Ch. 4 Stress Across Cultures Flashcards
homeostasis
ideal level of bodily functions
stress
defined in a variety of ways
an upsetting of homeostasis
a state caused when the perceived demands of the organism exceeded the resources to meet those demands
fight-or-flight theory
(Cannon)
sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) activation
(Cannon)
produces epinephrine & norepinephrine
- changes in heart rate
tend-and-befriend
(Shelly Taylor)
theory that suggests how women when faced with a stressor may either tend to infants or others and befriend other females and cultivate female bonds as opposed to fighting or fleeing
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
(Selye & Cannon)
activates the pituitary gland that then activates the adrenal gland
general adaptation syndrome
(Hans Selye)
organisms have a general way of responding to all stressors
- when faced with a stressor, the body first goes into a state of alarm, then attempts to cope during a period of resistance, and finally breaks down in a state of exhaustion
appraisal
way of potentially stressful event is interpreted
- significant component of Lazarus’ psychological explanation why we get stressed
primary appraisal
first stage of Lazarus’ cognitive appraisal model of stress
we determine the nature of an event, whether harmful, damaging, or challenging
secondary appraisal
second stage of Lazarus’ cognitive appraisal model of stress
we determine whether we have the resources to manage an event
- relates to primary appraisal
positive valence
attractiveness of an event
(ie) pleasantness, relaxation, or joy
high arousal is seen as positive or useful
spillover
transmission of stress from one domain of an individual’s life into other domains of life
ecological theory
(Bronfrenbrenner)
a way of examining behavior which identifies different levels or systems in which the individual acts rather than just focusing on the individual
microsystem
includes the activities and roles the individual takes on in a particular setting
(ie) work and home
mesosystem
contains the relationships & interactions between microsystems at a specific point in time
role theory
a role is the set of behaviors to be performed and is determined by one’s own perceptions and the expectation of others
- as an individual accumulates roles, the quantity and incompatibility of role demands increase
- an individual experiences role strain that results in increased role conflict and ambiguity
role ambiguity
degree to which required information regarding role expectations are available, clear, and communicated to the individual playing the role
(ie) an employee
role conflict
incompatibility of expectations for a given role and between different roles
background stressor
environmental stressor
crowding & noise, together with air pollution and chemical pollution
natural disaster stressor
environmental stressor
short-term stressors that are often more severe than long-term stressors
(ie) flooding, earthquakes, and hurricanes
techno-political stressor
environmental stressor
directly linked to technological or political causes
(ie) nuclear reactor accidents, chemical plant accidents, dam-related flooding, wars & acts of terrorism
allostasis
the ability to achieve stability through change
steps in general adaptation syndrome
when faced with a stressor
1) body first goes into a state of alarm
2) body attempts to cope during a period of resistance
3) body finally breaks down in a state of exhaustion
negative valence
aversion of an event
(ie) sadness, fear or anger
high arousal is seen as negative
cognitive appraisal model
(Richard Lazarus)
theory of why we get stressed
imbalance between the demands placed on the individual and that individual’s resources to cope
microaggression
every day insults, indignities & demeaning messages sent to people of color by well-intentioned White people who are unaware of the hidden messages they are sending
reciprocity
(Bronfrenbrenner)
recognition that systems are not independent of one another but are in constant interaction
Stress is best defined as
a. negative events that tax the body
b. challenges to the body systems
c. the perception of strain
d. upsetting of homeostasis
d. upsetting of homeostasis
The earliest theory of stress suggests our current response is a remnant of our evolutionary past and was developed by:
a. Walter Cannon
b. Hans Selye
c. Richard Lazarus
d. Rene Descartes
a. Walter Cannon
During the fight-or-flight response, epinephrine does which of the following?
a. increases heart rate and blood pressure
b. energizes the muscles
c. converts fat into energy
d. gets oxygen into the bloodstream
a. increases heart rate and blood pressure
According to Hans Selye, the ________ phase of the stress response is responsible for the physiological damage related to stress.
a. alarm
b. resistance
c. threat
d. exhaustion
d. exhaustion
According to Lazarus’ cognitive appraisal model, in primary appraisal, people assess whether an event involves each of the following except:
a. fear
b. harm
c. threat
d. challenge
a. fear
When a close friend is undergoing a lot of stress, we tend to feel stressed as well. We are not as affected by events taking place far off lands and to strangers. The main dimensions of stress varying in this example is:
a. duration
b. valence
c. definition
d. centrality
d. centrality
Not having money to cover basic needs, divorce, living in a high crime area, being fired, having housing problems and long-term medical problems are all examples of which of the following?
a. environmental stressors
b. chronic burden
c. acute stressors
d. unpredictable stressors
b. chronic burden
As someone gets stressed, heart rate increases and there will be a slight increase in perspiration. This can be seen best by measuring:
a. galvanic skin response
b. temperature
c. blood pressure
d. electroencephalograms
a. galvanic skin response
Workers with boring, repetitive jobs sometimes show symptoms of nausea, headaches, muscle weakness, and blurry vision without any physical basis. This is known as:
a. deprivational stress
b. assembly-line hysteria
c. cognitive load
d. ambiguity disorder
b. assembly-line hysteria
Chronic stress over time can cause wear and tear on the body. This can have serious physical and psychological consequences and is called:
a. exhaustion
b. allostasis
c. contagion
d. fatigue
b. allostasis
