Ch. 9

Question 1

Developmental theory:

Answer 1

Criminality is dynamic process; influenced by social experiences and individual characteristics

Question 2

Life course theory:

Answer 2

Changes in criminality over life course by shifts in experience/life events

Question 3

Propensity theory:

Answer 3

Stable unchanging feature, characteristic, property make some people crime prone

Question 4

Latent trait:

Answer 4

Personal attribute/characteristic leads to propensity to crime
-Present at birth it established soon after

Question 5

Trajectory theory:

Answer 5

View that independent paths to criminal career and different types of offenders

Question 6

Population heterogeneity:

Answer 6

Predisposition to commit crime stable; those who have it to continue crime over life course

Question 7

State dependence:

Answer 7

Predisposition to commit crime is constantly changing, effected by environment

Question 8

Early onset:

Answer 8

Kids who begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at early age at risk for criminal career

Question 9

What are the factors for early onset?

Answer 9

Inadequate emotional support, distant peer relationships, psychological issues

Question 10

Problem behavior syndrome (PBS):

Answer 10

Cluster of antisocial behaviors that include family dysfunction, early pregnancy

Question 11

What is PBS linked to?

Answer 11

Impulsiveness, rebelliousness, low ego

Question 12

Crime and PBS -

Answer 12

Crime is type of social problem NOT the product is social problems

Question 13

Is antisocial behavior contagious?

Answer 13

Yes, effect those around them

Question 14

Age-Graded Theory:

Answer 14

Association between early delinquency and later adult deviance due to quality of relationships

Question 15

Turning Points:

Answer 15

Launched and Sampson - life events that alter development of criminal career

Question 16

Social capital:

Answer 16

Positive, life-sustaining realities w/ individuals/institutions

Question 17

Does social capital support conventional behavior?

Answer 17

Yes, and it stops deviant behavior

Question 18

Cumulative disadvantage:

Answer 18

Tendency of prior social problems to produce future ones and undermine success

Question 19

What are the 2 major turning points?

Answer 19

1) Marriage

2) Career

Question 20

What does “knife off” mean?

Answer 20

Ex: good school experience most important factor to stop crime

Question 21

Love and criminality -

Answer 21

• Unstable marriages reduce conviction while last

- Love not sex is key to success; fills emotional void

Question 22

Propensity:

Answer 22

Innate natural inclination or tendency to behave in a particular way

Question 23

Propensity and crime -

Answer 23

Propensity to commit crime is stable, but opportunity changes over time

Question 24

General theory of crime (GTC):

Answer 24

Links crime to impulsivity and lack of self control

Question 25

Impulsive:

Answer 25

Lacking thought/deliberation in decision making; organize problems, lacks details, distracted

Question 26

What effects self-control?

Answer 26

Both deficits, birth compilations, low birth weight effects

Question 27

What does GTC fail at?

Answer 27

- Doesn't explain racial/gender differences - impulsivity only 1 trait linked w/ crime - People change so does level is self control

Question 28

What does trajectory theory believe?

Answer 28

``` More than 1 path of crime more than 1 class of offender -Late starters have trouble-free childhoods, but more involved in serious adult offending ```

Question 29

Escalators:

Answer 29

Violence increases over time

Question 30

Escalators and crime -

Answer 30

Likely to live in racially mixed communities, experience racism, less parental involvement

Question 31

3 paths to criminal career -

Answer 31

1) Authority Conflict pathway 2) Covert pathway 3) Overt Pathway

Question 32

Authorities conflict pathway -

Answer 32

Begins early age | • stubborn - defiance - avoidance

Question 33

Covert pathway -

Answer 33

begins w/ minor behavior | •sneaky/underhanded = property crimes

Question 34

Overt pathway -

Answer 34

Escalates aggressive acts | •aggressive = fighting = violent crimes

Question 35

Adolescent limited offenders:

Answer 35

Kids who get into minor scrapes as youths but whose misbehavior ends when enter adulthood

Question 36

Life-course persisters:

Answer 36

Delinquents l begin offending career at very very young age and continue offending into adulthood

Question 37

Abstainers:

Answer 37

Adolescents who don't engage in deviant behavior, places them outside norm for age group

Question 38

Criminal behavior:

Answer 38

Engaging in antisocial acts early in adolescence and continuing illegal behavior thru adulthood