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SAT Biology > Ch 10 Plants > Flashcards

Ch 10 Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Bryophytes

A

primitive plants that lack vascular tissue. live in moist environments because no roots or xylem, tiny. EX: moss

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2
Q

traecheophytes

A

have transport vessels, xylem and phloem, separated into ancient seedless (ferns, spore reproducing) and modern seed plants (can be further divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms)

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3
Q

gymnosperms

A

conifers, cone bearing plants. needle shaped leaves, thick cuticle, and stomates in stomatal crypts enable minimal water loss. EX: cedar, sequoia, redwoods, pines, yew

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4
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants. most diverse. further separated into monocotyledons and dicotyledons

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5
Q

Characteristics of monocots

A

one cotyledon, scattered vascular bundles, parallel leaf veins, flowers in 3’s, fibrous roots

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6
Q

characteristics of dicots

A

two cotyledons, vascular bundles in ring, netlike leaf veins, flowers in 4’s or 5’s, taproots

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7
Q

examples of monocots

A

grasses, wheat, palm trees, corn, oat, rice. provide most of the food for world

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8
Q

examples of dicots

A

daisies, roses, carrots, and most flowery plants.

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9
Q

modifications so plants can live on land?

A

cell walls made of cellulose, roots and hairs, stomata, cutin

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10
Q

stomata

A

open to exchange photosynthetic gases and close to minimize water loss

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11
Q

cutin

A

waxy coating on leaves, prevents water loss

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12
Q

meristem tissue

A

continually dividing into new cells until plant dies, unlike animals

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13
Q

primary growth of plants

A

vertical, elongation down into soil and up into air, new cells come from dividing growth layer called APICAL MERISTEM.

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14
Q

apical meristem

A

zone of cell division, located at buds of shoots and tips of roots.

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15
Q

three zones of plants cells at different stages of primary growth

A

zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and zone of differentiation. at the very end is root cap

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16
Q

zone of cell division

A

contains meristem cells actively dividing,

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17
Q

zone of elongation

A

cells elongate and push the root cap downward deeper into soil

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18
Q

zone of differentiation

A

cells undergo specialization into three meristems

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19
Q

Secondary growth

A

lateral growth, increase in girth. New cells provided by lateral meristem. responsible in enlargement of trunks.

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20
Q

function of roots

A

anchor plant, absorb nutrients from soil, and store food.

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21
Q

difference between structure of monocot and dicot roots

A

dicots have plus sign in middle, monocots have empty pith in middle

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22
Q

epidermis of root

A

covers entire surface and is modified for absorption.

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23
Q

root hairs

A

slender cytoplasmic projections fom epidermal cells, increase roots absorption surface area

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24
Q

cortex of plants

A

function is storage, consists of parenchyma cells that have plastids that store starch

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25
Q

stele

A

vascular cylinder, xylem and phloem, surrounded by pericycle

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26
Q

endoderm of plants

A

each endoderm is wrapped with Casparian Strip, function is to select which minerals enter vascular cylinder and body of plant

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27
Q

casparian strip

A

continuous band of waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved materials. wraps endoderm.

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28
Q

symplast

A

continuous system of cytoplasm of cells interconnected by plasmodesmata

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29
Q

apoplast

A

network of cell walls and intercellular spaces within plant body that permits extensive extracellular movement of water in plant

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30
Q

mychorrhizae

A

in regions where roots lack root hairs, these supply plant with water and mineals. symbiotic structures

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31
Q

rhizobium

A

symbiotic bacteria that lives on legume roots. they fix nitrogen from air into usable for by root.

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32
Q

taproots

A

single large root that gives rise to lateral branch roots. in many dicots. some tap into deep soil water, others are for storage.

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33
Q

adventitious roots, and EX

A

roots that rise above ground; aerial roots like mangroves or other trees in swamps. prop roots like corn that support plant

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34
Q

difference between stem of monocot and dicot

A

dicot has vascular bundles in ring. monocot has bundles scattered

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35
Q

pith

A

parenchymal tissue cells midified for storage

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36
Q

function of epidermis

A

protection

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37
Q

function of waxy cuticle

A

minimize water loss

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38
Q

function of guard cells

A

control opening of stomates

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39
Q

function of palisade mesophyll thats tightly packed

A

photosynthesis

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40
Q

function of palisade mesophyll thats loosely packed

A

photosynthesis and diffusion and exchange of gases

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41
Q

function of veins in plants

A

carry water and nutrients from soil to leaves and carry sugar.

42
Q

stomates

A

enable gas exhange between spongy mesophyll and air when opened.

43
Q

why dont plants always keep stomata open for gas exchange

A

they would lose a lot of water through transpiration. so at day when photosynthesis is running top speed, stomata are open, at night they clse

44
Q

when guard cells become turgid…

A

they curve and open the stomata.

45
Q

three types of plant tissue

A

dermal, vascular, and ground

46
Q

dermal tissue

A

outer protective covering of plants. protected by cuticle. no chloroplasts, cant photosynthesize EXCEPT for guard cells.

47
Q

vascular tissue

A

transports water and nutrients up and down. xylem and phloem.

48
Q

xylem consists of

A

tracheids and vessel elements

49
Q

phloem consists of

A

sieve tube elements and companion cells

50
Q

ground tissue

A

makes up rest of plant tissue besides vascular and dermal. consists of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

51
Q

parenchyma cells

A

in ground tissue, they are the typical looking plant cell. have only primary cell wall. suppport the plant when turgid. contain mesophyll cells

52
Q

collenchyma cells

A

have unevenly thickened primary cells walls, still no secondary cell waslls. strings of celery

53
Q

scelerenchyma cells

A

thick primary and secondary cells walls, fortified with lignin. pure support

54
Q

tracheids

A

elongated cell in xylem that have secondary walls hardedned with lignin.

55
Q

Xylem is what makes up stuff we call ____

A

wood

56
Q

how much energy does xylem use to pull up water against gravity

A

none

57
Q

what phenomenon help xylem pull up water against gravity

A

transpirational pull and cohesion tension

58
Q

transpirational pull-cohesion theory

A

for each molecule of water that evaporates from leaf by transpiration, another molecule of water is drawn in at the root to replace it

59
Q

factors that affect rate of transpiration

A

high humidity slows it down, wind reduces humidity which increases rate, higher light intensity increases rate of transp, closing stomata stops transp

60
Q

phloem

A

carry sugar from photosynthetic leaves to rest of plant via transloccation.

61
Q

like the xylem, transportation in the phloem requires no energy

A

false

62
Q

sugar in plants is stored in the ____

A

roots

63
Q

vegetative propagation

A

asexual plant reproduction. piece of vegetative part of plant produces identical plant to parent

64
Q

petals

A

brightly colored modified leaves. foundin circle of sepals, attract animals that will pollinate

65
Q

sepals

A

outermost circle of leaves, green, enclose bud before it opens and protects flower before it opens

66
Q

pistils/carpels

A

female part of flower, each consist of ovary, stigma, and style

67
Q

ovary

A

swollen part of pistil, contains ovule

68
Q

ovule

A

in ovary, the ova (female gametophytes) are produced by meiosis

69
Q

style

A

long, thin stalk of pistil

70
Q

stigma

A

sticky top of style, where pollen lands and germinates

71
Q

stamen

A

male part of flower; anther and filament

72
Q

anther

A

where sperm (pollen) is produced by meiosis

73
Q

filament

A

threadlike structure that supports anther

74
Q

whats inside a pollen grain

A

three haploid nuclei: one tube nucleus, two sperm nuclei.

75
Q

what happens to the two sperm in a pollen grain when inside ovary

A

one fertilizes the egg and becomes an embryo (2n), the other fertilizes two polar bodies and becomes the endosperm (3n) - provides food for embryo

76
Q

seed

A

the ovule becomes a seed after fertilization

77
Q

what happens to ovary after fertilization

A

becomes ripened and turns to fruit.

78
Q

seed consists of ____, _____, and _____

A

seed coat, embryo, and cotyledon/endosperm

79
Q

the plant embryo consists of ____, _____, and ______

A

hypocotyl, epicotyl, and radicle

80
Q

hypocotyl

A

becomes lower part of stem and roots

81
Q

epicotyl

A

becomes upper part of stem

82
Q

radicle

A

embryonic root, first organ to emerge

83
Q

alternation of generations

A

sexual life cycle where n and 2n generations alternate. gametophyte (n) produces gametes, which fertilize and develop into sporophytes (2n) that produces haploid spores by meiosis which forms gametophyte.

84
Q

antheridium

A

structure that produces sperm, develops on gametophyte

85
Q

archegonium

A

structure that produces eggs, develops on gametophyte

86
Q

gametophyte (plant)

A

haploid adult plant

87
Q

megaspores

A

produced by large female cones and will develop into female gametophytes

88
Q

microspores

A

produced by small male cones and will develop into male gametophytes (pollen grains)

89
Q

protonema

A

branching filaments produced by germination moss spores, becomes gametophyte in moss

90
Q

sporangia

A

located on tip on mature sporophyte, where meiosis occurs, produces haploid spores

91
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid adult plant

92
Q

sori

A

raised spots in underside of sporophyte ferns, clusters of sporangia

93
Q

the _____ generation dominates the life cycle of a moss

A

gametophyte; moss spends most of time as gametophyte and sporophytes depends on it for nutrients

94
Q

In ferns, the _____ generation is larger, and is independent from the ________.

A

sporophyte; gametophyte

95
Q

In angiosperm seed plants, the _____ generation is totally dependent on the _____ generation.

A

gametophyte; sporophyte

96
Q

auxins

A

plant hormones that cause tropisms. enhance apical dominance (upwards)

97
Q

cytokininss

A

plant hormones that stimulate cytokinesis and cell division. . delay aging by inhibiting protein breakdown.

98
Q

gibberellins

A

promote stem and leaf elongation

99
Q

abscisic acid

A

plant hormone that inhibits growth and promotes seed dormancy to withstand drought.

100
Q

ethylene

A

plant hormone thats a gas. promotes ripening. “one bad apple spoils the whole barrel”

SAT Biology (13 decks)

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