Ch. 8-Digestive System Flashcards
What is the digestive tube called and how long is it?
Gastrointestinal tract, 30 ft
Digestive system
Continuous tube starting at the mouth and ending at the anus
3 main functions of digestive system
Digestive, absorption, elimination
Where does digestion technically begin?
When you see food, your saliva glands begin working and producing enzymes
Digestive enzymes
Changes food so the body can absorb nutrients
Absorption
Takes nutrients into bloodstream or lymph
Elimination
Solid waste products are excreted
Mouth
Primary organ, breaks apart food, moistens food with saliva, and forms food into bolus
Teeth
Primary organ, breaks food apart
Salivary glands
Accessory organ, secretes saliva in response to food
Pharynx
Primary organ, extends between internal nares and larynx entrance, respiration and digestion path
Esophagus
Primary organ, moves bolus by peristalsis into the stomach
Stomach
Primary organ, reduces food to semiliquid digestible state (chyme)
Small intestine
Primary organ, 21 ft long from pyloric sphincter to large intestine
Large intestine
Primary organ, 5 ft long, final process of digestion (absorbs remaining water and excretes waste)
Liver
Secondary organ, detoxifies body, converts glucose to glycogen and stores it, metabolizes fat, participates in protein anabolism and catabolism, makes bile, and stores iron and vitamins
Gallbladder
Secondary organ, stores and concentrates extra bile, largest producer of digestive enzymes
Pancreas
Secondary organ, secretes pancreatic juice into small intestine, produces digestive enzymes, secretes insulin and glucagon into blood
Where does digestion officially begin?
Mouth, where food is broken down by teeth and enzymes produced by saliva
Bolus
Mashed and partially broken down food that is formed by the mouth and travels through the esophagus to the stomach
Nasopharynx
Upper portion of pharynx above the soft palate
Oropharynx
Middle portion of pharynx between palate and hyoid bone
Laryngopharynx
Lowest portion of pharynx
Epiglottis
Flap of tissue blocking larynx opening that prevents food from entering the trachea
Esophageal sphincter
Located at junction of esophagus and stomach and prevents backup of stomach contents
Peristalsis
Wavelike muscular contractions that carry a bolus down the esophagus and chyme down the small intestine
4 parts of stomach
Fundus, body, antrum, rugae
Fundus
Upper region of stomach
Body
Main portion of stomach
Antrum
Lower region of stomach
Rugae
Folds in lining of stomach that produce digestive juices
“Reggae dreads”
Chyme
Semiliquid state, stomach converts food into this
Pyloric sphincter
Passageway between stomach and small intestine
Duodenum
First part of small intestine
Jejunum
Middle of small intestine
Ileum
Last part of small intestine, location of Crohn’s disease
Where does digestion and absorption chiefly occur?
Small intestine
Digestion in small intestine
Nutrients are absorbed and transferred to body cells by circulatory system
3 organs that help the small intestine
Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
Bile
Produced by liver and emulsifies fat droplets
4 parts of large intestine
Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
4 parts of colon
Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
Goes clockwise around colon
4 accessory organs
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What causes constipation?
Dehydration, lack of fiber, certain medicines (antibiotics)
Hepatitis
Group of viral infections that affect the liver
3 common types of hepatitis
Hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HAB), hepatitis C (HAC) Vaccines for a and b but not c
Hernia
Protrusion of organ into another body part
- hiatal: protrusion of stomach up through hiatal opening
- inguinal: protrusion of intestine into inguinal area
Antacids
Neutralizes hydrochloride acid in stomach
Antacid mixtures
Combination of 2 antacid properties (aluminum and calcium) with magnesium salts
Histamine H2-Receptor Antagonists
Inhibit gastric acid secretion and stimulation by foods and caffeine
Gastric Acid Pump Inhibitor (Proton-Pump Inhibitor(PPI))
Suppress gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the final step of acid production
Prevents ulcers
Alcohol toxicology test
Testing blood serum and plasma to determine alcohol levels
Ammonia test
Testing blood plasma to determine ammonia level
Colonoscopy
Visual examination of colon via colonoscopy
Fiberoptic colonoscopy
Visual examination of colon via flexible colonoscope
Esophagogastroduodenal endoscopy
Endoscopic examination of esophagus, stomach, and small intestine
Gastric analysis
Test to determine quality of secretion; amount of free and combined HCl; and absence or presence of blood, bacteria, bile, and fatty acids
Gastrointestinal series
GI series, examination of esophagus, stomach, and small intestine, in which barium is given orally and observed as it flows through GI system
McBurney’s point
Common location of pain in people with appendicitis
absorpt/o
To take in
aden/o
Gland
aliment/o
Nourishment
amyl/o
Starch
anabol/o
Building up
append/o
Appendix
appendic/o
Appendix
bil/i
Gall, bile
bucc/o
Cheek
catabol/o
A casting down
celi/o
Abdomen, belly
cheil/o
Lip
chol/e
Gall, bile
choledoch/o
Common bile duct
cirrh/o
Orange-yellow
col/o
Colon
colon/o
Colon
cyst/o
Bladder
dent/o
Tooth
diverticul/o
Diverticula
duoden/o
Duodenum
enter/o
Intestine
esophag/o
Esophagus
fibr/o
Fibrous tissue
gastr/o
Stomach
gingiv/o
Gums
gloss/o
Tongue
glyc/o
Sweet, sugar
halit/o
Breath
hemat/o
Blood
hemorrh/o
Vein liable to bleed
hepat/o
Liver
herni/o
Hernia
ile/o
Ileum
labi/o
Lip
lapar/o
Abdomen
lingu/o
Tongue
lip/o
Fat
odont/o
Tooth
pancreat/o
Pancreas
pept/o
To digest
pharyng/o
Pharynx
pil/o
Hair
prand/i
Meal
proct/o
Anus and rectum
pylor/o
Pylorus, gatekeeper
rect/o
Rectum
sial/o
Saliva, salivary
sigmoid/o
Sigmoid
splen/o
Spleen
stomat/o
Mouth
verm/i
Worm
Catabolism
Literally a casting down, a breaking of complex substances into more basic elements
catabol a casting down
-ism condition
Celiac
Pertaining to the abdomen
celi abdomen, belly
-ac pertaining to
Cholecystectomy
Surgical excision of the gallbladder, removed through a small incision near the navel in laparoscopic cholecystectomy
chol/e gall, bile
cyst bladder
-ectomy surgical excision
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
chol/e gall, bile
cyst bladder
-itis inflammation
Colonoscope
Thin, lighted, flexible instrument that is used to view the interior of the colon
colon/o colon
-scope instrument for examining
Dyspepsia
Difficulty in digestion; indigestion
dys- difficult
-pepsia to digest, digestion
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
dys- difficult
-phagia to eat, to swallow
Emesis
Vomiting
eme to vomit
-sis condition
Enzyme
Protein substance capable of causing rapid chemical changes in other substances without being changed itself
Epigastric
Pertaining to the region above the stomach
epi- above
gastr stomach
-ic pertaining to
Gastrectomy
Surgical excision of a part of or the whole stomach
gastr stomach
-ectomy surgical excision
Gastroesophageal
Pertaining to the stomach and esophagus
gastr/o stomach
esophage esophagus
-al pertaining to
Hepatoma
Tumor of the liver
hepat liver
-oma tumor
Laparotomy
Surgical incision into the abdomen
lapar/o abdomen
-tomy incision
Volvulus
Twisting of the bowel on itself that causes an obstruction
volvul to roll
-us pertaining to
