Ch. 3 Essential Physiology Flashcards
gestation
time in womb
preterm birth
a baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy
adolescence
ages 12 to 17
puberty
a genetic timing mechanism activates the pituitary gland and an increasing level of growth hormone is produced in the body
- key biological milesone in adolescence
menopause
stage when the female ovaries stop producing eggs
- occurs around the age of 50 for women
- accompanied by a drop in hormonic levels
gonads
reproductive organs (ovaries and/or testes)
diabetes mellitus
severe, chrnoic form of diabetes caused by insufficient production of insulin
- results in disruption in breaking down and storage of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
- often appears in childhoos
- characterized by increased sugar levels in the blood and urine and excessive thirst
melatonin
a hormone produced in the brain by the pineal gland
- production/release of melatonin is stimulated by darkness and suppressed by light
atria
upper and thinner-walled chambers on each side of the heart
- receiving chambers
ventricle
lower, thicker-walled chambers on each side of the heart
pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary vein
carries deoxygenated blood from thelungs to the heart
systolic pressure
when the heart is beating
diastolic pressure
when the heart is resting
angina pectoris
medical term for heart attacks or myocardial infarctions (or cardiac arrest)
- symptom: chest pain
myocardial infarction
angina pectoris or cardiac arrest
- symptom: chest pain
ischemia
condition in which the blood flow is restricted to a part of the body
- often leads to heart attacks
(ie) cardiac ischemia occurs when blood flow & oxygen to the heart muscle is disrupted
gastrointestinal tract (GI)
the entire span from the mouth to the anus
polyp
small clumps of cells that can turn cancerous
bariatric
weight loss
bariatric surgery
weight loss surgery
- forms: lap band surgery & gastric bypass surgery
immune system
the component of our bodies that protects us from threats, mostly in the form of bacteria and germs
lymphatic system
network of small capillaries
- part of the immune system
leukocyte
white blood cells (WBC)
T cell
responsible for killing virally infected cells
- mature in the thymus gland
- formed in bone marrow
- prominent when young but shrinks after puberty
- types: T cytotoxic cell, helper T cell, suppressor T cell
type of lymphocyte
B cell
forms antigens
- mature in bone marrow
- formed in bone marrow
type of lymphocyte
antigen
specific immune cell that is earmarked for specific germs or anitgens
aka antibody generators
natural killer (NK)
circulate in the body
- play a role in different immune responses
- destroy diseased cells by injecting them with toxic chemicals
type of lymphocyte
nonimmunologic defenses
body defenses & barriers that do not rely on the cells of the immune system
ie. skin, mucus, and the process of coughing
nonspecific immune
internal immune processes that do not differentiate between different types of germs or disease threats
- work on a wide variety of disease-causing microorganisms
inflammatory response
swelling
phagocytosis
process by which immune cells (ie. macrophages) destroy germs or viruses by engulfing them and breaking them down
acquired immunity
form of immune response that involves the activation of lymphocytes
humoral-mediated immunity
form of immune reaction that takes place at the level of the tissue
- involves immune cells circulating in the blood
- involves the action of B cells
- first stages are similar to the process for cell-mediated immunity
cell-mediated immunity
form of immune reaction that takes place at the level of the cell
- involves the action of T cells
- first stages are similar to the process for humoral-mediated immunity
differentiation
process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell
- extent of differentiation occurrence indicates the strength of one’s immune system
proliferation
the extent to which the immune cells multiply
cytotoxicity
degree to which something is toxic to living cells
- a measure of strength of immune cells
aerobic respiration
a metabolic pathway (means of getting energy) that requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide
- facilitated by the respiratory sytem
asthma
a disease of the airway of the lungs, characterized by tightening of these airways
- rarely fatal
insulin
a hormone that regulates glucose uptake
- produced in the pancreas
type 1 diabetes
insulin producing cells are destroyed
- seen at an early age
- treated with insulin injections
“insulin-dependent”
type 2 diabetes
insulin levels are close to normal but the receptor cells cannot properly respond to insulin
immune system functions
1) to discriminate what constitutes our bodies from what are foreign substances
2) to destroy and clear those foreign substances and infected cells
types of lymphocytes
1) T cells
2) B cells
3) natural killers
lymphocytes
cells designed to respond to specific microorganisms that the body has encountered before
One of the facts of physical development and aging is that we tend to lose certain functions (e.g. muscle fitness and memory) faster if:
a. our cognitive development is faster
b. we misuse them
c. we get older faster
d. we do not use them
d. we do not use them
Pregnant mothers should watch out for ______ environmental toxins that can cause developmental abnormalities.
a. teratogens
b. cytoclines
c. carcinoxides
d. butalamenes
a. teratogens
The group of neurons that runs from the hind-brain to the forebrain and plays a key role in handling emergency responses during stress is:
a. basil ganglia
b. reticular formation
c. suprachiasmatic nucleus
d. inferior colliculus
b. reticular formation
The superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, tegmentum, periaqueductal gray, and substania nigra are all structures in the:
a. forebrain
b. midbrain
c. hindbrain
d. hypothalamus
b. midbrain
The endocrine hormone most related to the metabolism of food, especially glucose, is:
a. oxytocin
b. prolactin
c. gastrin
d. insulin
d. insulin
Problems due to limited blood flow in certain parts of the body are referred to as:
a. ischemias
b. arteriosclerosis
c. cardiac arrhythmias
d. angina pectoris
a. ischemias
Excessive obesity can be cured by ______, but it is a risky procedure.
a. isometric exercise
b. bariatric surgery
c. laproscopic surgery
d. cardiac surgery
b. bariatric surgery
One of the main functions of the immune system is to:
a. minimize the pain from illness and infection.
b. destroy foreign substances and infected cells.
c. rebuild cells after illness.
d. reduce stress at the cellular level.
b. destroy foreign substances and infected cells
The most important cells of the immune system are the:
a. leukocytes
b. macrophages
c. microphages
d. red blood cells
a. leukocytes
An important organ in the immune system that filters the blood is the:
a. heart
b. lungs
c. spleen
d. kidneys
c. spleen
