop causes competition. There is variation in species as to who survives more easily. best fits survive.

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25
Q

difference between darwin and lamarck

A

lamarck thought individuals change according to environment and pass on those changes to offspring. Darwin though populations changed based on traits of the best fit org’s.

26
Q

antibiotics mutated bacteria which then became drug resistant?

A

no. drugs killed off all the susceptible bacteria, leaving the ones that were resistant to antibiotics. these then reproduced a new generation of drug resistant bacteria.

27
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

eliminates the numbers of extremes and favors the more common intermediate forms. weeds out mutants

28
Q

disruptive selection

A

aka diversifying. increases the numbers of extreme types in a population at the expense of intermediates

29
Q

directional selection

A

peppered moths, environmental changes,

30
Q

a single point mutation can introduce a new ____ into a population

A

allele

31
Q

genetic drift

A

change in gene pool due to chance EX: bootleneck and founder effect

32
Q

bottleneck effect

A

natural disasters the reduce size of a pop nonselectively. loss in genetic variation. pop is smaller and not representative in old one.

33
Q

founder effect

A

small population breaks off from original to colonize a new area. rare alleles may be overrepresented

34
Q

gene flow

A

movement of alleles into or out of population

35
Q

hardy weinberg equilibrium

A

describes stable, nonevolving population where allele frequency does not change

36
Q

conditions for hardy weinberg

A

very large population, must be isolated, no mutations, random mating, no natural selection

37
Q

hardy weinberg equations

A

p + q = 1

p^2 + 2pq + q^2

38
Q

species

A

population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring

39
Q

anything that fragments a poplation and isolates small groups of individuals may foster a new species

A

true

40
Q

horses and donkeys interbreed in nature, they produce a mule which is infertile. are horse and donkey same species?

A

no

41
Q

geographic isolation

A

species are separated by like a lake, mountains, canyons, or glacier.

42
Q

polyploidy causing isolation?

A

polyploid organisms cannot breed with others that are not polyploidy

43
Q

habitat isolation

A

two organisms are in the same habitat but rarely encounter

44
Q

behavorial isolation

A

two animals become isolated ffrom each other because of some change in behavior by one member. fireflies not blinking

45
Q

temporal isolation

A

refers to time. some plants sexually mature eariler and flower in winter, whiile others flower in summer.

46
Q

reproductive isolation

A

closely related species cant mate because of anatomical incompatability

47
Q

divergent evolution

A

population becomes isolated and exposed to new selective pressures. evolves into a new species. evident through homologous structures

48
Q

convergent evolution

A

two unrelated species occupy same area, and subjected to similar selective pressures and show similar adaptations. evident by analogous structures

49
Q

parallel evolution

A

describes two related species that have made similar evolutionary adaptations after their divergence from common ancestor

50
Q

coevolution

A

mutual evolutionary set of adaptations of two interacting species like pollinator-plant relationships

51
Q

adapttive radiation

A

emergence of numerous species from a single common ancestor introduced into a new environment. variations of finches beaks on galapagos islands

52
Q

gradualism

A

theory that organisms descend from a common ancestor gradually over a long period of time, in a linear or branching fashion. big changes occur by a number of small ones

53
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

becuase of fossil records showing lack or transition, scientists abandoned gradualism for this theory, which states that new species appear suddenly after long periods of no change.

54
Q

spontaneous generation

A

theory that living things emerge from nonliving or inanimate objects. disproved with meat and maggot experiment

55
Q

describe ancient earth’s atmosphere

A

CH4 (methane), NH3 (ammonia), H2O (vapor), and N2 but no free oxygen. intense haet, lightning, and UV radiation which produced first cell.

56
Q

heterotroph hypothesis

A

states first cells on earth (3.5 billion years ago) were anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes who simply absorbed surrounding organic molecules

57
Q

characteristics that enabled animals to move to land

A

lungs, skin, limbs, internal fertilization mechanisms, and shells for eggs

58
Q

characteristics that enabled plants to move to land

A

roots, supporting cells, vascular tissue, cuticle, seeds

59
Q

mammals appeared on earth about ____ years ago

A

210 million

60
Q

humans evolved from apes

A

no. humans and apes both arose from a common ancestor 10 million years ago.

61
Q

summary of evolution

A

it is not always slow (bacteria can take months), does not occur at same rate in every org, does not have to make org’s more complex, occurs in pops, and directed by changes in the enviro.

SAT Biology (13 decks)

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