Ch. 9 Pain Flashcards
nociception
technical name for pain, the activation of specialized nerve fibers that signal the occurrence of tissue damage
acute pain
short-term pain
chronic pain
recurring pain over a long period of time
psychogenic pain
purely psychological pain w/out physiological basis
neuropathic pain
pure nociception w/out significant psychological pain
somatic pain
physiological pain w/out specific tissue damage
transduction
process that takes place at the level of the receptors where chemical, mechanical, or thermal energy is converted in electrochemical nerve impulses
afferent fiber
sensory nerve fibers transmitting signals from the receptors to the spinal cord
ARS
modulation
the neural activity leading to the control of pain transmissions between the various parts of the brain
vital sign
5 basic measures that doctors get from patients
- temperature
- pulse
- blood pressure
- pain level
- respiration
pattern theory
idea that pain results from a combination impulses from nerve endings
- different patterns of stimulation caused different types of pain
specificity
idea that pain was a specific independent sensation such as heat or touch, w/ specialized receptors responding to specific stimuli
pain-prone personality
personality type that predisposes a person to experience persistent pain
diathesis-stress model
idea that some individuals may have physiological predispositions to certain factors such as depression, stress, or pain that interact w/ psychological factors to cause those outcomes
gate control theory
model of pain proposing that key processes in the experience of pain take place in the dorsal horn substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord & are influenced by the brain
counterirritation
process by which we may try to reduce pain by itching or poking a point on our skin around where the pain is felt
efferent pathway
sensory nerve fibers transmitting signals from the spinal cord to receptors in the skin & tissues
ESR
stimulation-produced analgesia
process by which electronically stimulating the brain can reduce pain
threshold
level of stimuli needed to experience something such as pain or stress
acetaminophen
painkiller
(ie) Tylenol
virtual reality
projection of realistic images w/out distractions
self-management program
treatment for pain relief that makes the patient w/ chronic pain the one w/ the major responsibility for making the change rather than the doctor or the health professional staff
tolerance
the amount beyond which pain becomes unbearable, and we cannot accept any more
stress-induced analgesia
pain relief produced when our body releases opioids when we are stressed
- a state than can also be induced by motor activity such as physical activity
Pain or nociception can best defined as:
a. the activation of nerve fibers signaling tissue damage
b. the activation of specific sensory areas of the brain
c. being hurt in body or spirit
d. experiencing severe physical or psychological discomfort
a. the activation of nerve fibers signaling tissue damage
There are many cultural variations in the experience of pain. These differences are primarily due to:
a. genetics
b. age
c. socialization
d. tolerance
c. socialization
There is evidence for sex differences at ______ level of the experience of pain.
a. the biological
b. the psychological
c. the social
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The bulk of the clinical research done on ethnic differences in pain has compared:
a. Asian Americans w/ African Americans
b. Asian Americans w/ European Americans
c. Latinos w/ European Americans
d. African Americans w/ European Americans
d. African Americans w/ European Americans
As we grow older:
a. our threshold for pain decreases
b. our threshold for pain increases
c. our tolerance increases
d. we report pain less
b. our threshold for pain increases
Pain experienced with diseases such as cancer is classified as:
a. acute
b. chronic malignant
c. chronic sensory
d. acute malignant
b. chronic malignant
There are many distinct processes critical to the experience of pain. _________ takes place at the level of the receptors where the nerve impulses are stimulated.
a. transmission
b. transduction
c. modulation
d. perception
b. transduction
One of the pain questioning measures is the:
a. Rosenberg Pain scale
b. Melzack & Wall self-diagnosis scale
c. Turk Pain Report
d. McGill Pain Questionnaire
d. McGill Pain Questionnaire
One of the novel features of gate control theory is the presence of a(n) _______ that modulates the experience of pain at the level of the spinal cord.
a. neurochemcial
b. interneuron
c. hormone
d. trigger gland
b. interneuron
Activities such as prolonged physical activity and even meditation have been shown to release ________ into our systems, which are accompanied by pain relief.
a. opiates
b. opioids
c. serotonin
d. coritsol
b. opioids
