Ch. 5 Coping & Social Support Flashcards
coping
constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person
coping process
process of reacting to a stressor & resulting in either a favorable (health and well-being) or unfavorable (sickness and unhappiness) outcome
moderator
a variable that changes the magnitude (sometimes direction) of the relationship between an antecedent variable and an outcome variable
mediator
the intervening process (variable) through which an antecedent variable influences an outcome variable
coping styles
general predispositions to dealing with stress
- tools a person tends to use repeatedly
basic types of coping style
(1) approach coping
(2) avoidant coping
approach coping
approach a stressor and make active efforts to resolve it
avoidant coping
avoid the problem
coping strategies
specific behavioral and psychological efforts people use to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize stressful events
problem-focused coping
directly facing the stressful situation and working hard to resolve it
emotion-focused coping
use either mental or behavioral methods to deal with the feelings resulting from the stress
personality
an individual’s unique set of consistent behavioral traits, where traits are durable dispositions to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern
(Friedman and Rosenman)
people who showed a sense of time urgency (always doing more than one thing at the same time), competitiveness, and hostility in their interactions with other people were found to have a higher risk for coronary heart disease and stress
conscientiousness
ethical, dependable, productive, purposeful
agreeableness
sympathetic, warm, trusting, cooperative
neuroticism
anxious, insecure, guilt-prone, self-conscious
openness to experience
daring, nonconforming, imaginative
extraversion
talkative, sociable, fun-loving, affectionate
optimism
personality trait where a person ahs a general tendency to expect that good things, rather than bad things, will happen
mastery
the extent to which one regards one’s life chances as being under one’s own control
- a relatively stable tendency of an individual and another variable that can influence the appraisal of stress and help people cope
- mediator
resilient
ability to bounce back and do fine
received support
the social support the person reports was provided to him or her
perceived support
the social support the person believes to be available to him or her
familialism
a cultural value that emphasizes close family relationships, with social support, stress, pregnancy anxiety, and infant birth weight
social convoy model
theory suggesting that people are motivated to maintain their social network sizes as they themselves age, despite changes in the composition of the networks
- individuals construct & maintain social relationships while becoming increasingly aware of specific strengths and weaknesses of particular members
socioeconomical selectivity theory
theory of social support change that proposes that people prune their social networks to maintain a desired emotional state depending on the extent to which time is perceived as limited
- basic functions of social interactions, such as maintaining a good mod, differ in respect to their relative importance for determining social preferences across the lifespan
daily process methodology
“daily diaries”
assessment of timing, frequency, emotions, and more details on the spot
biofeedback
procedure where a computer or other monitoring device measures heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in real-time allowing one to modify one’s behavior and thinking to see resulting changes in cardiovascular reactions
- a form of relaxation
positive psychology
area of psychology that involves the scientific study of strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
- major foci: emotions & individual traits
religiosity
measure of how religious a person is commonly assessed by counting the frequency of temple/church/mosque/synagogue attendance, the average frequency of prayer, and the commitment to religious rituals
Coping is best defined as
a. individual efforts made to manage the outcomes of stress
b. processes designed to increase relaxation
c. ways to prevent stressful events from occurring
d. techniques to reduce the impact of stress
a. individual efforts made to manage the outcomes of stress
Life is complex and few variables directly influence each other. Moderating variables:
a. are those that directly influence stress and coping
b. change the relationship between variables
c. are more powerful than mediator variables
d. are more important for predicting Western coping styles
b. change the relationship between variables
Most of the following variables can be mediators and moderators except for:
a. happiness
b. optimism
c. social support
d. sex
d. sex
The theory of social support change that proposes that people prune their networks to maintain a desired emotional state depending on the extent to which time is perceived as limited is:
a. socioemotional selectivity theory
b. gain-loss theory
c. social convoy theory
d. optimization
a. socioemotional selectivity theory
One of the most commonly studied mediators in health psychology is:
a. sex
b. social support
c. health behaviors
d. stress
c. health behaviors
The two most basic styles of coping are:
a. positive and negative
b. acute and chronic
c. approach and avoidant
d. primary and secondary
c. approach and avoidant
Each of the following is considered one of the “Big Five” factors in personality except:
a. extraversion
b. neuroticism
c. agreeableness
d. optimism
d. optimism
In contrast to early research on the Type A personality, current views hold that the most unhealthy component of the Type A profile is:
a. being competitive
b. showing a sense of time urgency
c. being hostile
d. being hardy
c. being hostile
People who enjoy challenges, have a high level of control, and are committed to their lives are high in:
a. optimism
b. hardiness
c. extraversion
d. mastery
b. hardiness
The empirical evidence suggests that the following cultural group receives the most social support from tis members during stressors such as pregnancy:
a. European American
b. Chinese American
c. Japanese American
d. Mexican American
d. Mexican American
