Ch. 1 Health Psychology: Setting the Stage

Question 1

health

Answer 1

a state of complete physical, mental & social well-being

Question 2

traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)

Answer 2

holist system of medicine & approach to health and healing

- originate in China (4000 years ago)

Question 3

major treatments of TCM

Answer 3

(1) acupuncture

(2) use of herbs

Question 4

Ayurveda

Answer 4

“Knowledge of Life”

ancient system of medicine that focuses on the body, sense organs, mind & soul

Question 5

level of analysis

Answer 5

description of self (identity) depends on context

(ie) at home, I am a sister/daughter
(ie) at school, I am a student

Question 6

biopsychosocial approach

Answer 6

approach that focuses on how

(1) biology or physiology underlying health
(2) psychology or thoughts, feelings & behavior
(3) society & culture

influences health

Question 7

psychosomatic medicine

Answer 7

approach that focuses only on psychological and physical body influences on health
- downfall: ignore biological influences

Question 8

behavioral medicine

Answer 8

approach that looks at relationship between behavioir, environmental context & health outcomes

Question 9

epidemiology

Answer 9

biomedical field that studies the frequency, distribution & potential causes of different diseases with no particular focus on physical/social environment

Question 10

morbidity

Answer 10

number of causes of diseases w/in specific time period

Question 11

mortality

Answer 11

number of causes of death from a particular cause @ a specific time period

Question 12

health psychology

Answer 12

an interdisciplinary subspecialty of psychology

dedicated to promoting & maintaining health & preventing/treating illness

Question 13

focus of health psychology

Answer 13

(1) promoting and maintaining health

(2) treating and preventing illness

Question 14

concentrations of health psychology

Answer 14

(1) stress & coping
(2) health behavior
(3) political/legislative issues of health care

Question 15

clinical health psychology

Answer 15

a broad specialty in professional psychology that spans the 3 main segments
- clinical practitioners work in this area

Question 16

evidence-based treatments

Answer 16

treatments that are dependent on critically evaluated research
- empirically tested

Question 17

correlation coefficient (r)

Answer 17

statistical measure of the association between 2 or more variables

• ranges from +1.00 to -1.00
• closer to 1 signifies strong associations

Question 18

direct correlation

Answer 18

relationship between two variables is tested

- distress correlated with coping style

Question 19

partial correlation

Answer 19

relationship between 2 variables is tested while controlling for a third variable (or more)

Question 20

analyses of variance (ANOVA)

Answer 20

assess degree of difference in two group means

Question 21

multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA)

Answer 21

assess degree of difference in many group means

Question 22

regression analyses

Answer 22

predicts likelihood of an event on basis of known variables

Question 23

p value

Answer 23

probability that an instance will occur

- smaller value = due to chance

Question 24

logistic regression

Answer 24

predicts probability the occurrence of an event

Question 25

odds ratio

Answer 25

ratio of the odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group

Question 26

experimental design

Answer 26

design that helps determine causality | - researcher manipulates one variable and measures how changes in this variable influence another variable

Question 27

independent variable

Answer 27

manipulated variable

Question 28

dependent variable

Answer 28

variable that is not manipulated

Question 29

quasi-experimental design

Answer 29

experiment in which the independent variables are called subject variables - (ie) experiment based about tanning salons - usually unethical to perform good experiments, so this design is the only way to test

Question 30

placebo

Answer 30

inactive substance that appears similar to the experimental drug

Question 31

cross-sectional study

Answer 31

a study that studies one topic using various age groups

Question 32

longitudinal study

Answer 32

a study that studies one group of people over a long period of time

Question 33

prospective design

Answer 33

a study that follows disease-free participants over a period to determine whether certain variables predict disease (ie) participants don't have colon cancer now, watch them through future

Question 34

retrospective design

Answer 34

a study conducted over a period of time - often involving many measures of the key variables (ie) all participants have colon cancer, look @ history for etiological clues/common factors

Question 35

prevalence rates

Answer 35

proportion of the population that has a particular disease at a particular time how many have the disease now

Question 36

incidence rates

Answer 36

frequency of new cases within a year

Question 37

absolute risk

Answer 37

a person's chance of developing disease independent of any risk that other people may have

Question 38

Descartes

Answer 38

convinced the Catholic Church to allow human dissection

Question 39

Freud

Answer 39

started conversation of potential for psychological causes of biochemcial & psychological problems

Question 40

(Freud) Alexander & Dunbar

Answer 40

developed idea of psychosomatic (mind/body) medicine

Question 41

The most comprehensive definition of health is provided by the: a. Biomedical model b. Hipporcratic model c. World Health Organization d. International Classification of Functioning

Answer 41

c. World Health Organization

Question 42

Which of the following is the primary focus of health psychology? a. health promotion, maintenance and recovery b. etiology and correlates of health and illness c. revising the health care system d. finding the cure for diseases like HIV and cancer e. studying patient-practitioner interactions

Answer 42

a. health promotion, maintenance and recovery

Question 43

______ refers the number of cases of disease that exist at some given point in time. ______ refers to the number of deaths due to particular causes. a. morbidity; mortality b. mortality; morbidity c. epidemiology; pathogenesis d. etiology; epidemiology e. morbidity; etiology

Answer 43

a. morbidity; mortality

Question 44

The Greek physician best known for dissections and providing us with anatomy data was: a. Plato b. Galen c. Hippocrates d. Descartes e. Aginostophenes

Answer 44

b. Galen

Question 45

The most common definition of health across culture is health as: a. the absence of disease b. spiritual happiness c. communion with God d. a state of balance

Answer 45

d. a state of balance

Question 46

One of the first organizations to combine medicine with psychology, started by Dunbar and Alexander was: a. health psychology b. society for behavioral medicine c. psychosomatic medicine d. mind-body institute e. National Institute of Mental Health (NIHM)

Answer 46

c. psychosomatic medicine

Question 47

Culture is best defined as: a. a set of beliefs shared by a group b. race and ethnicity c. religion, family values, and race d. the values of our parents and family members

Answer 47

a. a set of beliefs shared by a group

Question 48

One of the most powerful predictors of health disparities in North America is: a. sex b. socioeconomic status c. race d. ethnicity

Answer 48

a. sex

Question 49

In studying about cultural differences in health, we should remember that: a. in-group differences are often larger than between-group differences b. between-group differences are often larger than in-group differences c. racial differences outweigh all other cultural differences d. most cultural differences are insignificant from a global level

Answer 49

a. in-group differences are often larger than between-group differences

Question 50

Studies where one group gets an experimental drug and another gets a placebo are called: a. randomized clinical trials b. correlational studies c. quasi-experimental studies d. longitudinal studies

Answer 50

a. randomized clinical trials