Ch. 14-Nervous System Flashcards
cerebell/o
Little brain
cephal/o
Head
cerebr/o
Cerebrum
chrom/o
Color
cran/i
Skull
crani/o
Skull
cyt/o
Cell
dendr/o
Tree
disk/o
A disk
dur/o
Dura, hard
electr/o
Electricity
encephal/o
Brain
esthesi/o
Feeling
fibr/o
Fiber
gli/o
Glue
hypn/o
Sleep
lamin/o
Thin plate
later/o
Side
lob/o
Lobe
mening/i
Membrane, meninges
mening/o
Membrane, meninges
ment/o
Mind
my/o
Muscle
myel/o
Bone marrow, spinal cord
narc/o
Numbness, sleep, stupor
neur/o
Nerve
pallid/o
Globus pallidus
papill/o
Papilla
phe/o
Dusky
poli/o
Grey
somn/o
Sleep
spin/o
A thorn, spine
spondyl/o
Vertebra
vag/o
Vagus, wandering
ventricul/o
Ventricle
Two divisions of nervous system
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
Includes brain and spinal cord and is enclosed by bones of the skull and spinal cord
Receives impulses, processes them, and responds with action
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves and neural tissues branching throughout the body from 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Links CNS with other parts of body
Neurons
Nerve cells, functional units of nervous system that act as specialized conductors of impulses, allow body to interact with environment
Neuroglia
Act as supporting tissue to neurons
Nerve fibers and tracts
Conduct impulses from one location to another
Brain
Governs sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory, and voluntary movements
Spinal cord
Conducts sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses to body parts, and serves as reflex center for impulses entering and leaving spinal cord
Cranial nerves
Provide sensory input and motor control or combo of these
12 pairs
Spinal nerves
Carry impulses to spinal cord and to muscles, organs, and glands
31 pairs
Autonomic nervous system
Controls involuntary functions and stimulates adrenal gland to release epinephrine, causes adrenaline rush
Sympathetic(fight or flight) and parasympathetic division(rest and digest)
3 types of neurons
Motor, sensory, and interneurons
Motor neurons
Cause muscle movement and gland secretion, thereby controlling most of body’s functions
Axon and dendrites extending away in several directions, and the axon can be as long as several feet
Axon
Long and covered with myelin sheath, which increases transmission speed of nerve fiber, and can be several feet long
Dendrites
Resemble tree branches and are short and unsheathed, transmit impulses to cell body
Receive impulses from another axon
Sensory neurons
Don’t really have true dendrites, but have a peripheral that resembles an axon and transmits impulses to CNS
Afferent nerves
Sensory neurons, they carry impulses from sensory receptors into the CNS
Interneurons
Central or associative neurons
Located entirely in CNS
Mediate impulses between sensory and motor neurons
Nerve fibers
In PNS they have myelin sheath and outer layer of neurolemma made of Schwann cells
In CNS they don’t have Schwann cells
Damage to CNS fibers are permanent, but damage to PNS fibers is reversible
Nerves
Collection of nerve fibers outside CNS
Afferent (sensory, into) and efferent (motor, exit)
Efferent nerves
Motor nerves that conduct away from CNS to muscles, organs, and glands
Nerve tracts
Groups of fibers in CNS that have same origin, function, and termination
- Spinal cord has afferent sensory tracts (ascending) and efferent motor tracts (descending)
- brain has numerous tracts, largest being corpus callosum
Sensory receptors
Specialized to specific types of stimulation, and react by initiating s chemic change or impulse
All or none principle
No nerve impulse occurs until the stimulus reaches a set minimum strength (threshold), then a maximum impulse is produced
How is a nerve impulse transmitted?
Via synapse at end of an axon across a synaptic cleft to another neurons dendrites
Neurotransmitters take impulse across cleft
Grey matter
Unsheathed cell bodies and true dendrites, part of brain and spinal cord
White matter
Myelinated nerve fibers, part of brain and spinal cord
CNS in spinal cord
H-shaped core of gray cell bodies surrounded by tracts of fibers connected to the brain
CNS in the brain
Surface (cortex) is grey matter, most of internal structure is white matter
Cerebrum
Evaluates and controls all sensory and motor activity, emotions, consciousness, memory, and voluntary movements
Cerebellum
Integrates sensory perception and motor output, and participates in attention and processing of language, music, and other sensory stimuli
Located at back of skull
Diencephalon
Second portion of the brain and refers to thalamus and hypothalamus
Thalamus
Relay center for all senses except smell being transmitted to sensory area of cortex, and relays motor impulses from cerebellum to motor areas
Hypothalamus
Under thalamus
Regulates autonomic nervous activity and contains hormones important for controlling metabolic activities (sugar and fat metabolism, circadian rhythms, body temp)
3 areas of brainstem
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Midbrain
Two way conduction pathway for visual and auditory impulses. Contains corpora quadrigemina (4 masses of grey cells)
Pons
Links cerebellum and medulla to higher cortical areas, regulates breathing, and has a role in somatic and visceral motor control
Medulla oblongata
Cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control center; regulates breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure
Gyrus
Aka convolution
Bulge of cerebrum
Sulcus
Each shallow furrow of cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Surface of cerebrum made of grey cell bodies, and divided into frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
Frontal lobe
Major motor area, site for personality and speech
Parietal lobe
Sensory(temp, pressure, touch, muscle control) input from all over, interprets language, known as somesthetic
Temporal lobe
Hearing, smell, language input
Occipital lobe
Primary visual processing area
Infundibulum
Narrow stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
Brainstem
Lower part of brain, main motor and sensory inner cation to face and neck via cranial nerves
Visual, auditory, and sensory information; regulates cardiac and respiratory function
-PIVOTAL IN SLEEP CYCLE
Corpora quadrigemina
4 masses of grey cells in midbrain
Upper two associated with visual reflexes (superior colliculi)
Lower two involved with hearing (inferior colliculi)
White matter
Provides sensory input to brain and motor impulses from brain to spine
Conus medullaris
Between T12 and L1 where spinal cord becomes comically tapered
Filum terminale
Terminal thread of fibrous tissue that extends from conus medullaris to S2
Cauda equina
Horses tail
Terminal portion of spinal cord that forms nerve fibers that are the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves
Functions of spinal cord
Conduct sensory impulses to brain and motor impulses from brain
Serve as reflex center for impulses entering and leaving w/o brain involvement
Cerebrospinal fluid
CSF
Cushions brain and spinal cord from shock and supports brain
Produced by choroid plexuses in brain ventricles, colorless fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord
Circulated through ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space
Arachnoid villi
Projections of arachnoid membrane, penetrate dura mater
They remove CSF from circulation and allow it to drain into superior sagittal sinus
Dorsal or sensory root
Division of spinal nerve that contains afferent fibers
Ventral root
Division of spinal nerve that contains efferent fibers
Cervical spinal nerves
8 pairs
Thoracic spinal nerves
12 pairs
Lumbar spinal nerves
5 pairs
Sacral spinal nerves
5 pairs
Coccygeal spinal nerves
1 pair
Two primary branches from each spinal nerve
Dorsal rami and ventral rami
Dorsal rami
Branch of spinal nerve that carries motor and sensory fibers to muscles and skin of back. Serve area from back of head to coccyx
Ventral rami
Branch of spinal nerve that carries motor and sensory fibers to muscles and organs including arms, legs, hands, and feet
Autonomic nervous system
Part of the PNS and controls involuntary bodily functions
Mainly made of efferent fibers from certain cranial and spinal nerves
Sympathetic division
Division of autonomic, consists of branches from ventral roots of 12 thoracic and 3 lumbar nerves, form masses outside spinal cord called sympathetic trunk which runs from base of head to coccyx
Fight or flight
Produced by sympathetic division, and includes increased alertness, metabolic rate, respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, and decreased digestive and urinary function. Triggers release of epinephrine
Parasympathetic division
Division of autonomic, branches from 4 cranial nerves and 3 sacral nerves, extend to ganglia near the organs. Regulates everyday activity such as slowing heart rate and reducing blood pressure. Rest and digest
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s
Anger, aggression, anxiety, and apathy
Local anesthetic
Black nerve transmission in area they are applied
General anesthetic
Affect CNS and produce partial or complete unconsciousness. Produce analgesia, skeletal muscle relaxation, and reduced reflexes
Cerebral angiography
Making X-ray record of cerebral arterial system. Radiopaque substance injected into arm or next and X-rays are taken
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
Examination of CSF for color, pressure, pH, and levels of protein, glucose, and leukocytes
Computed tomography
Cat
Diagnostic procedure used to study brain structure
Echoencephalography
Using ultrasound to determine presence of centrally located mass in brain
Electroencephalography
EEG
Measuring electrical activity of brain via electroencephalograph
Lumbar puncture
LP
Insertion of needle into lumbar subarachnoid space to remove CSF and then CSF analysis is performed
Myelogram
X-ray of spinal canal after injection of radiopaque dye
Neurological examination
Assessment of vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, pain, position, temp, gait, muscle strength, coordination, and reflex action to determine neurological status
Positron emission tomography
PET
Computer based nuclear imaging procedure that makes 3-D pictures of organ functioning
Ultrasonography, brain
High frequency sound waves to record echoes on an oscilloscope and film
akathisia
inability to remain still; motor restlessness and anxiety
akinesia
loss or lack of voluntary motion
a- lack of
-kinesia motion, movement
aphasia
loss or lack of the ability to speak
a- lack of
-phasia speech
apraxia
loss or lack of the ability to use objects properly and recognize common ones; lack of ability to perform daily tasks of living
a- lack of
-praxia action
asthenia
loss or lack of strength
a- lack of
-sthenia strength
craniotomy
surgical incision into the skull. operation in which a bone flap is removed from the skull to access the brain
crani/o skull
-tomy incision
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges of the spinal cord or brain. most recover with early diagnosis and prompt treatment
mening/o membrane, meninges
-itis inflammation
neuralgia
pain in a nerve or nerves
neur/o nerve
-algia pain
amnesia
condition in which there is a loss or lack of memory
a- lack of
mnes memory
-ia condition
analgesia
condition in which there is a lack of sensation of pain
an- lack of
-algesia condition of pain
anesthesia
loss or lack of the sense of feeling
an- lack of
-esthesia feeling
subdural
pertaining to below the dura mater
sub- below
dur dura, hard
-al pertaining to
endorphins
chemical substances produced in the brain that act as natural analgesics and provide feelings of pleasure
epidural
pertaining to on the dura mater, form of regional anesthetic involving injection of medication into the epidural space. blocks transmission of signals through nerves in/near spinal cord
epi- upon
dur dura, hard
-al pertaining to
herpes zoster
viral disease characterized by painful vesicular eruptions along the segment of the spinal or cranial nerves (aka shingles)
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower part of the body and of both legs
para- beside
-plegia stroke, paralysis
paresis
slight, partial, or incomplete paralysis
paresthesia
abnormal sensation, feeling of numbness, prickling, or tingling
par- beside
-esthesia feeling
poliomyelitis
inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord
poli/o grey
myel/o spinal cord
-itis inflammation
stroke
death of brain tissue that occurs when brain doesn’t get enough blood or oxygen. can be thrombotic or hemorrhagic
sympathectomy
surgical excision of a portion of the sympathetic nervous system
sympath sympathy
-ectomy surgical excision
