Ch. 17-Female Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
abort/o
A
to miscarry
2
Q
cervic/o
A
cervix, neck
3
Q
colt/o
A
a coming together
4
Q
colp/o
A
vagina
5
Q
culd/o
A
cul-de-sac
6
Q
cyst/o
A
bladder
7
Q
fibr/o
A
fibrous tissue
8
Q
gynec/o
A
female
9
Q
hyster/o
A
womb, uterus
10
Q
mamm/o
A
breast
11
Q
mast/o
A
breast
12
Q
men/o
A
month, menses, menstruation
13
Q
metr/o
A
womb, uterus
14
Q
my/o
A
muscle
15
Q
o/o
A
ovum, egg
16
Q
oophor/o
A
ovary
17
Q
pareun/o
A
lying beside, sexual intercourse
18
Q
rect/o
A
rectum
19
Q
salping/o
A
fallopian tube
20
Q
uter/o
A
uterus
21
Q
vagin/o
A
vagina
22
Q
venere/o
A
sexual intercourse
23
Q
vers/o
A
turning
24
Q
cesarean section
A
delivery of fetus by means of an incision through the abdominal cavity and then into the uterus. fetal distress=most common cause for emergency c-section
25
culdocentesis
surgical puncture of the cul-de-sac for removal of fluid
culd/o cul-de-sac
-centesis surgical puncture
26
dysmenorrhea
difficult or painful monthly flow (menstruation)
dys- difficult, painful
men/o month, menses, menstruation
-rrhea flow
27
eclampsia
complication of severe preeclampsia that involves seizures, aka toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension
ec- out
lamp(s) to shine
-ia condition
28
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy that occurs when fertilized egg implants in various sites, most commonly the fallopian tube, aka tubal pregnancy
life threatening to mother and almost always fatal for fetus
29
endometriosis
pathological condition where endometrial tissue has been displaced in the abdominal or pelvic cavity, causes bleeding for nation of scars and adhesions which causes daily or monthly cyclic pain
endo- within
metr/i uterus
-osis condition
30
fibroma
fibrous tissue tumor, aka fibroid tumor, most common benign tumor in women
fibr/o fibrous tissue
-oma tumor
31
hysterectomy
surgical excision of the uterus
hyster/o womb, uterus
-ectomy surgical excision
32
hysterotomy
incision into the uterus, commonly combined with laparotomy during a c-section
hyster/o womb, uterus
-tomy incision
33
intrauterine
pertaining to within the uterus
intra- within
uter/o uterus
-ine pertaining to
34
lumpectomy
surgical removal of a tumor from the breast, removing the tumor and some surrounding tissue but no lymph nodes
lump/o lump
-ectomy surgical excision
35
mammoplasty
surgical repair of the breast
mamm/o breast
-plasty surgical repair
36
mastectomy
surgical excision of the breast, modified radical or radical.
modified radical- all of breast tissue and underarm lymph nodes are removed
radical- breast tissue, lymph nodes, and chest muscles removed
mast/o breast
-ectomy surgical excision
37
pelvic inflammatory disease
infection of the upper genital area; can affect the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
most common and serious complication of STIs and can lead to infertility and pelvic pain
38
placenta previa
placenta is improperly implanted in lower uterus, fetus receives less oxygen and the mother has increased risk of hemorrhage
I. Low-lying placenta-implanted in lower segment but does not reach internal os (opening of uterus)
II. Marginal placenta previa- edge of placenta is at the margin of internal os
III. Partial placenta previa- placenta partially covers internal os
IV. Total placenta previa- placenta completely covers internal os
39
preeclampsia
```
serious complication of pregnancy characterized by increasing hypertension, proteinuria (abnormal concentration of urinary protein), and edema, aka toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension
pre- before
ec- out
lamp(s) to shine
-ia condition
```
40
salpingectomy
surgical excision of a fallopian tube
salping/o fallopian tube
-ectomy surgical excision
41
Female reproductive system consists of:
two ovaries, two fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and breasts
42
Vital function of female reproductive system:
perpetuate species through sexual or germ cell reproduction
43
uterus
provides place for nourishment and development of fetus during pregnancy; contracts rhythmically and powerfully to help birth fetus. muscular, hollow, pear shaped organ
44
fallopian tubes
ducts to convey ovum from ovary to uterus and to convey spermatozoa from uterus to each ovary
aka uterine tubes or oviducts
45
ovaries
produce ova and hormones
46
vagina
female organ of copulation, serves as passage for menstruation and passage for fetus birth
47
vulva
external female genitalia, has 5 parts: mons pubis, labia major, labia minora, vestibule, and clitoris
48
mons pubis
pad of fatty tissue above pubis symphisis
49
labia majora
two folds of adipose tissue on either side of vagina
50
labia minora
two smaller folds within labia majora that enclose the vestibule
51
vestibule
serves as entrance to urethra, vagina, and two excretory ducts of Bartholin glands on either side of vaginal opening that secrete mucus
52
clitoris
erectile tissue homologous to penis, produces pleasurable sensations
53
breasts
following childbirth, mammary glands produce milk
| have 15-20 glandular tissue lobes
54
anteflexion
normal uterus position, cervix points toward lower and of sacrum
55
uterine body
corpus, larger upper portion of uterus
56
fundus
rounded portion of the uterine body above fallopian tube openings
57
isthmus
constricted central area where body of uterus ends
58
cervix
lowermost cylindrical portion of uterus that extends from isthmus to vagina
59
Three layers of uterine wall
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium (outer to inner)
60
Three abnormal positions of the uterus
retroversion, retroflexion, anteversion
61
retroversion
backward tilting
62
retroflexion
backward bending of uterus
63
anteversion
forward tilting
64
Three layers of fallopian tube wall
serosa, muscular, mucosa
65
fertilization
23 male chromosomes combine with 23 female chromosomes, occurs within 24 hrs after ovulation in fallopian tube
66
zygote
single sperm penetrates ovum and this is the result
67
ovulation
ovum leaves the ovary and enters the fallopian tube where it can then be fertilized
68
morula
mass of cells formed when the zygote begins to divide, right after sex and biological traits are determined
69
blastocyst
hollow ball of cells, developing embryo between week 2 and 8 reaches uterus and forms a structure with a yolk sac and amniotic cavity
70
yolk sac
site of formation of first RBCs and cells that will become ovum and sperm
71
When does sex differentiation occur?
at 16 weeks, external genitals of fetus are recognizable
72
What ligament attaches ovary to side of pelvis?
suspensory ligaments
73
Two distinct areas of the ovary
cortex and medulla
74
What gland controls function of ovaries?
anterior lobe of pituitary gland
75
Pituitary gland releases which two hormones?
```
follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH): development of ovarian follicles
luteinizing hormone(LH): stimulates development of corpus luteum (small yellow mass of cells that develops in ruptured ovarian follicle)
```
76
Two major functions of ovaries
production of ova, and production of hormones
77
production of ova in ovaries
graafian follicle ruptures on ovarian cortex, ovum discharges into pelvic cavity and enters fallopian tube. 400+ ova may be produced during reproductive years
78
production of hormones in ovaries
produces estrogen (female sex hormone secreted by ovarian follicles) and progesterone (steroid hormone secreted by corpus luteum, important in maintaining pregnancy)
79
estrogen and progesterone are essential in:
growth and development, maintaining secondary sex organs, preparing uterus, developing mammary glands
80
hymen
fold of mucous membrane that partially covers the external opening of the vagina
81
perineum
between the vulva and the anus, may be cut (episiotomy) during childbirth to prevent tearing and help in delivery
82
areola
dark pigmented area around the nipple, changes to dark brown or reddish during pregnancy
83
lactiferous glands
20-24 glands in areola that convey milk to suckling infant after pregnancy
84
prolactin
hormone that stimulates mammary glands to produce milk after childbirth, insulin and glucocorticoids also help
85
colostrum
first milk, usually thin and yellowish and consist mainly of serum and WBC
86
oxytocin
responds to stimulation of suckling and stimulates release of milk and uterus to contract back to normal
87
breastfeeding
providing milk to a baby from mothers breast; it's sterile, easily digested, nonallergenic, and transmits maternal antibodies
88
exclusive breastfeeding should be done for:
1 year, but supports optimal growth and development for first 6 months
89
exclusive breastfeeding provides protection against:
diarrhea and respiratory tract infection
90
menstrual cycle
periodic recurrent series of changes in the uterus, ovaries, vagina, and breasts, and occurs at the age of puberty
91
how often is the menstrual cycle?
every 21-40 days
92
three phases of the menstrual cycle
follicular phase, ovulation phase, luteal phase
93
follicular phase
menstruation marks first day, characterized by discharge of bloody fluid from uterus and shedding endometrium. lasts from 1-5 days
94
ovulatory phase
begins about 5th day and ends at egg release. egg release happens 36 hours after LH surge. egg disintegrates if not fertilized in 12-48 hours, this occurs 14 days before menstruation
95
luteal phase
follows ovulation and lasts 14 days. corpus luteum secretes progesterone that causes body temp increase which can be used to estimate if ovulation occurred. corpus luteum disintegrates after 14 days if egg is not fertilized
96
premenstrual or ischemic time period
coiled uterine arteries become constricted, endometrium begins to shrink, corpus luteum decreases in activity.
lasts 2 days and ends with menstruation
97
obstetrics
branch of medicine that pertains to care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum (puerperium-after birth)
98
normal term of pregnancy
40 weeks, 9 1/3 calendar months
99
gestation period
three segments of three months each-trimesters
100
3 stages of human development
pre embryonic stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage
101
preembryonic stage
first 14 days after ovum is fertilized
102
embryonic stage
begins in third week after fertilization
103
fetal stage
begins in the ninth week
104
5 weeks into pregnancy
embryo has c-shaped body and rudimentary tail
105
7 weeks into pregnancy
embryo is rounded and nearly erect-eyelids begin forming
106
9 weeks into pregnancy
every organ system and external structure is present, embryo is now called a fetus
107
14 weeks into pregnancy
blood vessels visible through skin, more muscles and skeleton develop
108
20 weeks into pregnancy
skin is less transparent due to subcutaneous deposits of brown fat-fingernails and toenails developed, and hair
109
4 stages of pregnancy
prenatal stage, labor, parturition and puerperium
110
prenatal stage
time between conception and onset of labor
111
labor
forceful contractions move fetus down birth canal and expel it from uterus during childbirth. signs and symptoms can occur from hours to weeks before actual labor
112
parturition
act of giving birth
113
puerperium
postpartum, expulsion of placenta and 6 weeks following birth where the reproductive organs return to prepregnant condition
114
Braxton Hicks contractions
irregular contracts that begin second trimester and intensify as full term approaches
115
increased vaginal discharge
normally clear and nonirritating discharge caused by fetal pressure
116
lightening
descent of baby into pelvis, can occur 2-3 weeks before first stage of labor
117
bloody show
thick mucus mixed with blood caused by cervix dilating and small capillaries being torn
118
weight loss in labor
1-3 pounds shortly before labor as hormone changes cause excretion of water
119
true labor
rhythmic contractions that develop a regular pattern and are more frequent, more intense, and last longer
120
three stages of labor
first stage- begins with onset of true labor and lasts until cervix is fully dilated to 10 cm (stage of dilation)
second stage- after cervix is dilated until delivery of baby (stage of expulsion)
third stage- delivery of placenta
121
placenta
anchors fetus to uterus and provides nourishment and oxygen, aka afterbirth when expelled and has a fetal portion and maternal portion. weighs up to 1 pound
122
fetal portion of placenta
umbilical vein and arteries intertwine to form umbilical cord
123
maternal portion of placenta
red beefy material that forms from the uterus
124
schultze mechanism
placenta is expelled with fetal surface first
125
duncan mechanism
placenta is expelled with maternal surface first
126
vernix caseosa
protective cheesy substance that covers fetus during intrauterine life and is often on the fetus when it is delivered
127
lanugo
fine downy hair that covers the baby's body
128
apgar score
```
assessment of newborn taken at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth. scored on 0-2 scale
a-appearance (color)
p-pulse
g-grimace (reflex)
a-activity (muscle tone)
r-respiration
```
129
amniocentesis
surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to get a sample of amniotic fluid for examination. determines chromosomal abnormalities
130
birth control pills
contain mixtures of estrogen and progestin that are nearly 100% effective when used correctly. estrogen inhibits ovulation, progestin inhibits pituitary secretion of LH. also causes changes in cervical mucus that makes it unfavorable to penetration
131
birth control patch
continuously delivers two synthetic hormones, progestin and estrogen. prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus, 95% effective
132
injectable birth control
given four times a year and contains synthetic drug similar to progesterone. stops ovulation and thickens cervical mucus. prevents pregnancy over 99% of the time
133
intrauterine device
small device placed within the uterus to prevent pregnancy, usually made of soft, flexible plastic and is 99.2%-99.9% effective (ParaGard and Mirena). ParaGard uses copper around the plastic, and Mirena releases progesterone over time and can be left in for 5 years. don't protect against STIs
134
female hormones-estrogens
can be used for variety of conditions, and palliative therapy for breast cancer, and as hormone therapy to treatment menopause symptoms
135
female hormones-progestins
can prevent uterine bleeding and used in cases of infertility and treating miscarriage
136
blood grouping lab test
determines blood type
137
breast examination
visual inspection and manual examination of breast for changes in contour, symmetry, dimpling, nipple retraction, and presence of lumps
138
chorionic villus samping
CVS
determines chromosomal abnormalities and biochemical disorders such as down syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, and cystic fibrosis
139
colposcopy
visual examination of vagina and cervis
140
complete blood count
checks for anemia, infection, or cell abnormalities
141
cordocentesis
examines fetal bood to detect abnormalities, aka fetal blood sampling
142
culdoscopy
direct visual examination of viscera of female pelvis through a culdoscope to diagnose ectopic pregnancy and check for masses
143
estrogen lab test
test on urine or blood serum to determine leven of estrone, estradiol, and estriol
144
group B streptococcus screening
screening for vaginal strep B, performed between the 35th-37th week of pregnancy
145
hematocrit
checks for anemia during pregnancy
146
hemoglobin
checks for anemia during pregnancy
147
hepatitis B screen
identify carries of hepatitis
148
human chorionic gonadotropin
hCG
| determines presence of hCG, which is secreted by the placenta, positive result usually indicates pregnancy
149
human immunodeficiency virus screen
HIV
| identifies HIV infection
150
hysterosalpingography
X-ray of uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of radiopaque substance to evaluate size and structure of fallopian tubes
151
laparoscopy
visual examination of abdominal cavity via laparoscope
152
mammography
specific type of imaging that uses low does X-ray system to examine breast
screening- used to detect breast cancer or other changes
diagnostic- ordered when a screening mammogram shows symptoms
153
maternal blood glucose
screen for gestational diabetes
154
nonstress test
identifies fetal compromise in conditions with poor placenta function
155
papanicolaou (Pap) smear
screening technique to aid in detection of cervical cancer
156
rubella titer
determines immunity to rubella (german measles)
157
TORCH panel
screen for toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex
158
toxoplasmosis screen
determines toxoplasmosis infection
159
ultrasound
uses during pregnancy include confirming pregnancy, confirming heartbeat, determining sex, and observing movements
