Ch 9: How is language viewed from neuropsychology perspective Flashcards
Crystal: language is… (3)
- systematic (bound by rules)
- conventional (based on agreements)
- symbolic (words refer to an arbitrary concept)
The mental lexicon
mental dictionary –> part of semantic memory system
lemma = grammatical characteristics
phonemes = abstract units of sounds
Aphasia
collective term for acquired language impairments
commonly caused by a stroke
impairments in language production
lexical paraphasia
the target word is replaced by an existing word which is usually related to the target word
phonological paraphasia
at least one sound of the target word is omitted or replaced by another sound which often results in a non-existing word
Stereotype (non-propositional speech)
the patient frequently uses expressions that have little meaning or are irrelevant ( I don’t know) with lack of other meaningfull sentences
recurring utterances (non-propositional speech)
the patient produces one or more utterances (sounds, words, sentences) in all kinds of inappropriate situations
serial speech (non-propositional speech)
the patient can still finish common well-memorised strings (1,2,3,4,…..)
echolalia (non-propositional speech)
the patient repeats what their conversation partner says
perseveration (non-propositional speech)
the patient involuntarily repeats words or phrases
Syntax problems: agrammatism
difficulty using the grammatical knowledge correctly
grammar is limited –> short easy sentences (telegram style)
Syntax problems: Paragrammatism
sentences are long and complex
large number of paraphasia and incorrect use
Broca’s aphasia
language concept is intact
trouble with articulation and finding the right words –> speech rate is low
often agrammatic
difficulty repeating
Wernicke’s aphasia
speech is fluent
language concept is strongly affected
paragrammatism
little insight into the disease
conduction aphasia
language concept is fairly intact and the language reproduction is similar to Wernicke
biggest problem: repeating spoken words
disease insight –> trying to correct their mistakes
transcortical aphasia
sensory: language comprehension problems and production, repeating is intact
motor: problems in production (Broca) not in comprehension and repetition is intact
Global aphasia
both production and comprehension are affected
Amnestic aphasia
production + comprehension intact
serious problem in finding the right words
verbal dyspraxia
something goes wrong in the programming of the articulation organs
longer words are harder than short words
Dysarthria
speech impairments caused by a lack of control over the articulation muscles as a result of damage to the motor part of the CNS or the PNS
Attention dyslexia
patient cannot name the individual letters
neglect dyslexia/positional dyslexia
patient read the letters of one half of the word incorrectly –> mistakes in reading
semantic dyslexia/deep dyslexia
patient does not read the written word but a word that is semantically related to that word
phonological dyslexia
patient can read existing words, but cannot read pseudo words
surface dyslexia
patient can read all words but regularly spelled words are much better read than irregularly spelled words
phonological dysgraphia
pseudo words cannot be written down
surface dysgraphia
regularly spelled words are better written than irregularly spelled words
graphemic buffer dysgraphia
the word form is intact but the letters are replaced by other letters or the order of letters is reversed
