Ch. 4 Flashcards
Classical criminology
Theory of crime that states that criminal behavior is a matter of personal choice
-after person considers costs/benefits
Contemporary Rational Choice Theory
Low-violating behavior is product of careful thought/planning
Rational Choice -
Personal Factors?
Situational Factors?
Personal Factors -
Money, revenge, thrills
Situational Factors-
Target-availability, police presence
Offense- Specific
View that offender reacts selectively to the characteristics of particular criminal act
Offender-specific
View that offenders evaluate their skills, motives, needs and fears before committing criminal act
Difference between ‘crime’ and ‘criminality’ ?
Crime - is an event
Criminality - is a personal trait
Is drug use controlled by rational decision making?
Yes
What are the 3 types of violations?
1) Market-Related
2) Status-based
3) Personalistic
What’s market-related violation?
Robberies that emerge from disputes involving in trade, or rivals
What are Status-based violations?
Violations involving encounters in which robber’s essential character/values have been challenged
What’s Personalistic violations?
Violations flow from incidents in which robber’s autonomy or sense of values have been jeopardized
Edgework -
The excitement/exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations
Seductions of crime -
The situational inducements of immediate benefits that draw offenders into law violations
Situational Crime Prevention
Method of crime that seeks to eliminate/reduce particular crimes in specific settings
Defensible Space
Principle that crime can be prevented/displaced by modifying the physical environment to reduce opportunity that individuals have to commit crime
Rational Choice Theory
View that crime is a function of decision making process in which weighing costs/benefits on illegal act
Crime Discouragers
People who serve as guardians of property or people
3 types of Crime Discouragers -
1) “guardians” - monitor potential targets (police/store security guards)
2) “handlers” - monitor potential offenders (parole officers and parents)
3) “managers” - monitor places (homeowners)
Does applying death penalty increase or decrease the # of murders?
Increases
When is it the most easiest deterrent and when is the hardest?
Achieved deterrence is during minor crimes/offenses and more serious crimes harder to discourage
Diffusion
An effect that occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another
Ex: cameras set up in mall to reduce shoplifting, also reduce property damage
Discouragement
Effort that occurs when crime control efforts targeting particular areas help reduce crime in surrounding areas/ populations
Displacement -
Extinction -
Replacement -
Displacement- occurs when crime control efforts move/redirect offenders to less guarded targets
Extinction- occurs when crime reduction programs produce short-term positive effect
Replacement- occur when criminals try new offenses
General deterrence
Depends on fear of criminal punishments convincing the possible law violator that the pains associated w/ crime outweigh benefits
What percent of crimes reported to police? How many of those are arrests?
Only 1/2 of crimes reported to police, and police make arrests for only 20%
Specific deterrence
View that criminal sanctions should be so poets up that offenders will never repeat their criminal acts
Incarceration
Confinement in jail/prison
Recidivism
Repetition of criminal behavior
2/3 of all convicted felons are tear rested within __ years of release from prison
3
Reasons why harsh treatments don’t reduce crime -
- punishment breeds defiance rather than deterrence
- Locks offenders into crime career
Incapacitation Effect
Idea that keeping offenders in confinement will eliminate the risk of committing further offenses
Do arrests actually escalate the frequency of repeat domestic abuse?
Yes
