Ch. 17-Female Reproductive System Flashcards
abort/o
to miscarry
cervic/o
cervix, neck
colt/o
a coming together
colp/o
vagina
culd/o
cul-de-sac
cyst/o
bladder
fibr/o
fibrous tissue
gynec/o
female
hyster/o
womb, uterus
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
breast
men/o
month, menses, menstruation
metr/o
womb, uterus
my/o
muscle
o/o
ovum, egg
oophor/o
ovary
pareun/o
lying beside, sexual intercourse
rect/o
rectum
salping/o
fallopian tube
uter/o
uterus
vagin/o
vagina
venere/o
sexual intercourse
vers/o
turning
cesarean section
delivery of fetus by means of an incision through the abdominal cavity and then into the uterus. fetal distress=most common cause for emergency c-section
culdocentesis
surgical puncture of the cul-de-sac for removal of fluid
culd/o cul-de-sac
-centesis surgical puncture
dysmenorrhea
difficult or painful monthly flow (menstruation)
dys- difficult, painful
men/o month, menses, menstruation
-rrhea flow
eclampsia
complication of severe preeclampsia that involves seizures, aka toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension
ec- out
lamp(s) to shine
-ia condition
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy that occurs when fertilized egg implants in various sites, most commonly the fallopian tube, aka tubal pregnancy
life threatening to mother and almost always fatal for fetus
endometriosis
pathological condition where endometrial tissue has been displaced in the abdominal or pelvic cavity, causes bleeding for nation of scars and adhesions which causes daily or monthly cyclic pain
endo- within
metr/i uterus
-osis condition
fibroma
fibrous tissue tumor, aka fibroid tumor, most common benign tumor in women
fibr/o fibrous tissue
-oma tumor
hysterectomy
surgical excision of the uterus
hyster/o womb, uterus
-ectomy surgical excision
hysterotomy
incision into the uterus, commonly combined with laparotomy during a c-section
hyster/o womb, uterus
-tomy incision
intrauterine
pertaining to within the uterus
intra- within
uter/o uterus
-ine pertaining to
lumpectomy
surgical removal of a tumor from the breast, removing the tumor and some surrounding tissue but no lymph nodes
lump/o lump
-ectomy surgical excision
mammoplasty
surgical repair of the breast
mamm/o breast
-plasty surgical repair
mastectomy
surgical excision of the breast, modified radical or radical.
modified radical- all of breast tissue and underarm lymph nodes are removed
radical- breast tissue, lymph nodes, and chest muscles removed
mast/o breast
-ectomy surgical excision
pelvic inflammatory disease
infection of the upper genital area; can affect the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
most common and serious complication of STIs and can lead to infertility and pelvic pain
placenta previa
placenta is improperly implanted in lower uterus, fetus receives less oxygen and the mother has increased risk of hemorrhage
I. Low-lying placenta-implanted in lower segment but does not reach internal os (opening of uterus)
II. Marginal placenta previa- edge of placenta is at the margin of internal os
III. Partial placenta previa- placenta partially covers internal os
IV. Total placenta previa- placenta completely covers internal os
preeclampsia
serious complication of pregnancy characterized by increasing hypertension, proteinuria (abnormal concentration of urinary protein), and edema, aka toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension pre- before ec- out lamp(s) to shine -ia condition
salpingectomy
surgical excision of a fallopian tube
salping/o fallopian tube
-ectomy surgical excision
Female reproductive system consists of:
two ovaries, two fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and breasts
Vital function of female reproductive system:
perpetuate species through sexual or germ cell reproduction
uterus
provides place for nourishment and development of fetus during pregnancy; contracts rhythmically and powerfully to help birth fetus. muscular, hollow, pear shaped organ
fallopian tubes
ducts to convey ovum from ovary to uterus and to convey spermatozoa from uterus to each ovary
aka uterine tubes or oviducts
ovaries
produce ova and hormones
vagina
female organ of copulation, serves as passage for menstruation and passage for fetus birth
vulva
external female genitalia, has 5 parts: mons pubis, labia major, labia minora, vestibule, and clitoris
mons pubis
pad of fatty tissue above pubis symphisis
labia majora
two folds of adipose tissue on either side of vagina
labia minora
two smaller folds within labia majora that enclose the vestibule
vestibule
serves as entrance to urethra, vagina, and two excretory ducts of Bartholin glands on either side of vaginal opening that secrete mucus
clitoris
erectile tissue homologous to penis, produces pleasurable sensations
breasts
following childbirth, mammary glands produce milk
have 15-20 glandular tissue lobes
anteflexion
normal uterus position, cervix points toward lower and of sacrum
uterine body
corpus, larger upper portion of uterus
fundus
rounded portion of the uterine body above fallopian tube openings
isthmus
constricted central area where body of uterus ends
cervix
lowermost cylindrical portion of uterus that extends from isthmus to vagina
Three layers of uterine wall
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium (outer to inner)
Three abnormal positions of the uterus
retroversion, retroflexion, anteversion
retroversion
backward tilting
retroflexion
backward bending of uterus
anteversion
forward tilting
Three layers of fallopian tube wall
serosa, muscular, mucosa
fertilization
23 male chromosomes combine with 23 female chromosomes, occurs within 24 hrs after ovulation in fallopian tube
zygote
single sperm penetrates ovum and this is the result
ovulation
ovum leaves the ovary and enters the fallopian tube where it can then be fertilized
morula
mass of cells formed when the zygote begins to divide, right after sex and biological traits are determined
blastocyst
hollow ball of cells, developing embryo between week 2 and 8 reaches uterus and forms a structure with a yolk sac and amniotic cavity
yolk sac
site of formation of first RBCs and cells that will become ovum and sperm
When does sex differentiation occur?
at 16 weeks, external genitals of fetus are recognizable
What ligament attaches ovary to side of pelvis?
suspensory ligaments
Two distinct areas of the ovary
cortex and medulla
What gland controls function of ovaries?
anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Pituitary gland releases which two hormones?
follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH): development of ovarian follicles luteinizing hormone(LH): stimulates development of corpus luteum (small yellow mass of cells that develops in ruptured ovarian follicle)
Two major functions of ovaries
production of ova, and production of hormones
production of ova in ovaries
graafian follicle ruptures on ovarian cortex, ovum discharges into pelvic cavity and enters fallopian tube. 400+ ova may be produced during reproductive years
production of hormones in ovaries
produces estrogen (female sex hormone secreted by ovarian follicles) and progesterone (steroid hormone secreted by corpus luteum, important in maintaining pregnancy)
estrogen and progesterone are essential in:
growth and development, maintaining secondary sex organs, preparing uterus, developing mammary glands
hymen
fold of mucous membrane that partially covers the external opening of the vagina
perineum
between the vulva and the anus, may be cut (episiotomy) during childbirth to prevent tearing and help in delivery
areola
dark pigmented area around the nipple, changes to dark brown or reddish during pregnancy
lactiferous glands
20-24 glands in areola that convey milk to suckling infant after pregnancy
prolactin
hormone that stimulates mammary glands to produce milk after childbirth, insulin and glucocorticoids also help
colostrum
first milk, usually thin and yellowish and consist mainly of serum and WBC
oxytocin
responds to stimulation of suckling and stimulates release of milk and uterus to contract back to normal
breastfeeding
providing milk to a baby from mothers breast; it’s sterile, easily digested, nonallergenic, and transmits maternal antibodies
exclusive breastfeeding should be done for:
1 year, but supports optimal growth and development for first 6 months
exclusive breastfeeding provides protection against:
diarrhea and respiratory tract infection
menstrual cycle
periodic recurrent series of changes in the uterus, ovaries, vagina, and breasts, and occurs at the age of puberty
how often is the menstrual cycle?
every 21-40 days
three phases of the menstrual cycle
follicular phase, ovulation phase, luteal phase
follicular phase
menstruation marks first day, characterized by discharge of bloody fluid from uterus and shedding endometrium. lasts from 1-5 days
ovulatory phase
begins about 5th day and ends at egg release. egg release happens 36 hours after LH surge. egg disintegrates if not fertilized in 12-48 hours, this occurs 14 days before menstruation
luteal phase
follows ovulation and lasts 14 days. corpus luteum secretes progesterone that causes body temp increase which can be used to estimate if ovulation occurred. corpus luteum disintegrates after 14 days if egg is not fertilized
premenstrual or ischemic time period
coiled uterine arteries become constricted, endometrium begins to shrink, corpus luteum decreases in activity.
lasts 2 days and ends with menstruation
obstetrics
branch of medicine that pertains to care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum (puerperium-after birth)
normal term of pregnancy
40 weeks, 9 1/3 calendar months
gestation period
three segments of three months each-trimesters
3 stages of human development
pre embryonic stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage
preembryonic stage
first 14 days after ovum is fertilized
embryonic stage
begins in third week after fertilization
fetal stage
begins in the ninth week
5 weeks into pregnancy
embryo has c-shaped body and rudimentary tail
7 weeks into pregnancy
embryo is rounded and nearly erect-eyelids begin forming
9 weeks into pregnancy
every organ system and external structure is present, embryo is now called a fetus
14 weeks into pregnancy
blood vessels visible through skin, more muscles and skeleton develop
20 weeks into pregnancy
skin is less transparent due to subcutaneous deposits of brown fat-fingernails and toenails developed, and hair
4 stages of pregnancy
prenatal stage, labor, parturition and puerperium
prenatal stage
time between conception and onset of labor
labor
forceful contractions move fetus down birth canal and expel it from uterus during childbirth. signs and symptoms can occur from hours to weeks before actual labor
parturition
act of giving birth
puerperium
postpartum, expulsion of placenta and 6 weeks following birth where the reproductive organs return to prepregnant condition
Braxton Hicks contractions
irregular contracts that begin second trimester and intensify as full term approaches
increased vaginal discharge
normally clear and nonirritating discharge caused by fetal pressure
lightening
descent of baby into pelvis, can occur 2-3 weeks before first stage of labor
bloody show
thick mucus mixed with blood caused by cervix dilating and small capillaries being torn
weight loss in labor
1-3 pounds shortly before labor as hormone changes cause excretion of water
true labor
rhythmic contractions that develop a regular pattern and are more frequent, more intense, and last longer
three stages of labor
first stage- begins with onset of true labor and lasts until cervix is fully dilated to 10 cm (stage of dilation)
second stage- after cervix is dilated until delivery of baby (stage of expulsion)
third stage- delivery of placenta
placenta
anchors fetus to uterus and provides nourishment and oxygen, aka afterbirth when expelled and has a fetal portion and maternal portion. weighs up to 1 pound
fetal portion of placenta
umbilical vein and arteries intertwine to form umbilical cord
maternal portion of placenta
red beefy material that forms from the uterus
schultze mechanism
placenta is expelled with fetal surface first
duncan mechanism
placenta is expelled with maternal surface first
vernix caseosa
protective cheesy substance that covers fetus during intrauterine life and is often on the fetus when it is delivered
lanugo
fine downy hair that covers the baby’s body
apgar score
assessment of newborn taken at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth. scored on 0-2 scale a-appearance (color) p-pulse g-grimace (reflex) a-activity (muscle tone) r-respiration
amniocentesis
surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to get a sample of amniotic fluid for examination. determines chromosomal abnormalities
birth control pills
contain mixtures of estrogen and progestin that are nearly 100% effective when used correctly. estrogen inhibits ovulation, progestin inhibits pituitary secretion of LH. also causes changes in cervical mucus that makes it unfavorable to penetration
birth control patch
continuously delivers two synthetic hormones, progestin and estrogen. prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus, 95% effective
injectable birth control
given four times a year and contains synthetic drug similar to progesterone. stops ovulation and thickens cervical mucus. prevents pregnancy over 99% of the time
intrauterine device
small device placed within the uterus to prevent pregnancy, usually made of soft, flexible plastic and is 99.2%-99.9% effective (ParaGard and Mirena). ParaGard uses copper around the plastic, and Mirena releases progesterone over time and can be left in for 5 years. don’t protect against STIs
female hormones-estrogens
can be used for variety of conditions, and palliative therapy for breast cancer, and as hormone therapy to treatment menopause symptoms
female hormones-progestins
can prevent uterine bleeding and used in cases of infertility and treating miscarriage
blood grouping lab test
determines blood type
breast examination
visual inspection and manual examination of breast for changes in contour, symmetry, dimpling, nipple retraction, and presence of lumps
chorionic villus samping
CVS
determines chromosomal abnormalities and biochemical disorders such as down syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, and cystic fibrosis
colposcopy
visual examination of vagina and cervis
complete blood count
checks for anemia, infection, or cell abnormalities
cordocentesis
examines fetal bood to detect abnormalities, aka fetal blood sampling
culdoscopy
direct visual examination of viscera of female pelvis through a culdoscope to diagnose ectopic pregnancy and check for masses
estrogen lab test
test on urine or blood serum to determine leven of estrone, estradiol, and estriol
group B streptococcus screening
screening for vaginal strep B, performed between the 35th-37th week of pregnancy
hematocrit
checks for anemia during pregnancy
hemoglobin
checks for anemia during pregnancy
hepatitis B screen
identify carries of hepatitis
human chorionic gonadotropin
hCG
determines presence of hCG, which is secreted by the placenta, positive result usually indicates pregnancy
human immunodeficiency virus screen
HIV
identifies HIV infection
hysterosalpingography
X-ray of uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of radiopaque substance to evaluate size and structure of fallopian tubes
laparoscopy
visual examination of abdominal cavity via laparoscope
mammography
specific type of imaging that uses low does X-ray system to examine breast
screening- used to detect breast cancer or other changes
diagnostic- ordered when a screening mammogram shows symptoms
maternal blood glucose
screen for gestational diabetes
nonstress test
identifies fetal compromise in conditions with poor placenta function
papanicolaou (Pap) smear
screening technique to aid in detection of cervical cancer
rubella titer
determines immunity to rubella (german measles)
TORCH panel
screen for toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex
toxoplasmosis screen
determines toxoplasmosis infection
ultrasound
uses during pregnancy include confirming pregnancy, confirming heartbeat, determining sex, and observing movements
