Ch. 9-Cardiovascular System Flashcards
How many times does the heart beat each day?
100,000; 8,000 liters of blood
What does the cardiovascular system do?
Circulates blood by action of the heart, provides cells with oxygen and nutritive elements and removes waste and carbon dioxide
Where does blood flow?
Through the heart to the lungs, then back to the heart and out of the body
Heart
Center of cardiovascular system where vessels originate and return, weighs 300g, circulates blood through lungs and body
Pulmonary circulation
Lung circulation
Systemic circulation
Circulation through the rest of the body
3 Layers if the Heart
Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium
Endocardium
Inner lining of the heart
Myocardium
Muscular middle layer of heart
Pericardium
Outer membranous sac surrounding the heart
Arteries
Branching systems of vessels that transport blood from the right and left ventricles to all body parts
They always have a pulse
Veins
Transport blood from tissues back to the heart
Capillaries
Microscopic blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules
-passage of life sustaining fluids containing oxygen and nutrients
Blood
Consists of formed elements (erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes) and plasma
-delivers necessary substances to cells and transports waste
Septum
Divides heart into sections called the right and left heart
Atria
Two upper chambers, separated by interatrial septum, designated as right or left depending on which side of the septum they are on. They receive blood from the body
Ventricles
Two lower chambers, separated by interventricular septum, designated as right or left depending on which side of the septum they are on. Pump blood out to body
Right atrium
RA
Receives blood from body. Superior and inferior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood here, fills atrium, then passes through tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
Right ventricle
RV
Receives blood from right atrium through tricuspid valve, contracts to force blood through pulmonary valve into left and right pulmonary arteries, which then carry it to the lungs where it is oxygenated
Pulmonary arteries
Only artery that carries oxygen-deficient blood
Left atrium
LA
Receives blood from left and right pulmonary veins from lungs, fills atrium and creates pressure that forces oxygenated blood through the mitral (bicuspid) valve and into left ventricle
Left ventricle
LV
Receives blood from left atrium through mitral valve, contracts when filled, closing the mitral valve and opening the aortic valve. The blood is pumped from the aorta all over the body through arteries and capillaries
Tricuspid valve
Right atrioventricular valve
Guards opening between right atrium and right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Semilunar valve
Guards opening between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Mitral valve
Bicuspid valve
Left atrioventricular valve
Between left atrium and left ventricle
Aortic valve
Semilunar valve
Between left ventricle and aorta
Coronary arteries
Part of hearts own vascular system that delivers oxygen rich blood to the heart
Cardiac veins
Part of hearts own vascular system that collects oxygen poor blood and returns it to the right atrium
Heartbeat
Controlled by autonomic nervous system and generated by specialized neuromuscular tissue that causes cardiac muscle to contract
3 Things in Heart’s Specialized Neuromuscular Tissue
Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and atrioventricular bundle
Sinoatrial node
SA node
Located in right atrium below superior vena cava, pacemaker of the heart, network of Purkinje fibers that discharge electrical impulses
Purkinje fibers
Atypical muscle fibers
Atrioventricular node
AV node
Beneath endocardium of right atrium and transmits electrical impulses to the bundle of His
Atrioventricular bundle
bundle of His
Collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction that transmits impulses from the AV node to Purkinje fibers, which distribute it to ventricular muscle
Average adult heartbeat?
60-90 bpm
What affects the rate of heartbeat?
Emotion, smoking, disease, body size, age, stress, environment, and many others
Electrocardiogram
ECG, EKG
Records heart’s electrical activity
3 Commonly Used Sites for Taking Pulse
Radial artery, brachial artery, carotid artery
Auscultation
Taking pulse with stethoscope and counting for one minute
Apical pulse
Taking pulse right over the heart as with a stethoscope
Temporal artery
Temple area of head, used to control bleeding from the head and to monitor circulation
Carotid artery
Neck, easiest to access in an emergency
Brachial artery
Antecubical space of elbow, common for blood pressure
Radial artery
Thumb side of wrist, most common for pulse
Femoral artery
Groin area, used to monitor circulation
Popliteal artery
Behind the knee, used to monitor circulation
Dorsalis pedis artery
On dorsal surface of foot (top), used to assess for peripheral artery disease (PAD)
Blood pressure
BP
Pressure exerted by blood on artery walls, consists of systolic and diastolic number and measured by sphygmomanometer
Needs to be below (120/80)
Systolic number
Numerator and higher number, pressure while heart contracts
Diastolic number
Denominator and lower number, pressure while heart relaxes between beats
Pulse pressure
Difference between systolic and diastolic readings and indicates tone of arterial walls. Should not be over 50 or under 30
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
Fatty plaques in arterial walls
Cardiovascular disease can accelerate due to
Reduced blood flow
Elevated blood lipids
Detective endothelial repair
Heart failure
One of the most common types of cardiovascular disease in older adults
Congestive heart failure
CHF
Left sided failure
Symptoms are pulmonary edema, dyspnea, shortness of breath
Right ventricular heart failure
Right sided failure
Usually occurs as a result of CHF
Symptoms are liver enlargement, distention of neck veins, edema in ankles
Stent
Steel cage like object is placed over a balloon catheter and inserted into the blockage, expanded, and removed so that the stent stays in place
Digitalis drugs
Strengthen heart muscle, increase force of systolic contraction, slow heart rate, and decrease conduction through the atrioventricular node
Antiarrhythmic agents
Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias(irregular heartbeats)
Vasopressors
Cause contraction of muscles associated with capillaries and arteries, narrowing the space through which blood circulates and raising blood pressure
Vasodilators
Cause relaxation of blood vessels and lowers blood pressure
antihypertensive agents
Used in treatment of hypertension
Antihyperlipidemic agents
Lower abnormally high levels of fatty substances when other treatments fail
Antiplatelet drugs
Reduce occurrence of and death from events such as heart attacks and strokes. Aspirin is main drug and is recommended by AHA for people with CV diseases because it prevents clots
Anticoagulants
Prevents blood clots
“Blood thinners”
Thrombolytic agents
Dissolve an existing clot when given within 6 hours of occurrence
Reduces chance of death by 50%
Angiography
X-ray recording of a blood vessel after injection of a radiopaque substance
Cardiac catheterization
CC
Medical procedure used to diagnose heart disorders
Cardiac enzymes
Blood tests performed to determine cardiac damage in an acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
Cardiac muscle troponins
Blood tests performed to determine heart muscle injury (microinfarction) not detected by cardiac enzyme tests
Cholesterol
chol
Blood test to determine level of cholesterol in serum
Greater than 200 mg/dL is bad
Echocardiography
ECHO
Used to analyze size, shape, and movement of structures in the heart
Holter monitor
Portable medical device attached to the patient that records a continuous EKG for 24 hours
Intracardiac electrophysiology study
EPS
Invasive cardiac procedure that involves placement of catheter-guided electrodes inside the heart to evaluate and map electrical conduction of arrhythmias
Lactic dehydrogenase
LD or LDH
Intracellular enzyme that can be detected when it leaks into the bloodstream and ia a good indicator of acute myocardial infarction
Lipid profile
Series of blood tears including chol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides
Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI
Uses a magnet that sets nuclei of atoms in heart cells vibrating, they emit signals that are converted by a computer into 3-D images
Stress test
Screening test evaluating cardiovascular fitness, EKG is monitored while patient is subjected to exercise, helps doctors assess blood flow
Thallium-201 stress test
X-ray study that follows path of radioactive thallium carried by the blood into the heart muscle
Triglycerides
Blood test to determine level of triglycerides in the serum
Ultrafast CT scan
Can take multiple images of the heart within a single heartbeat
Ultrasonography
Test used to visualize an organ or tissue by using high frequency sound waves
Aneurysm
Abnormal widening of ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the artery wall
Angioplasty
Surgical repair of a blood vessel or nonsurgical technique for treating diseased arteries by temporarily inflating a tiny balloon inside an artery
angi/o vessel
-plasty surgical repair
Arrhythmia
Irregularity or loss of rhythm of heartbeat, also called dysrhythmia
a- lack of
rrhythm rhythm
-ia condition
Automated external defibrillator
Portable automatic device used to restore normal heart rhythm to patients in cardiac arrest; automatically tells rescuer when to administer shock
Cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle that leads to deterioration of the muscle and pumping ability
cardi/o heart
my/o muscle
-pathy disease
Defibrillator
Medical device used to restore normal heart rhythm by delivering electric shock
Diastole
Relaxation phase of the heart cycle during which the heart muscle relaxers and heart chambers fill with blood
Dysrhythmia
Abnormality of the rhythm or rate of heartbeat, can be divided into bradycardias(slow) or tachycardias(fast)
dys- difficult
rhythm rhythm
-ia condition
Fibrillation
Quivering or spontaneous contraction of individual muscle fibers, an abnormal bioelectric potential occurring in neuropathies and myopathies
fibrillat fibrils(small fibers)
-ion process
Infarction
Process of developing an infarct, which is death of tissue from obstructed blood flow infarct infarct(necrosis of an area) -ion process
Lipoprotein
Lipid and protein molecules bound together classified as VLDL, LDL, and HDL
Murmur
Abnormal sound ranging from soft and blowing to loud and booming heard on auscultation of heart and adjacent large vessels
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PTCA
Use of a balloon catheter to compress plaques against an artery wall
Pericardiocentesis
Surgical procedure to remove fluid from the pericardial sac for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes
peri- around
cardi/o heart
-centesis surgical puncture
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
peri- around
cardi/o heart
-itis inflammation
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
phleb/o vein
-itis inflammation
Tachycardia
Rapid heartbeat over 100 bpm
tachy- rapid
cardi/o heart
-ia condition
Thrombosis
A blood clot within the vascular system
thromb/o clot of blood
-osis condition
Triglyceride
Pertaining to an organic compound consisting of 3 molecules of fatty acids tri- three glyc sweet, sugar -er relating to -ide having a particular quality
angi/o
Vessel
angin/o
To choke
arteri/o
Artery
ather/o
Fatty substance
atri/o
Atrium
auscultat/o
To listen to
cardi/o
Heart
chol/e
Bile
circulat/o
Circular
claudicat/o
To limp
corpor/o
Body
cyan/o
Dark blue
dilatat/o
To widen
dynam/o
Power
ech/o
Reflected sound
electr/o
Electricity
embol/o
A throwing in
glyc/o
Sweet, sugar
hem/o
Blood
infarct/o
Infarct (necrosis of an area)
isch/o
To hold back
lipid/o
Fat
lun/o
Moon
man/o
Thin
mitr/o
Mitral valve
my/o
Muscle
occlus/o
To close up
oxy
Sour, sharp, acid
palpit/o
Throbbing
pector/o
Chest
phleb/o
Vein
pulmon/o
Lung
rrhythm/o
Rhythm
scler/o
Hardening
sept/o
Partition
sin/o
Curve
sphygm/o
Pulse
sten/o
Narrowing
steth/o
Chest
thromb/o
Clot of blood
valvul/o
Valve
vas/o
Vessel
vascul/o
Small vessel
ven/o
Vein
ventricul/o
Ventricle
vers/o
Turning
