Ch. 6

Question 1

Stratified society

Answer 1

People grouped together regarding to economic/social class, unequal distribution of wealth, power

Question 2

Social classes

Answer 2

Segment of population who’s members are at relatively similar economic status
- Share attitudes, norms, values

Question 3

How much do the classes hold wealth?

Answer 3

• Top 1% hold 35%
• 20% small businessmen hold 50%
• 80% salary workers have 15%

Question 4

Culture of poverty

Answer 4

Separate lower-class culture, characterized by apathy, cynicism (distrust)

Question 5

Lower class

Answer 5

Lowest social stratum; members lack education, skills needed to succeed in modern society

Question 6

Child poverty -

Answer 6

• Less likely to achieve in school

- More likely suffer health problems

Question 7

Social structure theory

Answer 7

View that disadvantaged economic class position is primary cause of crime

Question 8

Social structure’s 3 branches -

Answer 8

1) Social disorganized theory
2) Strain theory
3) Cultural Deviance theory

Question 9

Social disproved theory

Answer 9

Breakdown of inner-city neighborhoods of institutions (family, school)

Question 10

Strain theory

Answer 10

Sees crime as function on conflict between peoples goals and means available to obtain them (strain = anger, frustration experienced by ppl who can’t achieve goals)

Question 11

Cultural deviance theory

Answer 11

Sees strain and social disorganization together resulting in a unique lower-class culture that conflicts w/ conventional social norms

Question 12

Subculture :

Answer 12

Set of values, beliefs, traditions unique to particular social class/group

Question 13

Social disorganization theory

Answer 13

Links neighborhood ecological characteristics to crime rates

Question 14

Traditional neighborhood

Answer 14

Are undergoing a shift in population/structure, usually from middle class to lower class

Question 15

Concentric zones

Answer 15

Ecological areas where different crime rates occur

- Zones farthest from city’s center, lower crime rates

Question 16

What zones have highest crime rates?

Answer 16

Zone I and II

Question 17

“Siege mentality”

Answer 17

In which outside world in considered enemy determined of desto eying neighborhood

Question 18

Concentration effect

Answer 18

As working class and middle class families flee inner-city high poverty areas, most disadvantaged pollution is united in urban ghettos

Question 19

Collective efficacy

Answer 19

Social control exercised by organized communities based on mutual trust, supervision of children

Question 20

Where are crime rates highest?

Answer 20

Places where police are mistrusted

Question 21

2 elements of culture integration to produce abomination conditions

Answer 21

1) culturally defined goals
2) socially approved means for obtaining them
Ex: US stresses wealth, so acceptable means include hard work

Question 22

Variety of social adaptions

Answer 22

• Conformity- individuals have social goals/have means to obtain them (obey law)
• innovation- accepted goals, unable to obtain them, opt innovation speculations for dilemma
• Ritualism- reject boy goals/means of society, withdrawal
• Rebellion- promote radical change in existing social structure

Question 23

Anomie theory

Answer 23

View when socially defined goals (ex: wealth,power) are universally mandated, but access rivaled means is stratified by class/status

Question 24

Institutional anomie theory

Answer 24

View that anomie penetrates US culture because drive for material wealth dominates/undermines social/community values

Question 25

“American Dream”

Answer 25

Goal of gaining material goods/wealth through individual competition, believe it’s achievable

Question 26

Relative deprivation theory

Answer 26

Envy, mistrust, aggression resulting from perceptions of economic/social inequality

Question 27

General strain theory (GST)

Answer 27

View that my ripple sources of strain interact w: individuals emotional traits/responses to produce criminality

Question 28

Negative affective states

Answer 28

Anger, frustration, and adverse emotions produced by variety of sources of strain

Question 29

What are negative affective states produced by?

Answer 29

• Failure to achieve positively valued goals
• Disjunction of expectations and achievement
• Removal of positively valued stimuli
• Presentation of negative stimuli

Question 30

Cultural deviance theory

Answer 30

Explains how people living in weakened neighborhoods reacts to social isolation/economic deprivation

Question 31

Focal concerns

Answer 31

Values, such as toughness and street smarts, that have evolved specifically to fit conditions in lower-class environments

Question 32

Cultural transmission

Answer 32

Process whereby values, beliefs, traditions, handed down from generation to generation

Question 33

What does gang memberships indicate?

Answer 33

Substantial change in emotions; attitudes, social conducts

Question 34

Delinquent subculture

Answer 34

A value system adopted my lower-class youth that is directly opposed to that of larger society

Question 35

Stratus frustration

Answer 35

Form of culture conflict experiences by lower class youths because social conditions prevent them from success as defined by larger society 
-"Takes norms of higher society, and turns them upside down"

Question 36

Middle-class measuring rods

Answer 36

Standards by which authority figures, evaluate Lower class youngsters and often prejudge them negativity

Question 37

“The corner boy”, “the college boy”, “the delinquent boy”?

Answer 37

• Corner boy- not chronic delinquent, engages in petty offenses
• College boy- embraces culture of middle class, strives to succeed
• Delinquent boy- adopts norms directly appear middle class values

Question 38

Recreation formation

Answer 38

Irrational hostility evidence by young delinquents; who adopt norms directly opposed to middle class goals/standard that seem impossible to achieve

Question 39

Differential opportunity

Answer 39

View that lower-class youth, who legitimate opportunities limited, join gangs/criminal careers to achieve success goals

Question 40

Differential opportunity and 3 types of gangs -

Answer 40

1) Criminal gangs- exist in stable neighborhood; successful criminal careers
2) Conflict gangs- develop in communities unable to provide real opportunities;protect fans honor/integrity
3) Retreatist gangs- unable to gain success thru real means/unwilling to do so thru illegal ones; getting high

Question 41

Social theorists -

Answer 41

Believe antisocial behavior direct result of destructive social forces
- Social forces cause crime, not individuals