Ch. 7-Muscular System Flashcards
Muscles
Provide mechanism for body movement, help maintain posture, and produce heat
The Muscular System is composed of
All the muscles in the body
3 Movements Muscles Perform
Locomotion, propulsion, and changes in size of openings
Tonicity
Process of maintaining posture and stability
How much body weight do muscles make up?
42%
Muscles are made of:
Groups of fibers held together by connective tissue, and those bundles make up the whole muscle which is enclosed in fascia
Every muscle fiber has:
Own nerve impulses and glycogen storage for its energy
How does the muscle get its supply of glycogen and oxygen?
Blood and lymphatic vessels permeate muscle tissues and provide them
Skeletal muscles
Voluntary, locomotion movement
Four Major Functions of Skeletal Muscle
Contractility, extensibility, excitability, elasticity
Contractility
Muscle is shorter and thicker; contracting the muscle
Extensibility
Stretched and extended
Excitability
Receive and respond to stimulation
Elasticity
Returns to original shape after extending
3 Distinguishable Muscle Parts
- body (main portion)
- origin (fixed attachment to stationery bone)
- insertion (point of attachment to moving bone)
Tendin
Attaches muscle to bone
Ligament
Attaches bone to bone
Sprain
Damages ligament
Strain
An overworked muscle
3 Skeletal Muscle Groups
Antagonist, prime mover/agonist, synergist
Antagonist
Counteracts another muscle
Prime mover/agonist
This muscle produces the movement
Synergist
Acts with another muscle
Smooth muscle
Involuntary, internal organs such as the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tract, and certain eye and skin muscles. Propulsion movement
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary contraction of myocardium controlled by neuromuscular tissue
Diaphragm
Involuntary skeletal muscle
Sternocleidomastoid function
Rotates and laterally flexes neck
Trapezius function
Draws head to side and rotates scapula
Deltoid function
Raises and rotates arm
Rectus femoris function
Extends leg and flexes thigh
Sartorius function
Flexes and rotates thigh and leg
Tibialis anterior function
Dorsiflexes foot
Pectoralis major function
Flexes, adducts, and rotates arm
Biceps brachii function
Flexes arm and supinates forearm
External oblique function
Contracts abdomen and viscera
Rectus abdominis function
Compresses abdomen
Gastrocnemius function
Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee
Soleus function
Plantar flexes foot
Triceps function
Extends forearm
Latissimus Dorsi function
“Swimmers muscle” extends and rotates arm
Gluteus maximus function
Extends and rotates thigh
Gluteus medius function
Abducts and rotates thigh
Biceps femoris function
Flexes knee and rotates outward
Semitendinosus function
Flexes and rotates leg; extends thigh
Semimembranosus function
Flexes and rotates leg; extends thigh
Achilles’ tendon function
Plantar flexion and extension of ankle
Aponeurosis
Wide, thin, sheet like tendon in abdominal, dorsal, and palmar regions
Myocardium
Inner, muscular layer of heart
Pacemaker cells
Allow contraction without nervous system input
Most common cause of amputation:
Poor circulation
Syme’s amputation
Amputation of any part of the foot
Muscular atrophy
Disuse of muscles over an extended period of time, they weaken and lose mass
Common causes of muscular atrophy
Muscular dystrophy, ALS, having a cast, any immobilization
Hemiplegia
Paralysis of arm, leg, or trunk on one side of the body. Common cause-stroke
Paraplegia
Paralysis of lower limbs and trunk. Common cause-spinal cord injury or spina bifida
Quadriplegia
Total or partial loss of function in all limbs. Common cause-cervical spine damage
Muscular dystrophy
Progressive degenerative muscular disease of which there is no cure, only symptom management. Duchenne’s is the most severe
Fibromyalgia
Pain and tenderness in certain areas of the body, treated by muscle relaxers and sometimes narcotics
Skeletal muscle relaxants
Aka muscle relaxers
Have a sedative effect, depress the central nervous system, and are used to treat sprains, strains, spasms, trauma, and disease
Anti inflammatory agents and analgesics
Either steroidal (prednisone) or non steroidal (ibuprofen, etc) Either narcotic or non narcotic
Creatine Kinase Test
Blood test to determine the levels of CK, used to diagnose muscular dystrophy
Electromyography
EMG
Electrodes attached to a needle inserted into the muscle measure electrical activity of the muscles, and can diagnose ALS, muscular dystrophy, or other muscle disorders
Muscle biopsy
Removal of a piece of muscle tissue for examination and diagnosis. Needle biopsy or open biopsy
Bradykinesia
Slowness of motion or movement
brady- slow
-kinesia motion
Dystonia
Condition of impaired muscle tone
dys- difficult
ton tone, tension
-ia condition
Dystrophin
Protein found in muscle cells that when deficient causes muscle wasting
dys- difficult
troph nourishment, development
-in chemical
Exercise
Performed activity of the muscles for health improvement or deformity correction
Active exercise
Muscular contraction and relaxation by patient
Assistive exercise
Muscular contraction and relaxation with the assistance of a therapist
Isometric exercise
Active muscular contraction performed against stable resistance, thereby not shortening muscle length. Combats atrophy
Passive exercise
Exercise performed by another individual without patient assistance
Range of motion exercise
ROM
Movement of each joint through its full range of motion (FROM); prevents loss of mobility or to regain usage after injury
Relief of tension exercise
Technique to promote relaxation of muscles and provide tension relief
Fascia
Thin layer of connective tissue covering, supporting, or connecting the muscles or inner organs
fasc a band
-ia condition
RICE
Treatment for strains or sprains that involves Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation
Myalgia
Pain in the muscle
my muscle
-algia pain
Myograph
Instrument used to record muscular contractions
my/o muscle
-graph Instrument for recording
Myokinesis
Muscular motion or activity
my/o muscle
-kinesis motion
Myology
Study of muscles
my/o muscles
-ology study of
Myopathy
Muscle disease
my/o muscle
-pathy disease
Myoplasty
Surgical repair of a muscle
my/o muscle
-plasty surgical repair
Myosclerosis
Hardening of muscle
my/o muscle
-sclerosis hardening
Neuromuscular
Pertaining to both nerves and muscles
neur/o nerve
muscul muscle
-ar pertaining to
Rigor mortis
Stiffness of skeletal muscles seen in death; develops between 4th and 24th hour after death then ceases
Rotator cuff
Group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder.
- teres minor
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- subscapularis
agon/o
Agony, a contest
amputat/o
To cut through
brach/i
Arm
cleid/o
Clavicle
clon/o
Turmoil
duct/o
To lead
dactyl/o
Finger or toe
dermat/o
Skin
fasci/o
A band
fibr/o
Fiber
is/o
Equal
metr/o
To measure
muscul/o
Muscle
my/o
Muscle
neur/o
Nerve
path/o
Disease
prosth/e
An addition
rhabd/o
Rod
rotat/o
To turn
sarc/o
Flesh
scler/o
Hardening
stern/o
Sternum
synov/o
Synovial
ten/o
Tendon
therm/o
Hot, heat
ton/o
Tone, tension
tors/o
Twisted
tort/i
Twisted
troph/o
Nourishment, development
volunt/o
Will
