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Psych and Sociology MCAT > Ch 8.3-8.4 > Flashcards

Ch 8.3-8.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

culture

A

shared wa of life including beliefs and practices that a social group shares

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2
Q

symbolic culture

A

consists of symbols that are recogized by people of same culture

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3
Q

symbols conve

A

agreed upon meaning can communicate vlaues and norms of culture including rituals, gestures, signs and words and help people within a society communicate and understand each other

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4
Q

ex of symbol in US

A

band on ring finger of left hand indicating marriage or engagement if ring has diamond

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5
Q

language

A

symbolic system that is codified for communication

letters ina n alphabbet have specific meaning and combine to form ords and sentences

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6
Q

language evolves

A

constantly and is vital for shaping ideas about who we are relative to each other in society

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7
Q

sapir whorf hypothesis

A

asserts people understand world thru heir language and that language shapes how we experience the world

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8
Q

material culture

A

involves physical objects and artifacts

includes clothing , hairstyles, food and design of homes

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9
Q

ex of material culture

A

american dream often includes a car a symbol of mobility and independence

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10
Q

non material culture

A

specific to social thoughts and ideas such as vlaues

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11
Q

popular culture

A

phrase used to describe features of culture that appeal to the masses , often those communicated thru mass media such as radio and TV

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12
Q

high culture

A

describes features often limited to the consumption of the elite ex ballet or pera

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13
Q

cultural icons

A

signs that represent their meaning in a given culture

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14
Q

culture universals

A

patterns or traits that are common to all people
pertain to basic human eperiences including brith death and illness
cultural differences are more common than these

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15
Q

values

A

defined as a culture’s standard for evaluating what is good and bad
often define how people in society should behave but do not atcually reflect how people behave

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16
Q

beliefs

A

convictions or principles that poeple hold

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17
Q

in order to promote societal values

A

laws, sanction or rewards may be in place to encourage behavior inline with social values and discourage behavior counter to values

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18
Q

norms

A

visible and invisible rules of social conduct in society

help define what types of behaviors are acceptable and inacceptable in accordance with society’s values and beleifs

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19
Q

sociobiology

A

study of how biology and evolution affected human social behavior
appliles darwin’s principle of natural selctio to socila behavior, suggesting there is a biological basis for behavros

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20
Q

particular social behaviors persis

A

over generations because they are adaptive for survival
for ex sexual behavior may vary between genders because men have a lower investmentin reproduction than women , who have to carry the abby for nine months

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21
Q

socio and biological predisposition

A

argue biological predisposition influenced by social factors

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22
Q

ex socio and bio predisposition

A

agressive individual may learn to channel these tendencies away from socially unacceptable acts ex assault and toward socially accepted activities like cae fighting

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23
Q

orgins of culture

A

lie in evolution

humans in various societies evolved the ability to categorize and communicate human experience thru symbols

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24
Q

cultural diffusion

A

transfer of elements of culture social ideas and processes such as religious traditions from one social group to another contributes to cultural similarities between diff societies

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25
Q

diffusion in 1 culture

A

lead in similarities in belief even in different levels of societies such as among diff classes
can be direct, indirect or forced such as in cultural imperialism

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26
Q

rate of diffusion and modern

A

increased as a result of modern conveniences which offer opportunities for cross cultural communication like modern media and transportation

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27
Q

cultural competence

A

effective interactions between people from diff cultures

media and transportaions are important

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28
Q

cultural transmission

A

process thru which info is spread across generations or mechs of learning

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29
Q

ex of cultural transmission

A

meme element of culture that spreads from personto person, cutltural transmission is concerned with how this occurs

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30
Q

learning social process

A

occurs when individual experiences in whcih we attach meanings to diff things and learn to remmeber and responnd to these meanings

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31
Q

social construction suggests

A

our realities are produced and reproduced; elements of culture are not static

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32
Q

social change

A

in which soiceties experience a change of state

can be subtle or radical

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33
Q

revolutions

A

social changes which involve fundamental changes and social restructuring

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34
Q

transformative social changes

A

such as technological innovations often chalange our understanding of the world

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35
Q

cultural lag

A

efers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag. Subsequently, cultural lag does not only apply to this idea only, but also relates to theory and explanation. It helps by identifying and explaining social problems to predict future problems

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36
Q

period of cultural lag

A

can cause social problems such as protests because the process of adaption is difficult

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37
Q

foundational work on cultural lag

A

explained that material culture changes much faster than non material culture which often resists change

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38
Q

ex of cultural lag

A

medical advances in surgical procedures now provide option of permanent contraception such as vaasectomies for mena nd tubal ligations for women
raise ethical questions about reporudction that are not concern for past gens
technologies progressed but new rules are still less clear

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39
Q

transition shock occurs and is a result of

A

ocurs when ind experiences changes such as social changes that necessitate a period of adjustment

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40
Q

culture shock

A

when this disorientation is result of individual being subjected to alt cultures and foreign environements , such as thru leisure travle or permanent relation
involves deeper emotions than homesickness can challenge ind assumptions about their social surroundings

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41
Q

reverse culture shhock

A

involves same experiences as culture shock but upon return to initial environment
experienced when returning to a place that one expects to be home but actually is no longer, is far more subtle, and therefore, more difficult to manage than outbound shock precisely because it is unexpected and unanticipated

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42
Q

sociocultural evolution

A

set of theories describig processes thru which societies and cultures ave progressed over time
individual behaviro and social structures continuously transform in response to complex needs
changes due to social factors such as interactions rather than biological factors

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43
Q

socio evol less concerned

A

with evolution of human bodies but questions how human minds have evolved for us to suceed as beings with natural social tendencies

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44
Q

2 theories of sociocultural evolution

A

modernization

soicobiology

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45
Q

modernization

A

used to explain the process of modernization within societies. Modernization refers to a model of a progressive transition from a ‘pre-modern’ or ‘traditional’ to a ‘modern’ society

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46
Q

sociobiology

A

field of scientific study that is based on the hypothesis that social behavior has resulted from evolution and attempts to examine and explain social behavior within that context.

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47
Q

population

A

collection of poeple in a defined geographical area and also refers to the number of people in the area

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48
Q

factors which influence population growth and decline

A

brith rates, detah rates and migration rates

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49
Q

world is currently experiencing a period of

A

population growth with an annual growth rate of 1.2% expected to continue for many decades

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50
Q

popultion growth rate

A

rate of population change in a specified time period reported as percent of initial population
positive indicates increase negative indicates decrease
used to measure population growtha dn decline

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51
Q

overpopulattion

A

when there are more people than can be sustained

concern in societies that are growing

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52
Q

carrying capcity

A

total possible population that can be supported with relevant resources without significant negative effects in a given area

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53
Q

population equilibrium

A

is met at maximum load

poppulations tend to increase and decrease until they reahc this point

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54
Q

population projections

A

estimates of future populations made from math extrapolations of previous datas

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55
Q

traditional projectiosn are based on

A

birth rates, death rates and migration rates and do not consider unpredicted effects of population such as catastrophes

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56
Q

global population in 2011

A

reached 7 billion

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57
Q

experts project an increase in population

A

until at least 2050 wih upper estimates ranging from 9 to 11 billion despite decreases in worldwide fertility rates

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58
Q

projections suggest that the greatest contributions are made from

A

less devloped reions

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59
Q

9 countries expected to

A

contribute to more than 50% ofthe world’s population,

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60
Q

ins ome developed regions,

A

death rate exceeds birth rate , which coupled with the increasing life exppectancies suggest poulation declines; however migration is expected to balance this unchanged population
projected declines in some countries such as Eastern European countreis where there are high death rates and high emigration rates as the result of devestating genocides

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61
Q

population pyramids

A

graphical illustrations which are used to represent population distributions in particular age and sex distributions

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62
Q

population pyramids create cohorts

A

create age and sex specific groups ( cohorts ) using either total population ( number of people in each group ) or percentages ( percentage of total population in each group )

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63
Q

x axis represents

A

the population

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64
Q

y axis

A

seperates men and women with the traidtion positioning of men on L and females on R

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65
Q

expansive population

A

wide at base, representing high birth rate and high death rate
clear and distinct hape that describes social structure

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66
Q

population pyramid can help predict

A

population trends and determine social needs for dependents such as children and people of retirement age

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67
Q

crude birth rate

A

annual number of births per 1000 people in a population

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68
Q

crude birth rates low and high

A

10-20 low

40-50 high

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69
Q

crude death rate

A

annual number of deaths per 1000 people ina poulation

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70
Q

crude death rates low and high

A

below 10 low

above 20 is high

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71
Q

death rates are highest in

A

subsaharan African nations

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72
Q

rate of population change

A

difference beween crude birtha nd death rate

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73
Q

age specific birth and death rates

A

annual number of births and deaths per 1000 people in an age group

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74
Q

fertility

A

ability of women to reproduce

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75
Q

fecundity

A

potential reproductive capacity of a woman

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76
Q

general fertility rate

A

annual number of births per 1000 women in a complication

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77
Q

total fertility rate

A

predicts total umber of births per single woman in a population with the assumption that the woman experiences the current recorded age specific fertility rates and reaches the end of her reproductive life

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78
Q

most women are capable of reproduction

A

between age of 15 and 45 childbearing years

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79
Q

replacement fertility rate

A

fertility rate at which the population will remain balanced

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80
Q

sub replacement fertillity

A

indicates birth rate is less than death rate thus the population size will not be sustained

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81
Q

population lag effect

A

refers to the fact that changes in total fertility rates are often not reflected in the birth rate for several generations
result of population momentum

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82
Q

population momentum

A

which children produced during periods of higher fertility rates reproduce, there are more women of reproductive age and thus more births overall , regardless of the number of births per women

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83
Q

clearer idea of demographic trends

A

fertility rates offer a clearer idea

crude births rates do not consider age or sex differences

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84
Q

mortality

A

death rate in a population

also includes both general and specific measures

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85
Q

morbidity

A

refers to the nature and extent of disease n a population

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86
Q

prevalence rate

A

measures the number of individuals experiencing a disease

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87
Q

incidence rate

A

number of new cases of a disease

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88
Q

case fatality rate

A

measures deaths as the result of a set diagnosis or procedure sometimes specific to beginning or late stages
reference to death rates in medicine often concern these

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89
Q

current leading cause of death worldwide

A

ischemic heart disease

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90
Q

correlation between GDP and nation’s crude death rate

A

inverse correlation

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91
Q

crude death rate is not sensitive to factors

A

with a natural correlation to death such as age sturcture

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92
Q

infant mortality rate

A

annual number of deaths per 1000 infants under 1 year of age
lowest in European countries such as ICeland at a low of 5 and highest in sub Saharan regions of Africa such as Sierra Leone at a high of 170

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93
Q

life expectancy

A

number of years that an individual at a given age can expect to live at present mortality rates

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94
Q

estimates of global life expectancies

A

range from 36 to 79 years

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95
Q

life expectancies highest and lowest

A

Malawi lowest

Canada , Iceland, Sweden and Switzerland highest

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96
Q

developed regions tend to have

A

lower birth rates and detah rates

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97
Q

factors contributing to decreasing crude birth rates

A

access to contraception , costs associated with raising a child and other social changes

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98
Q

decreasing crude death rates are caused by

A

improvements in agriculture, medicine and sanitation

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99
Q

historic exs of dramatic population declines

A

european black death and great irish famine
which is less problematic in modern world
ossible to be sliht increases in death rate as the prevalence of prevnetabl diseases increases dueto poor fitness and nutrition and other poor health behaviors like substance abuse

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100
Q

migration

A

geographical movemnet of indiviudals familiesor other small or large groupsof pople
implies intetion of permanent re location

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101
Q

nomadism

A

traditional method of continuous travel in search of natural resources as a method of sustenance ( hunting and gathering)
not considered migration because there is no settle

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102
Q

external migration

A

cross border or internation migration involves migration to another nation

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103
Q

motivations for external migration

A

often economic or political in nature

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104
Q

internal migration

A

migration to another region of the same nation

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105
Q

motivatioons for internal migration

A

economic in nature as individuals pursue better organizations such as education

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106
Q

voluntary migration

A

result of internal factors such as personal decision

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107
Q

involuntary migration

A

forced migration
result of external factors that pose a threat to the inidviudal in their initial environment and are often a form of social control such as ethnic cleaning

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108
Q

settlers

A

those who migrate to unsettled areas

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109
Q

refugees

A

those who migrate to settled areas as a result of displacement

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110
Q

colonization

A

which involves migration to settled areas in which dominance is exerted over the foreign state
often exploitation of indigenous peoples with the use of harsh tactics such as divide and conquer of territories as well as disregard for existing social structures
original inhabitants are often marginalized

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111
Q

immigration

A

involves entering a new area and these people are called immigrants and can be either legal or illegal residents

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112
Q

emigration

A

leaving of old area and these people are called emigrants

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113
Q

reverse migration

A

return migration return of inidviduals to their former homes

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114
Q

Everett Lee

A

differentiated between push and pull factors tin migration

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115
Q

push factors

A

things that are unattractive about an A and push people to live
often economic political or religious in form: active oppression of social groups , additional forms of prejudice and discrimination such as housing discrimination; insufficient access to social resources such as education or social services to meet basic needs such as shelter widespread inequalities such as health dispairities

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116
Q

genocide

A

ass execution with intention of eliminating a specific social group

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117
Q

pull factors

A

things that are attractive about the area which pull people there
opposite of push factors, include positive opportuinties for economic, political , relgious freedom and sucess

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118
Q

interaction between push and pull factors

A

contribute to rates of migration

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119
Q

social geography

A

interested the distribution of individuals and social groups

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120
Q

urbanization

A

refers to growth of urban areas as people move from rual to urban areas as the result of global change

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121
Q

urbanization is tied to

A

industrialization

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122
Q

industrialization

A

process thru which societies transform from agrarian to industrial in nature
industrialized countries have more people living in urban areas than non inustrial lized countries

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123
Q

global urbanization rate

US urbanization rate

A

global: 50%
US: 80%

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124
Q

reasons people live in urban areas

A

for economic advancements cities provide
more employment opportunities as well as being places where money and weath are localized
more social services

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125
Q

rual flight

A

rual exodus

studies migration from rual areas to urban areas from other perceptives

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126
Q

emigration from rual areas is often related to

A

decreasing emphasis on agricultural processes

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127
Q

suburbanization

A

leads to urban decline

refers to population growth on fringes of urban areas as people move from urban areas to suburban areas

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128
Q

suburbs

A

residential satelite comunities located in peripheral region of major urban centerss that are often connected to the cities in some fashion

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129
Q

people living in suburbs US

A

more in suburbs than cities but suburbs individual tend to be less populated than cities

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130
Q

white flight

A

historical ex of suburbanization that involve the migration of whites from cities to more racially homogous suburbs

131
Q

urban sprawl

A

migration to metropolitian regions is example of urban sprawl
migration of people from urban areas to otherwise remote areas
describes the expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, monofunctional and usually car-dependent communities, in a process called suburbanization

132
Q

negative effect of urban sprawl

A

include urban blight
occurs when less functioning areas of large cities degrade as a result of urban decline
forms of migration can thus lead to desolate properties , such as condemned houses and the resulting dangerous conditions can contribute to an increase in crime levels in blighted areas
those who remain in the blighted areas are often poor and have less access to social amenities and opportunities

133
Q

gentrification

A

refers to the renovation of urban areas ( as people move from rual or suburban areas back to urban areas) in the process of urban renewal
often specific to the intro of wealthier residents to the cities who then help to restore th existing infrastructure, which alters the region’s demographics and economics

134
Q

ex of gentrification

A

conversion of old industrial buildings to high end loft style buildings brings new businesses to the area to serve the new middle class population

135
Q

urban renewal

A

redevelopment of urban area

gentrification is an example of this

136
Q

urban renewal causes

A

much social change with both positive and negative effects

it can increase the tax base but it can also lead to displacement of the original local people

137
Q

urban renewal can be mechanism

A

for reform or a mechanism for control

138
Q

Demographic transition (DT)

A

tranistoin from overall higher to overall lower birth and death rates as a result of country’s development from a pre industrial to industrial framework due to both economic and social changes

139
Q

DT fertility and mortality rates

A

decrease as in transition from agricultural to manufacturing society

140
Q

DT long term effects

A

stable population

141
Q

DT model stages

A

transition stages are specific
developed countries further along transition than developing countries but most countries have started to experience changes in crude birtha dn death rate

142
Q

limits of DT

A

does not consider additional social factors that affect birth rates like religious influences

143
Q

Thomas Robert Malthus

A

argued population is result of available resources for sustenance such as productive farmland
humans are inclined to reproduce and thsu population growth is often exponential expecially during times of excess

144
Q

Malthusianism

A

states that possible rate of population increase exceeds the possible rate of resource increase
criticism of utopian views

145
Q

utopian views

A

explaining taht the rules of nature make it impossible for population to increase unchecked without serious distress due to nsufficient resources

146
Q

Malthusianism : negative effects

A

subject lower class to ppor living conditions

147
Q

2 forms of check on popultaion growth

A

positive

preventative

148
Q

positive checks

A

raise death rate like disease, hunger and wars

149
Q

preventative checks

A

lower birth rate like abstinence , birth control, late marriage and same sex relationships

150
Q

Malthusian catstrophe

A

occurs when means of sustenance are not enough to support the poulation, resulting in population reduction thru actual or predicted famine

151
Q

neomalthusianism

A

movement based on principlals that advocate for poulation control in order to reduce negative effects of population strain such as environmental effects

152
Q

Malthus found controlled populations

A

to be more stable in terms of economics and standard s of living in particular

153
Q

Demography

A

study of human population dynamics, including size, structure and distribution of poulation and changes in poulation over time due to birth death and migration

154
Q

demographical data is derived mostly from

A

consensus and focus on specific indicators of chnage like birth and death also known as mortaliy rates

155
Q

2013 US

A

3rd most poulous country in the world

156
Q

at age 85 and older

A

women outnumber men 2 to 1

157
Q

race

A

biological, anthropoliogical or genetic origin of individual

158
Q

categories of race

A

white, black or african american, american indian or alska native
asian
native hawaiian or other pacific islander

159
Q

ethnicity

A

socially defined concept referring to whether or not people identify with each other based on shared social experience or ancestry

160
Q

2009 US foreign born population

A

13%
approx 11 million aliens
latin americans accounts for just over hald of all people who are foreign born in US aand largest source of legal and illegal imigrants

161
Q

rapid delin

A

in totlal global fertility rate

162
Q

as of 2012 estimated fertility rate for american femals

A

1.8u subreplacement fertility

163
Q

current life expectancy

A

at irth is 78 years on average

75 for men and 80 for women

164
Q

Great migration

A

ex of domestic migration
increase in black migration to the now urban South as racial relations improved
N started to deindustrialize and opportunities for work prompted migration to specific areas in the south such as georgia

165
Q

demograpphic often focus

A

on subsets of poulation with the intent of describing the shared characteristics of members of these subsets

166
Q

some uses of demographics

A

advertising strategies use demographics to address specific audiences
criitics argue uses are limited because generalizations are made
describe social groups rather than individuals

167
Q

minorities

A

demo groups that receive differential treatment thru processes of prejudice and discrimination due to their shared characteristics
have lower statuses than other groups considered inferior

168
Q

minorities are termed

A

not for their size but for their disparate social experiences and description holds regard of poulation size

169
Q

women are considered

A

minorities because of their perceived status as inferior and subordinate to men

170
Q

dominate groups

A

those who have social power to assign these labels

171
Q

demographic measures include

A

age, gender, race, and ethnicity, sexual orientation and immgration status

172
Q

age

A

measures people’s positio between birth and death and subsequent position changes over time

173
Q

western societies commonly use

A

numerical age , chronological measurement that begins at birth (thus babies are age 0 at birth)

174
Q

age is disinguished

A

from measures of prenatal development such as gestational age although some societies do consider this and thus babies are age 9 months at birth if full term

175
Q

most basic categories of age described in 4 categories

A

juveniles ( infants, children, preadolescents and adolescents )
early adults
middle adults
late adults

176
Q

juveniles ( infants, children, preadolescents and adolescents )

A

0-19 years

177
Q

early adults

A

20-39 years

178
Q

middle adults

A

40-59 years

179
Q

late adults

A

60+ years

180
Q

teenagers

A

13-18

181
Q

age cohorts

A

ex of statistical cohorts in which group of subjects share the characteristic of age

182
Q

cohort studies

A

conduct research for extended periods of time to better understand different perspectives of those in the cohort and those in the general population
longitudinal studies which use age cohorts

183
Q

generations

A

generational cohorts
groups of people born in the same period
share specific experiences that become representative of the group population ex Generation X

184
Q

demographic age profield

A

describe populations in terms of age groups

185
Q

population aging

A

occurs whhen there is disproportionate amount of older people in population
raises concerns such as health care demands and provider shortages

186
Q

ageism

A

prejudice or discrimination againsta person based on age , often against older people

187
Q

social aging

A

reflects biological changes in multidimensional process in which individuals experience complex emotional and social changes

188
Q

factors contributing to optimal aging and predict objective and subjective measures of well being in adults

A

active engagement , interpersonal relatoinships , personal control and social support

189
Q

economic consequences of rising median age

A

increased requirements pension liabilities , retirement packages , and workers compensation

190
Q

increase of children leads to

A

greater demands for social resources such as education

191
Q

younger people are more likely to

A

contribute to social changes , such as the creation of new technologies or the push for political change

192
Q

rites of passages

A

rituals reflect important life translations and also include more personal change such as marriage

193
Q

Eastern cultures and elders

A

respect older people for their expectations and wisdom

Western cultures see aging as undesirable

194
Q

sex

A

biological characteristics that is assigned at birth and permanent in most cases: it is based on chromosomes, external genitalia , gonads and hormones

195
Q

categories of sex

A

male XY female XX albeit

196
Q

gender

A 
social characteristic ( construction) that is learned and flexible ; based on behavioral role expectations 
categories are male and female
197
Q

gender can be influenced by

A

nature and nurture

198
Q

gender studies

A

men’s , women’s and LGBT studies

interested in consequences of social processes

199
Q

gender roles

A

describe social and behavioral expectations for men and women
expectations are internalized and become connected to our self identities ( how we think about ourselves) and thus influence our behavior
dependent on cultural historical context
behaviors considered proper for men and women

200
Q

gender expression

A

external manifestation of gender roles

201
Q

sexism

A

prejudice or discrimination against a person based on gender or sex often against women

202
Q

classic ex of gender inequalities

A

marriage
women received an increased number of responsiblities
expectation that women will be subordinat to men and limits representation of women in the public sphere , whcih also limits the opportunities women have for the reasoning process that society values

203
Q

deviation from gender roles

A

tends to create social disorder

204
Q

transsexual individuals

A

have gender identities that are inconsistent with their biological sex divisions
much prejudice and discrimination against transsexual communities

205
Q

gender segregation

A

seperation of genders

social structure contribute to this for economic , political , religious or social reasons

206
Q

problem of gender segregation

A

often seperates people based on apparent biological distinctions rathe r than gender identities

207
Q

sex segregation

A

physical, legal, and cultural separation of people according to their biological sex. This is distinct from gender segregation, which is the separation of people according to social constructions of gender

208
Q

race

A

description of distinct social group based on certain chared characteristics
often inherited biological traits and thus manifest in appearances can also be cultural, ethnic and geographical in nature

209
Q

ethnicit

A

description of distinctive social group based on certain shared characteristics

210
Q

shared characteristics of ethnicity

A

common ancestral, culltural, geographical , historical, linguistic, and or national experiences, and members of the same ethnic group often share similar appearances, cuisines, fashions, ideologies, languages and dialects and so forth

211
Q

five largest ethnic groups

A 
han chinese
 hindustani
arabs
bengalis
 russians
212
Q

ethnogenesis

A

social process that results in the creation of seperate ethnicities

213
Q

ethnicity vs nationality

A

Nationality (noun) is the relationship between a person and the political state to which he belongs or is affiliated. Ethnicity (noun) is the identification of a person with a particular racial, cultural, or religious group

214
Q

ex of ethnogenesis

A

development of small subethnic groups , tribes into independent ethnic groups
ethnic groups founded in the same population share close features such as related related languages

215
Q

races and ethnicities

A

are social construct

216
Q

shared identities

A

formed on the basis of shared historical and social experiences

217
Q

racism

A

prejudices and actions that discriminate based on race , or hold that one race is inferior to another
seen when dominant group or majority usually white holds a prejudice or engages in discrimination, whether intentional or not against non dominant or minority groups usually not white
discrimination on ethic basis

218
Q

ethnocentrism

A

describes biases that result when people look at issues from perspective of a particular culture background

219
Q

Michael Omi and HOward Winat racial formaion perspective

A

race is not genetic but constructed thru economic, political and social forces that have the social control tto create categories of race and ascribe meanings to these categories

220
Q

racial formation perspective created with purpose

A

of deconstructing race in its modern form
arguments different from traditional race theories in that race is seen as a complex and fluid social construct rather than a concrete and static characteristic enforce thru both micro and macro level processes
argues without social processes, differences in biological features are meaningless

221
Q

racial formation ex presidential election consciousness

A

increase in consciousness is result of political success of president Obama due to his sucess disruption of our racial expectations for politicians not his pigmentation
violation served to reinforce labels racial thru important social sturctures such as media
schoalrs also argue that race is fundamental and pervasive component of social structire in US
race is constructed and made important thru processes of social learning

222
Q

racialization

A

ethnicization
social process in which dominant group ascribes racial or ethnic identites perceived or real to groups that do not otherwise relate to the labels
processes are used as forms of social control often as part of imperialism or nationalism

223
Q

sexual orientation

A

describes the direction of a person’s romantic or sexual attraction or behavior

224
Q

three main sexual orientations

A

heterosexula: orientation toward opposite gender or sex
homo: orientation toward same gender or sex
bisexual: orientation toward both genders or sexes

225
Q

pansexual

A

attracted to epopel irrespective of gender or sex

226
Q

asexuality

A

lack of sexual attration
suggested fourth sexual orientation
diff from decision to be absinent or celibate for personal reasons

227
Q

sexuality exists

A

along a continuum with extremes being exclusive attraction to same gender

228
Q

Kiinsey scale 0 to 6

A

0: exclusive hetereo
1: incidental homo behavior
2: more than incidental homo behavior
3: equal amount of homo and hetero behavior
4: more than incidental hetero behavior
5: incidental hetero behavior
6: exclusively homo

229
Q

heterosexism

A

prejudice or discrimination against a person based on sexual orientation towards the same sex ex homophobic attracions

230
Q

heteronormative beliefs

A

hetero preferred sexual orientation

strict gender roles

231
Q

prejudice and discrim against non hetero

A

can be politcial , economic, religious or social in nature

sometiems there are public sanctions reinforcing these blelifs

232
Q

beleif that non hetero behavior

A

is unnatura for certain reasons it does not permit reproduction

233
Q

sexual orientation is a human characteristics

A

tht is generally resistant to change

234
Q

most immigrants

A

moved to developed countries

235
Q

American dream

A

ideological construct that offers individuals the opportunities for happiness and success with the proper amount of deterination
central promise has contributed to rise in migration to US in search for better life and enhanced perosnal freedoms

236
Q

four periods of immigration in US

A

17th and 18th centuries
mid 19th century
early 20th century
late 20th century to now

237
Q

17th and 18th centuries

A

English colonists migrated to US colonial period
indentured servants also migrated thru this process
accounting for more than half of all immigrants from Europe during the period

238
Q

mid 19th century

A

most migrants from northern europe

239
Q

early 20th century

A

most migrants from southern and Eastern europe
ex jewish refugees went to US in flight from nazi regime in WW2
peak of European migration was 1907 after which social context of US made conditions less suitabble for immigration

240
Q

late 20th century to now

A

majority from asia and latin america
top 5 leading countries of origin are mexico, china, phillipines, india an dcuba
most immigrants are women in 15-35 age range

241
Q

immigration to US is often selective

A

70% of foreign born people in US reside in 7 states

California, Florida, Illinois,New Jersey, NNew YOrk, Pennsylania and TExas

242
Q

quotas based

A

on origin but limits do not consider populations thus max number of vias offered is same for all countries

243
Q

immigration controls

A

formal policies that define and regulate who has right to settle in an area
restricts legal immigration and increases need for economic and political resources to ensure an individual’s sucess in migrating

244
Q

imigration controls and immigrants

A

creates disadvantage for poor migrants , those same people who are exploited by cheap labour

245
Q

most legal immigration is granted on basis of

A

family reuification, employment skills and humanitarian reasons

246
Q

globalization

A

process of increased inetrdependence of societies and connections between people across the world

247
Q

telecommunications

A

use modern technologies to ease challenges of communicating across distances and contribute to the integration of economical, political and social processes worldwide

248
Q

economic interdependence

A

division of labor ona global scale countries miht have the demand for products without the internal means oof production

249
Q

outsourcing

A

contracting of third parties for specific opinions
can be domestic or foreign but finiancila savings associated with foreign outsourcing ahve made it a focus of much opposition

250
Q

non governmental org NGOS

A

those without official gov affiliation with the intention of contributing to lessening global issues
ex include doctors without borders which is commited to lessening global inequalities in helath

251
Q

cultural consequnences of globalization

A

as sharing of cultures leads to more foreign choices such as cuisines and media options
can lead to disintegration of local culture as new ideas are welcome

252
Q

globalization contributions

A

to migration rates thsu changing demo in area

creae environmental challenges such as air pollution resulting from increased transportation

253
Q

dramatic ex resulting social changes in globalization

A

civil unrest

terrorism

254
Q

civil unrest

A

civil disorder
involve forms of collective behavior in which there is public expression of the group’s concern, often in response to major social problems like with political demonstrations and protests

255
Q

civil unrest consequences

A

destruction of public properties and interruption of important services

256
Q

terrorism

A

use of violence with intention of creating fear in the target communities
can be commited for ideological, nationalistic, political, religious or other reasons
no one form

257
Q

defining characteristic of terrorist acts

A

indiscriminate violence, involves violence directed towards non combatants

258
Q

political benefits of globalization

A

offers greater democratic representaion of less developed countries as a result of new politcial instiuutions
international bodies concerned with human issues such as environmental such as CFC emissions and nuclear proliferation and promote international cooperation in addressing issues such as researching alternative energies and conservation

259
Q

political consequences of globalization

A

contributes to disintegration of democratic values
economic issues inherent in globalization such as concentration of economic power in developed countries contribute to oppressive politics
contributor to social control

260
Q

social movements reflect

A

public disatisfaction and collective to esponse economic political or social issues
necessitating the presence of two opposing groups those who support the current social and hose who support change

261
Q

social movements arise

A

when formal means of participation like voting do not address the concerns of the public

262
Q

processes involving social movements might contribute

A

to intermediate disruption of social order but purpose is to protect core values of modern societies: civil rights, freedom, justice, protection
most sucessful movements are result of critical social problems whihc violeates these central values

263
Q

freedo of speech

A

aand industrialization and urbanization may function in the unprecedented increase in use of public participation to challenge existing social structures and facillitate positive changes

264
Q

relative deprivation

A

contributing factor to public participation
refers to concious experience fo indiviudals or groups that do not ahve the resourcs needed for the socila services and experiences that are seen as appropriate to their social position

265
Q

relative deprivation refers to

A

the feeling of being entitlted to more than what one has in their current situtaio based on relative standards
can be politcial , economic or social

266
Q

most sucessful moveents

A

have strong leadershhip

charisatic leaders help create allied communities of consensus and have coordinating roles

267
Q

use of telecommunications

A

one of the most important strategies used in modern social movements
internet made it easier to accomplish sucessful formation of groups

268
Q

peaceful social movements

A

are often more sucessful in gaining public’s support

less threatening and more in line with central concept of socia movements

269
Q

social stratification

A

way people are categorized in society ; people can be categorized by race, education, wealth and income
most resources comprise top tiers of stratification while least resources comprise of botto tiers

270
Q

social stratification is a system which serves to

A

define differences or inequalities and reinforce and perpetuate them

271
Q

caste system

A

describes a closed stratification where people can do nothing to change the category they are born into

272
Q

class system

A

considers both social and inidviudal intitaive and groups together people of similar welath, income education
poeple can strive to reahc higher calss

273
Q

class system constrained mobility

A 
because person's class position affords them only a certain amount of  resources 
can supplement resources wihth dff forms of capital gained from social institutions such as education
274
Q

meritocracy

A

another straitifictaion system that uses merit or personal effort to establish social standing ; idealized system no society solely stratifies based on effort

275
Q

socioeconomic status SES

A

is how most sociologists define stratification in terms of
defined in terms of power ( ability to get people to do something) property ( sum of possesisons and income) and prestige ( reputation in society ) because these three concepts tend to be related to US socitey

276
Q

Us classes

A

Upper
MIddle
Working
LOwer

277
Q

Upper

A

top 3% of the population who earn mililions to bilioins in annual income;epopel in upper class tend to posess a larger amount of powwer, property and prestige

278
Q

middle class

A

40% of poulation who earns 46000 and up to the cut off for the upper class

279
Q

working

A

30% of the population who earns between 19000 and 45000

280
Q

lower class

A

27% of the population who earn less than 18000

281
Q

persisting ineuqality in US socitety reasons

A
  1. those with most power are highly motivated to maintiani their status and have measn to control and protect system that keeps them at top and others at bottom
    own most of companies and factories
    capable of influencing legislature by supporting certian politicains and lobbying or advvocating for tax laws
    ingrained in society
282
Q

INequality persists because people are socialized to the

A

concept of accepting ther porsition in life
welathy parents socialize their parents to expct welath and power while poor parents socialize their children to expect the same level of income their parents make
educational system serves to reinforce inequalities

283
Q

social mobility

A

refers to ability to move up or down within the social stratification system

284
Q

upward mobiliity

A

refers increase iin social class

285
Q

downward mobility

A

decerase in social class

286
Q

intergenerational mobility

A

occurs when there is a decrease or increase in social class between parents and children in a family

287
Q

intragenerational moility

A

differences in social class between different members of the same generation

288
Q

Karl marx theorized capitalism will divide soxiety into two classes

A

those who owned the means of production bourgeousise and those who worked for their owners proletariat
as owners buy up means of production from smaller business owners more and more poeple will be forced into proletariat

289
Q

as proletariat grows larger and larger

A

members of class will develop a new awareness of theirstatus as worker

290
Q

class conciousness

A 
an indiviudual's awareness of his or her membership in a social class 
 not all indiviudlas gain awareness of class  relations 
bourgeousie take capitalism for granted  instead of seeing it as a historically situated and transient econonomic system
291
Q

false conciousness

A

when individuals do not recognize the state of class relaions under capitalism
can happen to members of proletariat who believe strong in meritocracy and eocnomic rationality
fail to realize faith in meritocracy can work against ther class interests by hiding the consequences of existing relations of production
exploitation by bourgeousie

292
Q

social reproduction

A

refers to structures and activities in place in a society that serve to transmit and reinforce social inequlity

293
Q

two mechanisms thru which social reproduction occurs

A

cultural capital

social capital

294
Q

cultural captial

A

non financial social assets that promote soical mobility
ex education it gives someone potential to be upwardly mobile though there a lot of reasons why inequalities in the US educational system may prevent someon e fro being upwardly mobile

295
Q

social capital

A

potential for social networds to allow for upward mobility
powerful way to tap into vast networks of resources but can also serve to reinforce inequalities already present in socitey

296
Q

ex of socila capital

A

yojng woman comes from upper middle class familya nd wants to become a doctor, her mom might introduce her to a friend who is a doctor, whoc an offer her some advice and set her up for a shadowing opportunity

297
Q

power

A

ability to get people to do something

298
Q

prestige

A

reputation in society

299
Q

power and prestige

A

rely on privilege and are aspectes of SES

300
Q

privilege

A

set of unearned benefits one receives because of some attribute largely outside of their control like one’s gender, race, class, sexual identity, citizenship status or ability

301
Q

situations occur where one form of privilege

A

can mitiagate disadvantage

302
Q

intersectionality

A

analytical approahc which seeks to highlight the ways different identities intersect within individuals and social groups to produce unique social positions

303
Q

sociologists conducting intersectional analyses

A

assertthat for example the social positio of a black lesbian cannot be understood by considering her blackness and then her non heterosexuality
rather a unique position of black lesbian must be considered in its own right
identities whether privileged or disadvantaged do not combine additively and should not be considered seperatedly

304
Q

person’s social position shapes

A

his or her life chances

people navigate social institutions better based on his or her social position

305
Q

social institutions are not constraining

A

when inidviduals can navigate them with ease

306
Q

disparity exists between

A

those who can easily navigate institution and those who cannot

307
Q

major factor that affects access to health care when in need

A

one’s ability to pay for health care

must be bought like other goods

308
Q

socioeconomic gradient in health

A

transcends ability to pay for medical care extends to conditions in which people live
one’s ses can affect where they ive and the type of work they do

309
Q

global stratifcation

A

compares welath, economic ,stability andpower of various countries

310
Q

comparison across the globe highlights worldwide patterns of

A

global inequality
certain countries hold ajoriy of resources
access to resources among countries seriously impacts other social factors such as mortality
burden of inequlity is placed on certain segments of poepoulatio

311
Q

high income countries include

A

US , canada, many western european countries

312
Q

low income countries nclude

A

india, nigeria and china

313
Q

women are dispproportionately affected y

A

poverty

bear brunt of unequal distribution of resources

314
Q

relative poverty

A

inability to meet average standard of living in society

315
Q

absolute poverty

A

inability to meet bare minimum of basic necessities icnluding clear drinking water, safe housing and reliable access to health care

316
Q

social epidemiology

A

study of distribution of health and disease across a popultion with focus on using social concepts to explain patterns of health and illness in population

317
Q

helath care disaprities include

A

pouplation specificdifferences in presence of disease, health outcomes, qulity of health care across difference socila groups

318
Q

social epidemiologyc an help explain

A

some of the health care disparities that exist across multiple social constructs including gender race and class

319
Q

women are traditionally exlcuded from research for the folowing reasons

A

female menstrual cyclce and consequent menopause presented a fluctuating variable affecting her physiology and imapct the results of a drug study for ex
females might get pregannt and no research is conducted on pregnant women
studies that includ e both womena nd men are considered more difficult to conudct

320
Q

gender bias

A

when women and men receive diff treatment for sam edisease and illness

321
Q

drug dosing

A

extrapolating info to womenwomen expereincing drowsiness in morning folowing prescribed usage leading to increase in car accidentis
esting found tdrug dosage too high for women

322
Q

infant mortality rates are

A

twice as high for african americans than whiet poeple

323
Q

risk of cancer, heart disease and diabetes

A

is higher for african americans than white peole

324
Q

lower income areas

A

have fewer health care facilities and lack of health insurance prevents many lower income poeplme from seeking regulaar and preventative health care

Psych and Sociology MCAT (14 decks)

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