Ch. 4 Flashcards
Classical criminology
Theory of crime that states that criminal behavior is a matter of personal choice
-after person considers costs/benefits
Contemporary Rational Choice Theory
Low-violating behavior is product of careful thought/planning
Rational Choice -
Personal Factors?
Situational Factors?
Personal Factors -
Money, revenge, thrills
Situational Factors-
Target-availability, police presence
Offense- Specific
View that offender reacts selectively to the characteristics of particular criminal act
Offender-specific
View that offenders evaluate their skills, motives, needs and fears before committing criminal act
Difference between ‘crime’ and ‘criminality’ ?
Crime - is an event
Criminality - is a personal trait
Is drug use controlled by rational decision making?
Yes
What are the 3 types of violations?
1) Market-Related
2) Status-based
3) Personalistic
What’s market-related violation?
Robberies that emerge from disputes involving in trade, or rivals
What are Status-based violations?
Violations involving encounters in which robber’s essential character/values have been challenged
What’s Personalistic violations?
Violations flow from incidents in which robber’s autonomy or sense of values have been jeopardized
Edgework -
The excitement/exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations
Seductions of crime -
The situational inducements of immediate benefits that draw offenders into law violations
Situational Crime Prevention
Method of crime that seeks to eliminate/reduce particular crimes in specific settings
Defensible Space
Principle that crime can be prevented/displaced by modifying the physical environment to reduce opportunity that individuals have to commit crime
Rational Choice Theory
View that crime is a function of decision making process in which weighing costs/benefits on illegal act
Crime Discouragers
People who serve as guardians of property or people
3 types of Crime Discouragers -
1) “guardians” - monitor potential targets (police/store security guards)
2) “handlers” - monitor potential offenders (parole officers and parents)
3) “managers” - monitor places (homeowners)
Does applying death penalty increase or decrease the # of murders?
Increases
When is it the most easiest deterrent and when is the hardest?
Achieved deterrence is during minor crimes/offenses and more serious crimes harder to discourage
Diffusion
An effect that occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another
Ex: cameras set up in mall to reduce shoplifting, also reduce property damage
Discouragement
Effort that occurs when crime control efforts targeting particular areas help reduce crime in surrounding areas/ populations
Displacement -
Extinction -
Replacement -
Displacement- occurs when crime control efforts move/redirect offenders to less guarded targets
Extinction- occurs when crime reduction programs produce short-term positive effect
Replacement- occur when criminals try new offenses
General deterrence
Depends on fear of criminal punishments convincing the possible law violator that the pains associated w/ crime outweigh benefits
