Ch. 7

Question 1

Social learning theory

Answer 1

View that people learn techniques/attitudes of crime from close relationships; crime is learned behavior

Question 2

Social control theory-

Answer 2

View that everyone has potential to become criminal; but controlled by bonds

Question 3

Social reaction (labeling) theory -

Answer 3

View that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such & accept those labels

Question 4

Socialization:

Answer 4

Process of human development and enculturation from social processes and institutions

Question 5

Parent efficacy:

Answer 5

The ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effective control them

Question 6

Are dropout rates declining? Percent of Americans age 16-24 left school permanently?

Answer 6

Yes, they are declining. 10% of Americans

Question 7

Stats of African boys/girls who receive suspension?

Answer 7

Boys- 1 in 5

Girls- 1 in 10

Question 8

How much more likely African Americans suspended/expelled than whites?

Answer 8

3 1/2 more times

Question 9

Girls and getting bullied?

Answer 9

Girls twice as likely to be targets to harassing text messages

Question 10

Simon and Burt -

Answer 10

Said people distrust world/people, embrace here and now orientation

Question 11

Differential association theory -

Answer 11

View that people commit crime when person they look up to, makes them perceive more factors favoring crime

Question 12

Culture conflict -

Answer 12

Result of exposure to opposing norms, attitudes, different morals

Question 13

Does differential association theory depend on social class?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

Problems w/ differential association theory?

Answer 14

Fails to account for 1st deviant “teacher” who taught others, and ignores spontaneous acts of violence

Question 15

Neutralization theory -

Answer 15

View that law violators learn to neutralize conventional values, drift back and forth between criminal and conventional

Question 16

Neutralization theory views-

Answer 16

Views that criminality is also learned experience, even criminals not always involved in crimes

Question 17

Drift:

Answer 17

Movement in and out of delinquency; shift between conventional and deviant values

Question 18

Examples of neutralization techniques to not commit crimes -

Answer 18

• criminals voice guilt over illegal acts

- offenders frequently admire honest, law-biding people

Question 19

Neutralize values to commit crime -

Answer 19

• Denial of responsibility
• Denial of injury
• Denial of the victim
• Appeal to higher loyalties

Question 20

Do criminals really neutralize?

Answer 20

No, some offenders are guilt-free so there’s no need to

Question 21

Self-control:

Answer 21

Strong moral sense that renders a person incapable of hurting others or violating social norms

Question 22

Commitment to conformity

Answer 22

Strong personal investment in conventional institutions; institutions prevent them from hurting their reputation

Question 23

Hirschi’s social control theory -

Answer 23

That social bond is divided into: attachment, commitment, belief, involvement

Question 24

Causes of Delinquency book -

Answer 24

Links criminality to weakening in the ties that bind people to society

Question 25

Social bonds:

Answer 25

Ties that binds people to society; commitment, attachment

Question 26

Critique of social learning theory -

Answer 26

Researchers argue that delinquents aren’t “lone wolves”, high levels of involvement actually result in high criminal involvement

Question 27

Views of social reaction (labeling) theory -

Answer 27

Crime is defined by those in power, not only acts are labeled but also people

Question 28

Moral entrepreneur:

Answer 28

Person who creates moral rules that reflect the values of those in power rather than fair standards

Question 29

Stigmatized:

Answer 29

To apply negative labeling w/ enduring effects on a person’s self-image

Question 30

Social reaction theory’s key points -

Answer 30

• behaviors that are considered criminal are highly subjective
• crime is defined by those in power
• not only acts are labeled, but also people
• both positive/negative labels involve subjective interpretation of behavior

Question 31

Consequences of labeling -

Answer 31

• Reinforce feelings f isolation and detachment
• conviction is often carried out in “ceremonies”; individuals identity transformed Ex: Mentally ill
• people react to label instead of actual behavior

Question 32

Successful degradation ceremonies:

Answer 32

Courses of action/ritual in which someone’s identity is publicly redefined and viewed as socially unacceptable

Question 33

Causes of self-labeling (choices) -

Answer 33

• Negatively labeled individuals will become committed to a deviant career
• take on attitudes that reflect people’s assumptions
• join w/ similar peers

Question 34

Social process theory -

Answer 34

View that criminality is factor of people’s interactions w/ organizations, institutions

Question 35

Retrospective reading:

Answer 35

The reassessment of a person’s past to fit a current generalized label

Question 36

Primary deviance:

Answer 36

Norm violation of crime that has little or no long term influence on the violator

Question 37

Secondary deviance:

Answer 37

Violation/crime that comes to the attention of significant others, has long term consequences

Question 38

Deviance amplification:

Answer 38

Process where secondary deviance pushes offenders out of mainstream society and locks them into escalating cycle of deviance

Question 39

Social reaction theory’s 2 categories?

Answer 39

1) People will be powerless and unable to defend themselves against labels
2) people who are labeled will view themselves as deviant

Question 40

Racial profiling:

Answer 40

Use of racial/ethnic characteristics by police to determine whether person likely to commit crime

Question 41

Reflected appraisal:

Answer 41

When parents are alienated from their children, negative labeling reduces child’s self image, increases delinquency

Question 42

What happens to youngsters who are labeled troublemakers in school?

Answer 42

Most likely to drop out

Question 43

Social process theory and public policy

Answer 43

Argue that if people become criminals by definitions favoring criminality, they can unlearn these attitudes by conventional behavior

Question 44

Diversion programs

Answer 44

Programs of rehabilitation that remove offenders from the normal channels of the criminals justice process, avoid the criminal label

Question 45

Restitution

Answer 45

Permitting an offender to repay the victim or go useful work in community rather than facing stigmas

Question 46

Have stigma-reducing programs been successful?

Answer 46

No