Ch. 3 Essential Physiology

Question 1

gestation

Answer 1

time in womb

Question 2

preterm birth

Answer 2

a baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy

Question 3

adolescence

Answer 3

ages 12 to 17

Question 4

puberty

Answer 4

a genetic timing mechanism activates the pituitary gland and an increasing level of growth hormone is produced in the body
- key biological milesone in adolescence

Question 5

menopause

Answer 5

stage when the female ovaries stop producing eggs

• occurs around the age of 50 for women
• accompanied by a drop in hormonic levels

Question 6

gonads

Answer 6

reproductive organs (ovaries and/or testes)

Question 7

diabetes mellitus

Answer 7

severe, chrnoic form of diabetes caused by insufficient production of insulin

• results in disruption in breaking down and storage of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
• often appears in childhoos
• characterized by increased sugar levels in the blood and urine and excessive thirst

Question 8

melatonin

Answer 8

a hormone produced in the brain by the pineal gland

- production/release of melatonin is stimulated by darkness and suppressed by light

Question 9

atria

Answer 9

upper and thinner-walled chambers on each side of the heart

- receiving chambers

Question 10

ventricle

Answer 10

lower, thicker-walled chambers on each side of the heart

Question 11

pulmonary artery

Answer 11

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Question 12

pulmonary vein

Answer 12

carries deoxygenated blood from thelungs to the heart

Question 13

systolic pressure

Answer 13

when the heart is beating

Question 14

diastolic pressure

Answer 14

when the heart is resting

Question 15

angina pectoris

Answer 15

medical term for heart attacks or myocardial infarctions (or cardiac arrest)
- symptom: chest pain

Question 16

myocardial infarction

Answer 16

angina pectoris or cardiac arrest

- symptom: chest pain

Question 17

ischemia

Answer 17

condition in which the blood flow is restricted to a part of the body
- often leads to heart attacks

(ie) cardiac ischemia occurs when blood flow & oxygen to the heart muscle is disrupted

Question 18

gastrointestinal tract (GI)

Answer 18

the entire span from the mouth to the anus

Question 19

polyp

Answer 19

small clumps of cells that can turn cancerous

Question 20

bariatric

Answer 20

weight loss

Question 21

bariatric surgery

Answer 21

weight loss surgery

- forms: lap band surgery & gastric bypass surgery

Question 22

immune system

Answer 22

the component of our bodies that protects us from threats, mostly in the form of bacteria and germs

Question 23

lymphatic system

Answer 23

network of small capillaries

- part of the immune system

Question 24

leukocyte

Answer 24

white blood cells (WBC)

Question 25

T cell

Answer 25

responsible for killing virally infected cells - mature in the thymus gland - formed in bone marrow - prominent when young but shrinks after puberty - types: T cytotoxic cell, helper T cell, suppressor T cell type of lymphocyte

Question 26

B cell

Answer 26

forms antigens - mature in bone marrow - formed in bone marrow type of lymphocyte

Question 27

antigen

Answer 27

specific immune cell that is earmarked for specific germs or anitgens aka antibody generators

Question 28

natural killer (NK)

Answer 28

circulate in the body - play a role in different immune responses - destroy diseased cells by injecting them with toxic chemicals type of lymphocyte

Question 29

nonimmunologic defenses

Answer 29

body defenses & barriers that do not rely on the cells of the immune system ie. skin, mucus, and the process of coughing

Question 30

nonspecific immune

Answer 30

internal immune processes that do not differentiate between different types of germs or disease threats - work on a wide variety of disease-causing microorganisms

Question 31

inflammatory response

Answer 31

swelling

Question 32

phagocytosis

Answer 32

process by which immune cells (ie. macrophages) destroy germs or viruses by engulfing them and breaking them down

Question 33

acquired immunity

Answer 33

form of immune response that involves the activation of lymphocytes

Question 34

humoral-mediated immunity

Answer 34

form of immune reaction that takes place at the level of the tissue - involves immune cells circulating in the blood - involves the action of B cells - first stages are similar to the process for cell-mediated immunity

Question 35

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 35

form of immune reaction that takes place at the level of the cell - involves the action of T cells - first stages are similar to the process for humoral-mediated immunity

Question 36

differentiation

Answer 36

process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell - extent of differentiation occurrence indicates the strength of one's immune system

Question 37

proliferation

Answer 37

the extent to which the immune cells multiply

Question 38

cytotoxicity

Answer 38

degree to which something is toxic to living cells | - a measure of strength of immune cells

Question 39

aerobic respiration

Answer 39

a metabolic pathway (means of getting energy) that requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide - facilitated by the respiratory sytem

Question 40

asthma

Answer 40

a disease of the airway of the lungs, characterized by tightening of these airways - rarely fatal

Question 41

insulin

Answer 41

a hormone that regulates glucose uptake | - produced in the pancreas

Question 42

type 1 diabetes

Answer 42

insulin producing cells are destroyed - seen at an early age - treated with insulin injections "insulin-dependent"

Question 43

type 2 diabetes

Answer 43

insulin levels are close to normal but the receptor cells cannot properly respond to insulin

Question 44

immune system functions

Answer 44

1) to discriminate what constitutes our bodies from what are foreign substances 2) to destroy and clear those foreign substances and infected cells

Question 45

types of lymphocytes

Answer 45

1) T cells 2) B cells 3) natural killers

Question 46

lymphocytes

Answer 46

cells designed to respond to specific microorganisms that the body has encountered before

Question 47

One of the facts of physical development and aging is that we tend to lose certain functions (e.g. muscle fitness and memory) faster if: a. our cognitive development is faster b. we misuse them c. we get older faster d. we do not use them

Answer 47

d. we do not use them

Question 48

Pregnant mothers should watch out for ______ environmental toxins that can cause developmental abnormalities. a. teratogens b. cytoclines c. carcinoxides d. butalamenes

Answer 48

a. teratogens

Question 49

The group of neurons that runs from the hind-brain to the forebrain and plays a key role in handling emergency responses during stress is: a. basil ganglia b. reticular formation c. suprachiasmatic nucleus d. inferior colliculus

Answer 49

b. reticular formation

Question 50

The superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, tegmentum, periaqueductal gray, and substania nigra are all structures in the: a. forebrain b. midbrain c. hindbrain d. hypothalamus

Answer 50

b. midbrain

Question 51

The endocrine hormone most related to the metabolism of food, especially glucose, is: a. oxytocin b. prolactin c. gastrin d. insulin

Answer 51

d. insulin

Question 52

Problems due to limited blood flow in certain parts of the body are referred to as: a. ischemias b. arteriosclerosis c. cardiac arrhythmias d. angina pectoris

Answer 52

a. ischemias

Question 53

Excessive obesity can be cured by ______, but it is a risky procedure. a. isometric exercise b. bariatric surgery c. laproscopic surgery d. cardiac surgery

Answer 53

b. bariatric surgery

Question 54

One of the main functions of the immune system is to: a. minimize the pain from illness and infection. b. destroy foreign substances and infected cells. c. rebuild cells after illness. d. reduce stress at the cellular level.

Answer 54

b. destroy foreign substances and infected cells

Question 55

The most important cells of the immune system are the: a. leukocytes b. macrophages c. microphages d. red blood cells

Answer 55

a. leukocytes

Question 56

An important organ in the immune system that filters the blood is the: a. heart b. lungs c. spleen d. kidneys

Answer 56

c. spleen