Ch. 1 Health Psychology: Setting the Stage Flashcards
health
a state of complete physical, mental & social well-being
traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
holist system of medicine & approach to health and healing
- originate in China (4000 years ago)
major treatments of TCM
(1) acupuncture
(2) use of herbs
Ayurveda
“Knowledge of Life”
ancient system of medicine that focuses on the body, sense organs, mind & soul
level of analysis
description of self (identity) depends on context
(ie) at home, I am a sister/daughter
(ie) at school, I am a student
biopsychosocial approach
approach that focuses on how
(1) biology or physiology underlying health
(2) psychology or thoughts, feelings & behavior
(3) society & culture
influences health
psychosomatic medicine
approach that focuses only on psychological and physical body influences on health
- downfall: ignore biological influences
behavioral medicine
approach that looks at relationship between behavioir, environmental context & health outcomes
epidemiology
biomedical field that studies the frequency, distribution & potential causes of different diseases with no particular focus on physical/social environment
morbidity
number of causes of diseases w/in specific time period
mortality
number of causes of death from a particular cause @ a specific time period
health psychology
an interdisciplinary subspecialty of psychology
dedicated to promoting & maintaining health & preventing/treating illness
focus of health psychology
(1) promoting and maintaining health
(2) treating and preventing illness
concentrations of health psychology
(1) stress & coping
(2) health behavior
(3) political/legislative issues of health care
clinical health psychology
a broad specialty in professional psychology that spans the 3 main segments
- clinical practitioners work in this area
evidence-based treatments
treatments that are dependent on critically evaluated research
- empirically tested
correlation coefficient (r)
statistical measure of the association between 2 or more variables
- ranges from +1.00 to -1.00
- closer to 1 signifies strong associations
direct correlation
relationship between two variables is tested
- distress correlated with coping style
partial correlation
relationship between 2 variables is tested while controlling for a third variable (or more)
analyses of variance (ANOVA)
assess degree of difference in two group means
multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA)
assess degree of difference in many group means
regression analyses
predicts likelihood of an event on basis of known variables
p value
probability that an instance will occur
- smaller value = due to chance
logistic regression
predicts probability the occurrence of an event
odds ratio
ratio of the odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group
experimental design
design that helps determine causality
- researcher manipulates one variable and measures how changes in this variable influence another variable
independent variable
manipulated variable
dependent variable
variable that is not manipulated
quasi-experimental design
experiment in which the independent variables are called subject variables
- (ie) experiment based about tanning salons
- usually unethical to perform good experiments, so this design is the only way to test
placebo
inactive substance that appears similar to the experimental drug
cross-sectional study
a study that studies one topic using various age groups
longitudinal study
a study that studies one group of people over a long period of time
prospective design
a study that follows disease-free participants over a period to determine whether certain variables predict disease
(ie) participants don’t have colon cancer now, watch them through future
retrospective design
a study conducted over a period of time
- often involving many measures of the key variables
(ie) all participants have colon cancer, look @ history for etiological clues/common factors
prevalence rates
proportion of the population that has a particular disease at a particular time
how many have the disease now
incidence rates
frequency of new cases within a year
absolute risk
a person’s chance of developing disease independent of any risk that other people may have
Descartes
convinced the Catholic Church to allow human dissection
Freud
started conversation of potential for psychological causes of biochemcial & psychological problems
(Freud) Alexander & Dunbar
developed idea of psychosomatic (mind/body) medicine
The most comprehensive definition of health is provided by the:
a. Biomedical model
b. Hipporcratic model
c. World Health Organization
d. International Classification of Functioning
c. World Health Organization
Which of the following is the primary focus of health psychology?
a. health promotion, maintenance and recovery
b. etiology and correlates of health and illness
c. revising the health care system
d. finding the cure for diseases like HIV and cancer
e. studying patient-practitioner interactions
a. health promotion, maintenance and recovery
______ refers the number of cases of disease that exist at some given point in time. ______ refers to the number of deaths due to particular causes.
a. morbidity; mortality
b. mortality; morbidity
c. epidemiology; pathogenesis
d. etiology; epidemiology
e. morbidity; etiology
a. morbidity; mortality
The Greek physician best known for dissections and providing us with anatomy data was:
a. Plato
b. Galen
c. Hippocrates
d. Descartes
e. Aginostophenes
b. Galen
The most common definition of health across culture is health as:
a. the absence of disease
b. spiritual happiness
c. communion with God
d. a state of balance
d. a state of balance
One of the first organizations to combine medicine with psychology, started by Dunbar and Alexander was:
a. health psychology
b. society for behavioral medicine
c. psychosomatic medicine
d. mind-body institute
e. National Institute of Mental Health (NIHM)
c. psychosomatic medicine
Culture is best defined as:
a. a set of beliefs shared by a group
b. race and ethnicity
c. religion, family values, and race
d. the values of our parents and family members
a. a set of beliefs shared by a group
One of the most powerful predictors of health disparities in North America is:
a. sex
b. socioeconomic status
c. race
d. ethnicity
a. sex
In studying about cultural differences in health, we should remember that:
a. in-group differences are often larger than between-group differences
b. between-group differences are often larger than in-group differences
c. racial differences outweigh all other cultural differences
d. most cultural differences are insignificant from a global level
a. in-group differences are often larger than between-group differences
Studies where one group gets an experimental drug and another gets a placebo are called:
a. randomized clinical trials
b. correlational studies
c. quasi-experimental studies
d. longitudinal studies
a. randomized clinical trials
