Ch 9: How is language viewed from neuropsychology perspective

Question 1

Crystal: language is… (3)

Answer 1

1. systematic (bound by rules)
2. conventional (based on agreements)
3. symbolic (words refer to an arbitrary concept)

Question 2

The mental lexicon

Answer 2

mental dictionary –> part of semantic memory system
lemma = grammatical characteristics
phonemes = abstract units of sounds

Question 3

Aphasia

Answer 3

collective term for acquired language impairments
commonly caused by a stroke
impairments in language production

Question 4

lexical paraphasia

Answer 4

the target word is replaced by an existing word which is usually related to the target word

Question 5

phonological paraphasia

Answer 5

at least one sound of the target word is omitted or replaced by another sound which often results in a non-existing word

Question 6

Stereotype (non-propositional speech)

Answer 6

the patient frequently uses expressions that have little meaning or are irrelevant ( I don’t know) with lack of other meaningfull sentences

Question 7

recurring utterances (non-propositional speech)

Answer 7

the patient produces one or more utterances (sounds, words, sentences) in all kinds of inappropriate situations

Question 8

serial speech (non-propositional speech)

Answer 8

the patient can still finish common well-memorised strings (1,2,3,4,…..)

Question 9

echolalia (non-propositional speech)

Answer 9

the patient repeats what their conversation partner says

Question 10

perseveration (non-propositional speech)

Answer 10

the patient involuntarily repeats words or phrases

Question 11

Syntax problems: agrammatism

Answer 11

difficulty using the grammatical knowledge correctly

grammar is limited –> short easy sentences (telegram style)

Question 12

Syntax problems: Paragrammatism

Answer 12

sentences are long and complex

large number of paraphasia and incorrect use

Question 13

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 13

language concept is intact
trouble with articulation and finding the right words –> speech rate is low
often agrammatic
difficulty repeating

Question 14

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 14

speech is fluent
language concept is strongly affected
paragrammatism
little insight into the disease

Question 15

conduction aphasia

Answer 15

language concept is fairly intact and the language reproduction is similar to Wernicke
biggest problem: repeating spoken words
disease insight –> trying to correct their mistakes

Question 16

transcortical aphasia

Answer 16

sensory: language comprehension problems and production, repeating is intact
motor: problems in production (Broca) not in comprehension and repetition is intact

Question 17

Global aphasia

Answer 17

both production and comprehension are affected

Question 18

Amnestic aphasia

Answer 18

production + comprehension intact

serious problem in finding the right words

Question 19

verbal dyspraxia

Answer 19

something goes wrong in the programming of the articulation organs
longer words are harder than short words

Question 20

Dysarthria

Answer 20

speech impairments caused by a lack of control over the articulation muscles as a result of damage to the motor part of the CNS or the PNS

Question 21

Attention dyslexia

Answer 21

patient cannot name the individual letters

Question 22

neglect dyslexia/positional dyslexia

Answer 22

patient read the letters of one half of the word incorrectly –> mistakes in reading

Question 23

semantic dyslexia/deep dyslexia

Answer 23

patient does not read the written word but a word that is semantically related to that word

Question 24

phonological dyslexia

Answer 24

patient can read existing words, but cannot read pseudo words

Question 25

surface dyslexia

Answer 25

patient can read all words but regularly spelled words are much better read than irregularly spelled words

Question 26

phonological dysgraphia

Answer 26

pseudo words cannot be written down

Question 27

surface dysgraphia

Answer 27

regularly spelled words are better written than irregularly spelled words

Question 28

graphemic buffer dysgraphia

Answer 28

the word form is intact but the letters are replaced by other letters or the order of letters is reversed