Ch 8.3-8.4 Flashcards
1
Q
culture
A
shared wa of life including beliefs and practices that a social group shares
2
Q
symbolic culture
A
consists of symbols that are recogized by people of same culture
3
Q
symbols conve
A
agreed upon meaning can communicate vlaues and norms of culture including rituals, gestures, signs and words and help people within a society communicate and understand each other
4
Q
ex of symbol in US
A
band on ring finger of left hand indicating marriage or engagement if ring has diamond
5
Q
language
A
symbolic system that is codified for communication
letters ina n alphabbet have specific meaning and combine to form ords and sentences
6
Q
language evolves
A
constantly and is vital for shaping ideas about who we are relative to each other in society
7
Q
sapir whorf hypothesis
A
asserts people understand world thru heir language and that language shapes how we experience the world
8
Q
material culture
A
involves physical objects and artifacts
includes clothing , hairstyles, food and design of homes
9
Q
ex of material culture
A
american dream often includes a car a symbol of mobility and independence
10
Q
non material culture
A
specific to social thoughts and ideas such as vlaues
11
Q
popular culture
A
phrase used to describe features of culture that appeal to the masses , often those communicated thru mass media such as radio and TV
12
Q
high culture
A
describes features often limited to the consumption of the elite ex ballet or pera
13
Q
cultural icons
A
signs that represent their meaning in a given culture
14
Q
culture universals
A
patterns or traits that are common to all people
pertain to basic human eperiences including brith death and illness
cultural differences are more common than these
15
Q
values
A
defined as a culture’s standard for evaluating what is good and bad
often define how people in society should behave but do not atcually reflect how people behave
16
Q
beliefs
A
convictions or principles that poeple hold
17
Q
in order to promote societal values
A
laws, sanction or rewards may be in place to encourage behavior inline with social values and discourage behavior counter to values
18
Q
norms
A
visible and invisible rules of social conduct in society
help define what types of behaviors are acceptable and inacceptable in accordance with society’s values and beleifs
19
Q
sociobiology
A
study of how biology and evolution affected human social behavior
appliles darwin’s principle of natural selctio to socila behavior, suggesting there is a biological basis for behavros
20
Q
particular social behaviors persis
A
over generations because they are adaptive for survival
for ex sexual behavior may vary between genders because men have a lower investmentin reproduction than women , who have to carry the abby for nine months
21
Q
socio and biological predisposition
A
argue biological predisposition influenced by social factors
22
Q
ex socio and bio predisposition
A
agressive individual may learn to channel these tendencies away from socially unacceptable acts ex assault and toward socially accepted activities like cae fighting
23
Q
orgins of culture
A
lie in evolution
humans in various societies evolved the ability to categorize and communicate human experience thru symbols
24
Q
cultural diffusion
A
transfer of elements of culture social ideas and processes such as religious traditions from one social group to another contributes to cultural similarities between diff societies
25
diffusion in 1 culture
lead in similarities in belief even in different levels of societies such as among diff classes
can be direct, indirect or forced such as in cultural imperialism
26
rate of diffusion and modern
increased as a result of modern conveniences which offer opportunities for cross cultural communication like modern media and transportation
27
cultural competence
effective interactions between people from diff cultures
| media and transportaions are important
28
cultural transmission
process thru which info is spread across generations or mechs of learning
29
ex of cultural transmission
meme element of culture that spreads from personto person, cutltural transmission is concerned with how this occurs
30
learning social process
occurs when individual experiences in whcih we attach meanings to diff things and learn to remmeber and responnd to these meanings
31
social construction suggests
our realities are produced and reproduced; elements of culture are not static
32
social change
in which soiceties experience a change of state
| can be subtle or radical
33
revolutions
social changes which involve fundamental changes and social restructuring
34
transformative social changes
such as technological innovations often chalange our understanding of the world
35
cultural lag
efers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag. Subsequently, cultural lag does not only apply to this idea only, but also relates to theory and explanation. It helps by identifying and explaining social problems to predict future problems
36
period of cultural lag
can cause social problems such as protests because the process of adaption is difficult
37
foundational work on cultural lag
explained that material culture changes much faster than non material culture which often resists change
38
ex of cultural lag
medical advances in surgical procedures now provide option of permanent contraception such as vaasectomies for mena nd tubal ligations for women
raise ethical questions about reporudction that are not concern for past gens
technologies progressed but new rules are still less clear
39
transition shock occurs and is a result of
ocurs when ind experiences changes such as social changes that necessitate a period of adjustment
40
culture shock
when this disorientation is result of individual being subjected to alt cultures and foreign environements , such as thru leisure travle or permanent relation
involves deeper emotions than homesickness can challenge ind assumptions about their social surroundings
41
reverse culture shhock
involves same experiences as culture shock but upon return to initial environment
experienced when returning to a place that one expects to be home but actually is no longer, is far more subtle, and therefore, more difficult to manage than outbound shock precisely because it is unexpected and unanticipated
42
sociocultural evolution
set of theories describig processes thru which societies and cultures ave progressed over time
individual behaviro and social structures continuously transform in response to complex needs
changes due to social factors such as interactions rather than biological factors
43
socio evol less concerned
with evolution of human bodies but questions how human minds have evolved for us to suceed as beings with natural social tendencies
44
2 theories of sociocultural evolution
modernization
| soicobiology
45
modernization
used to explain the process of modernization within societies. Modernization refers to a model of a progressive transition from a 'pre-modern' or 'traditional' to a 'modern' society
46
sociobiology
field of scientific study that is based on the hypothesis that social behavior has resulted from evolution and attempts to examine and explain social behavior within that context.
47
population
collection of poeple in a defined geographical area and also refers to the number of people in the area
48
factors which influence population growth and decline
brith rates, detah rates and migration rates
49
world is currently experiencing a period of
population growth with an annual growth rate of 1.2% expected to continue for many decades
50
popultion growth rate
rate of population change in a specified time period reported as percent of initial population
positive indicates increase negative indicates decrease
used to measure population growtha dn decline
51
overpopulattion
when there are more people than can be sustained
| concern in societies that are growing
52
carrying capcity
total possible population that can be supported with relevant resources without significant negative effects in a given area
53
population equilibrium
is met at maximum load
| poppulations tend to increase and decrease until they reahc this point
54
population projections
estimates of future populations made from math extrapolations of previous datas
55
traditional projectiosn are based on
birth rates, death rates and migration rates and do not consider unpredicted effects of population such as catastrophes
56
global population in 2011
reached 7 billion
57
experts project an increase in population
until at least 2050 wih upper estimates ranging from 9 to 11 billion despite decreases in worldwide fertility rates
58
projections suggest that the greatest contributions are made from
less devloped reions
59
9 countries expected to
contribute to more than 50% ofthe world's population,
60
ins ome developed regions,
death rate exceeds birth rate , which coupled with the increasing life exppectancies suggest poulation declines; however migration is expected to balance this unchanged population
projected declines in some countries such as Eastern European countreis where there are high death rates and high emigration rates as the result of devestating genocides
61
population pyramids
graphical illustrations which are used to represent population distributions in particular age and sex distributions
62
population pyramids create cohorts
create age and sex specific groups ( cohorts ) using either total population ( number of people in each group ) or percentages ( percentage of total population in each group )
63
x axis represents
the population
64
y axis
seperates men and women with the traidtion positioning of men on L and females on R
65
expansive population
wide at base, representing high birth rate and high death rate
clear and distinct hape that describes social structure
66
population pyramid can help predict
population trends and determine social needs for dependents such as children and people of retirement age
67
crude birth rate
annual number of births per 1000 people in a population
68
crude birth rates low and high
10-20 low
| 40-50 high
69
crude death rate
annual number of deaths per 1000 people ina poulation
70
crude death rates low and high
below 10 low
| above 20 is high
71
death rates are highest in
subsaharan African nations
72
rate of population change
difference beween crude birtha nd death rate
73
age specific birth and death rates
annual number of births and deaths per 1000 people in an age group
74
fertility
ability of women to reproduce
75
fecundity
potential reproductive capacity of a woman
76
general fertility rate
annual number of births per 1000 women in a complication
77
total fertility rate
predicts total umber of births per single woman in a population with the assumption that the woman experiences the current recorded age specific fertility rates and reaches the end of her reproductive life
78
most women are capable of reproduction
between age of 15 and 45 childbearing years
79
replacement fertility rate
fertility rate at which the population will remain balanced
80
sub replacement fertillity
indicates birth rate is less than death rate thus the population size will not be sustained
81
population lag effect
refers to the fact that changes in total fertility rates are often not reflected in the birth rate for several generations
result of population momentum
82
population momentum
which children produced during periods of higher fertility rates reproduce, there are more women of reproductive age and thus more births overall , regardless of the number of births per women
83
clearer idea of demographic trends
fertility rates offer a clearer idea
| crude births rates do not consider age or sex differences
84
mortality
death rate in a population
| also includes both general and specific measures
85
morbidity
refers to the nature and extent of disease n a population
86
prevalence rate
measures the number of individuals experiencing a disease
87
incidence rate
number of new cases of a disease
88
case fatality rate
measures deaths as the result of a set diagnosis or procedure sometimes specific to beginning or late stages
reference to death rates in medicine often concern these
89
current leading cause of death worldwide
ischemic heart disease
90
correlation between GDP and nation's crude death rate
inverse correlation
91
crude death rate is not sensitive to factors
with a natural correlation to death such as age sturcture
92
infant mortality rate
annual number of deaths per 1000 infants under 1 year of age
lowest in European countries such as ICeland at a low of 5 and highest in sub Saharan regions of Africa such as Sierra Leone at a high of 170
93
life expectancy
number of years that an individual at a given age can expect to live at present mortality rates
94
estimates of global life expectancies
range from 36 to 79 years
95
life expectancies highest and lowest
Malawi lowest
| Canada , Iceland, Sweden and Switzerland highest
96
developed regions tend to have
lower birth rates and detah rates
97
factors contributing to decreasing crude birth rates
access to contraception , costs associated with raising a child and other social changes
98
decreasing crude death rates are caused by
improvements in agriculture, medicine and sanitation
99
historic exs of dramatic population declines
european black death and great irish famine
which is less problematic in modern world
ossible to be sliht increases in death rate as the prevalence of prevnetabl diseases increases dueto poor fitness and nutrition and other poor health behaviors like substance abuse
100
migration
geographical movemnet of indiviudals familiesor other small or large groupsof pople
implies intetion of permanent re location
101
nomadism
traditional method of continuous travel in search of natural resources as a method of sustenance ( hunting and gathering)
not considered migration because there is no settle
102
external migration
cross border or internation migration involves migration to another nation
103
motivations for external migration
often economic or political in nature
104
internal migration
migration to another region of the same nation
105
motivatioons for internal migration
economic in nature as individuals pursue better organizations such as education
106
voluntary migration
result of internal factors such as personal decision
107
involuntary migration
forced migration
result of external factors that pose a threat to the inidviudal in their initial environment and are often a form of social control such as ethnic cleaning
108
settlers
those who migrate to unsettled areas
109
refugees
those who migrate to settled areas as a result of displacement
110
colonization
which involves migration to settled areas in which dominance is exerted over the foreign state
often exploitation of indigenous peoples with the use of harsh tactics such as divide and conquer of territories as well as disregard for existing social structures
original inhabitants are often marginalized
111
immigration
involves entering a new area and these people are called immigrants and can be either legal or illegal residents
112
emigration
leaving of old area and these people are called emigrants
113
reverse migration
return migration return of inidviduals to their former homes
114
Everett Lee
differentiated between push and pull factors tin migration
115
push factors
things that are unattractive about an A and push people to live
often economic political or religious in form: active oppression of social groups , additional forms of prejudice and discrimination such as housing discrimination; insufficient access to social resources such as education or social services to meet basic needs such as shelter widespread inequalities such as health dispairities
116
genocide
ass execution with intention of eliminating a specific social group
117
pull factors
things that are attractive about the area which pull people there
opposite of push factors, include positive opportuinties for economic, political , relgious freedom and sucess
118
interaction between push and pull factors
contribute to rates of migration
119
social geography
interested the distribution of individuals and social groups
120
urbanization
refers to growth of urban areas as people move from rual to urban areas as the result of global change
121
urbanization is tied to
industrialization
122
industrialization
process thru which societies transform from agrarian to industrial in nature
industrialized countries have more people living in urban areas than non inustrial lized countries
123
global urbanization rate
| US urbanization rate
global: 50%
US: 80%
124
reasons people live in urban areas
for economic advancements cities provide
more employment opportunities as well as being places where money and weath are localized
more social services
125
rual flight
rual exodus
| studies migration from rual areas to urban areas from other perceptives
126
emigration from rual areas is often related to
decreasing emphasis on agricultural processes
127
suburbanization
leads to urban decline
| refers to population growth on fringes of urban areas as people move from urban areas to suburban areas
128
suburbs
residential satelite comunities located in peripheral region of major urban centerss that are often connected to the cities in some fashion
129
people living in suburbs US
more in suburbs than cities but suburbs individual tend to be less populated than cities
130
white flight
historical ex of suburbanization that involve the migration of whites from cities to more racially homogous suburbs
131
urban sprawl
migration to metropolitian regions is example of urban sprawl
migration of people from urban areas to otherwise remote areas
describes the expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, monofunctional and usually car-dependent communities, in a process called suburbanization
132
negative effect of urban sprawl
include urban blight
occurs when less functioning areas of large cities degrade as a result of urban decline
forms of migration can thus lead to desolate properties , such as condemned houses and the resulting dangerous conditions can contribute to an increase in crime levels in blighted areas
those who remain in the blighted areas are often poor and have less access to social amenities and opportunities
133
gentrification
refers to the renovation of urban areas ( as people move from rual or suburban areas back to urban areas) in the process of urban renewal
often specific to the intro of wealthier residents to the cities who then help to restore th existing infrastructure, which alters the region's demographics and economics
134
ex of gentrification
conversion of old industrial buildings to high end loft style buildings brings new businesses to the area to serve the new middle class population
135
urban renewal
redevelopment of urban area
| gentrification is an example of this
136
urban renewal causes
much social change with both positive and negative effects
| it can increase the tax base but it can also lead to displacement of the original local people
137
urban renewal can be mechanism
for reform or a mechanism for control
138
Demographic transition (DT)
tranistoin from overall higher to overall lower birth and death rates as a result of country's development from a pre industrial to industrial framework due to both economic and social changes
139
DT fertility and mortality rates
decrease as in transition from agricultural to manufacturing society
140
DT long term effects
stable population
141
DT model stages
transition stages are specific
developed countries further along transition than developing countries but most countries have started to experience changes in crude birtha dn death rate
142
limits of DT
does not consider additional social factors that affect birth rates like religious influences
143
Thomas Robert Malthus
argued population is result of available resources for sustenance such as productive farmland
humans are inclined to reproduce and thsu population growth is often exponential expecially during times of excess
144
Malthusianism
states that possible rate of population increase exceeds the possible rate of resource increase
criticism of utopian views
145
utopian views
explaining taht the rules of nature make it impossible for population to increase unchecked without serious distress due to nsufficient resources
146
Malthusianism : negative effects
subject lower class to ppor living conditions
147
2 forms of check on popultaion growth
positive
| preventative
148
positive checks
raise death rate like disease, hunger and wars
149
preventative checks
lower birth rate like abstinence , birth control, late marriage and same sex relationships
150
Malthusian catstrophe
occurs when means of sustenance are not enough to support the poulation, resulting in population reduction thru actual or predicted famine
151
neomalthusianism
movement based on principlals that advocate for poulation control in order to reduce negative effects of population strain such as environmental effects
152
Malthus found controlled populations
to be more stable in terms of economics and standard s of living in particular
153
Demography
study of human population dynamics, including size, structure and distribution of poulation and changes in poulation over time due to birth death and migration
154
demographical data is derived mostly from
consensus and focus on specific indicators of chnage like birth and death also known as mortaliy rates
155
2013 US
3rd most poulous country in the world
156
at age 85 and older
women outnumber men 2 to 1
157
race
biological, anthropoliogical or genetic origin of individual
158
categories of race
white, black or african american, american indian or alska native
asian
native hawaiian or other pacific islander
159
ethnicity
socially defined concept referring to whether or not people identify with each other based on shared social experience or ancestry
160
2009 US foreign born population
13%
approx 11 million aliens
latin americans accounts for just over hald of all people who are foreign born in US aand largest source of legal and illegal imigrants
161
rapid delin
in totlal global fertility rate
162
as of 2012 estimated fertility rate for american femals
1.8u subreplacement fertility
163
current life expectancy
at irth is 78 years on average
| 75 for men and 80 for women
164
Great migration
ex of domestic migration
increase in black migration to the now urban South as racial relations improved
N started to deindustrialize and opportunities for work prompted migration to specific areas in the south such as georgia
165
demograpphic often focus
on subsets of poulation with the intent of describing the shared characteristics of members of these subsets
166
some uses of demographics
advertising strategies use demographics to address specific audiences
criitics argue uses are limited because generalizations are made
describe social groups rather than individuals
167
minorities
demo groups that receive differential treatment thru processes of prejudice and discrimination due to their shared characteristics
have lower statuses than other groups considered inferior
168
minorities are termed
not for their size but for their disparate social experiences and description holds regard of poulation size
169
women are considered
minorities because of their perceived status as inferior and subordinate to men
170
dominate groups
those who have social power to assign these labels
171
demographic measures include
age, gender, race, and ethnicity, sexual orientation and immgration status
172
age
measures people's positio between birth and death and subsequent position changes over time
173
western societies commonly use
numerical age , chronological measurement that begins at birth (thus babies are age 0 at birth)
174
age is disinguished
from measures of prenatal development such as gestational age although some societies do consider this and thus babies are age 9 months at birth if full term
175
most basic categories of age described in 4 categories
juveniles ( infants, children, preadolescents and adolescents )
early adults
middle adults
late adults
176
juveniles ( infants, children, preadolescents and adolescents )
0-19 years
177
early adults
20-39 years
178
middle adults
40-59 years
179
late adults
60+ years
180
teenagers
13-18
181
age cohorts
ex of statistical cohorts in which group of subjects share the characteristic of age
182
cohort studies
conduct research for extended periods of time to better understand different perspectives of those in the cohort and those in the general population
longitudinal studies which use age cohorts
183
generations
generational cohorts
groups of people born in the same period
share specific experiences that become representative of the group population ex Generation X
184
demographic age profield
describe populations in terms of age groups
185
population aging
occurs whhen there is disproportionate amount of older people in population
raises concerns such as health care demands and provider shortages
186
ageism
prejudice or discrimination againsta person based on age , often against older people
187
social aging
reflects biological changes in multidimensional process in which individuals experience complex emotional and social changes
188
factors contributing to optimal aging and predict objective and subjective measures of well being in adults
active engagement , interpersonal relatoinships , personal control and social support
189
economic consequences of rising median age
increased requirements pension liabilities , retirement packages , and workers compensation
190
increase of children leads to
greater demands for social resources such as education
191
younger people are more likely to
contribute to social changes , such as the creation of new technologies or the push for political change
192
rites of passages
rituals reflect important life translations and also include more personal change such as marriage
193
Eastern cultures and elders
respect older people for their expectations and wisdom
| Western cultures see aging as undesirable
194
sex
biological characteristics that is assigned at birth and permanent in most cases: it is based on chromosomes, external genitalia , gonads and hormones
195
categories of sex
male XY female XX albeit
196
gender
```
social characteristic ( construction) that is learned and flexible ; based on behavioral role expectations
categories are male and female
```
197
gender can be influenced by
nature and nurture
198
gender studies
men's , women's and LGBT studies
| interested in consequences of social processes
199
gender roles
describe social and behavioral expectations for men and women
expectations are internalized and become connected to our self identities ( how we think about ourselves) and thus influence our behavior
dependent on cultural historical context
behaviors considered proper for men and women
200
gender expression
external manifestation of gender roles
201
sexism
prejudice or discrimination against a person based on gender or sex often against women
202
classic ex of gender inequalities
marriage
women received an increased number of responsiblities
expectation that women will be subordinat to men and limits representation of women in the public sphere , whcih also limits the opportunities women have for the reasoning process that society values
203
deviation from gender roles
tends to create social disorder
204
transsexual individuals
have gender identities that are inconsistent with their biological sex divisions
much prejudice and discrimination against transsexual communities
205
gender segregation
seperation of genders
| social structure contribute to this for economic , political , religious or social reasons
206
problem of gender segregation
often seperates people based on apparent biological distinctions rathe r than gender identities
207
sex segregation
physical, legal, and cultural separation of people according to their biological sex. This is distinct from gender segregation, which is the separation of people according to social constructions of gender
208
race
description of distinct social group based on certain chared characteristics
often inherited biological traits and thus manifest in appearances can also be cultural, ethnic and geographical in nature
209
ethnicit
description of distinctive social group based on certain shared characteristics
210
shared characteristics of ethnicity
common ancestral, culltural, geographical , historical, linguistic, and or national experiences, and members of the same ethnic group often share similar appearances, cuisines, fashions, ideologies, languages and dialects and so forth
211
five largest ethnic groups
```
han chinese
hindustani
arabs
bengalis
russians
```
212
ethnogenesis
social process that results in the creation of seperate ethnicities
213
ethnicity vs nationality
Nationality (noun) is the relationship between a person and the political state to which he belongs or is affiliated. Ethnicity (noun) is the identification of a person with a particular racial, cultural, or religious group
214
ex of ethnogenesis
development of small subethnic groups , tribes into independent ethnic groups
ethnic groups founded in the same population share close features such as related related languages
215
races and ethnicities
are social construct
216
shared identities
formed on the basis of shared historical and social experiences
217
racism
prejudices and actions that discriminate based on race , or hold that one race is inferior to another
seen when dominant group or majority usually white holds a prejudice or engages in discrimination, whether intentional or not against non dominant or minority groups usually not white
discrimination on ethic basis
218
ethnocentrism
describes biases that result when people look at issues from perspective of a particular culture background
219
Michael Omi and HOward Winat racial formaion perspective
race is not genetic but constructed thru economic, political and social forces that have the social control tto create categories of race and ascribe meanings to these categories
220
racial formation perspective created with purpose
of deconstructing race in its modern form
arguments different from traditional race theories in that race is seen as a complex and fluid social construct rather than a concrete and static characteristic enforce thru both micro and macro level processes
argues without social processes, differences in biological features are meaningless
221
racial formation ex presidential election consciousness
increase in consciousness is result of political success of president Obama due to his sucess disruption of our racial expectations for politicians not his pigmentation
violation served to reinforce labels racial thru important social sturctures such as media
schoalrs also argue that race is fundamental and pervasive component of social structire in US
race is constructed and made important thru processes of social learning
222
racialization
ethnicization
social process in which dominant group ascribes racial or ethnic identites perceived or real to groups that do not otherwise relate to the labels
processes are used as forms of social control often as part of imperialism or nationalism
223
sexual orientation
describes the direction of a person's romantic or sexual attraction or behavior
224
three main sexual orientations
heterosexula: orientation toward opposite gender or sex
homo: orientation toward same gender or sex
bisexual: orientation toward both genders or sexes
225
pansexual
attracted to epopel irrespective of gender or sex
226
asexuality
lack of sexual attration
suggested fourth sexual orientation
diff from decision to be absinent or celibate for personal reasons
227
sexuality exists
along a continuum with extremes being exclusive attraction to same gender
228
Kiinsey scale 0 to 6
0: exclusive hetereo
1: incidental homo behavior
2: more than incidental homo behavior
3: equal amount of homo and hetero behavior
4: more than incidental hetero behavior
5: incidental hetero behavior
6: exclusively homo
229
heterosexism
prejudice or discrimination against a person based on sexual orientation towards the same sex ex homophobic attracions
230
heteronormative beliefs
hetero preferred sexual orientation
| strict gender roles
231
prejudice and discrim against non hetero
can be politcial , economic, religious or social in nature
| sometiems there are public sanctions reinforcing these blelifs
232
beleif that non hetero behavior
is unnatura for certain reasons it does not permit reproduction
233
sexual orientation is a human characteristics
tht is generally resistant to change
234
most immigrants
moved to developed countries
235
American dream
ideological construct that offers individuals the opportunities for happiness and success with the proper amount of deterination
central promise has contributed to rise in migration to US in search for better life and enhanced perosnal freedoms
236
four periods of immigration in US
17th and 18th centuries
mid 19th century
early 20th century
late 20th century to now
237
17th and 18th centuries
English colonists migrated to US colonial period
indentured servants also migrated thru this process
accounting for more than half of all immigrants from Europe during the period
238
mid 19th century
most migrants from northern europe
239
early 20th century
most migrants from southern and Eastern europe
ex jewish refugees went to US in flight from nazi regime in WW2
peak of European migration was 1907 after which social context of US made conditions less suitabble for immigration
240
late 20th century to now
majority from asia and latin america
top 5 leading countries of origin are mexico, china, phillipines, india an dcuba
most immigrants are women in 15-35 age range
241
immigration to US is often selective
70% of foreign born people in US reside in 7 states
| California, Florida, Illinois,New Jersey, NNew YOrk, Pennsylania and TExas
242
quotas based
on origin but limits do not consider populations thus max number of vias offered is same for all countries
243
immigration controls
formal policies that define and regulate who has right to settle in an area
restricts legal immigration and increases need for economic and political resources to ensure an individual's sucess in migrating
244
imigration controls and immigrants
creates disadvantage for poor migrants , those same people who are exploited by cheap labour
245
most legal immigration is granted on basis of
family reuification, employment skills and humanitarian reasons
246
globalization
process of increased inetrdependence of societies and connections between people across the world
247
telecommunications
use modern technologies to ease challenges of communicating across distances and contribute to the integration of economical, political and social processes worldwide
248
economic interdependence
division of labor ona global scale countries miht have the demand for products without the internal means oof production
249
outsourcing
contracting of third parties for specific opinions
can be domestic or foreign but finiancila savings associated with foreign outsourcing ahve made it a focus of much opposition
250
non governmental org NGOS
those without official gov affiliation with the intention of contributing to lessening global issues
ex include doctors without borders which is commited to lessening global inequalities in helath
251
cultural consequnences of globalization
as sharing of cultures leads to more foreign choices such as cuisines and media options
can lead to disintegration of local culture as new ideas are welcome
252
globalization contributions
to migration rates thsu changing demo in area
| creae environmental challenges such as air pollution resulting from increased transportation
253
dramatic ex resulting social changes in globalization
civil unrest
| terrorism
254
civil unrest
civil disorder
involve forms of collective behavior in which there is public expression of the group's concern, often in response to major social problems like with political demonstrations and protests
255
civil unrest consequences
destruction of public properties and interruption of important services
256
terrorism
use of violence with intention of creating fear in the target communities
can be commited for ideological, nationalistic, political, religious or other reasons
no one form
257
defining characteristic of terrorist acts
indiscriminate violence, involves violence directed towards non combatants
258
political benefits of globalization
offers greater democratic representaion of less developed countries as a result of new politcial instiuutions
international bodies concerned with human issues such as environmental such as CFC emissions and nuclear proliferation and promote international cooperation in addressing issues such as researching alternative energies and conservation
259
political consequences of globalization
contributes to disintegration of democratic values
economic issues inherent in globalization such as concentration of economic power in developed countries contribute to oppressive politics
contributor to social control
260
social movements reflect
public disatisfaction and collective to esponse economic political or social issues
necessitating the presence of two opposing groups those who support the current social and hose who support change
261
social movements arise
when formal means of participation like voting do not address the concerns of the public
262
processes involving social movements might contribute
to intermediate disruption of social order but purpose is to protect core values of modern societies: civil rights, freedom, justice, protection
most sucessful movements are result of critical social problems whihc violeates these central values
263
freedo of speech
aand industrialization and urbanization may function in the unprecedented increase in use of public participation to challenge existing social structures and facillitate positive changes
264
relative deprivation
contributing factor to public participation
refers to concious experience fo indiviudals or groups that do not ahve the resourcs needed for the socila services and experiences that are seen as appropriate to their social position
265
relative deprivation refers to
the feeling of being entitlted to more than what one has in their current situtaio based on relative standards
can be politcial , economic or social
266
most sucessful moveents
have strong leadershhip
| charisatic leaders help create allied communities of consensus and have coordinating roles
267
use of telecommunications
one of the most important strategies used in modern social movements
internet made it easier to accomplish sucessful formation of groups
268
peaceful social movements
are often more sucessful in gaining public's support
| less threatening and more in line with central concept of socia movements
269
social stratification
way people are categorized in society ; people can be categorized by race, education, wealth and income
most resources comprise top tiers of stratification while least resources comprise of botto tiers
270
social stratification is a system which serves to
define differences or inequalities and reinforce and perpetuate them
271
caste system
describes a closed stratification where people can do nothing to change the category they are born into
272
class system
considers both social and inidviudal intitaive and groups together people of similar welath, income education
poeple can strive to reahc higher calss
273
class system constrained mobility
```
because person's class position affords them only a certain amount of resources
can supplement resources wihth dff forms of capital gained from social institutions such as education
```
274
meritocracy
another straitifictaion system that uses merit or personal effort to establish social standing ; idealized system no society solely stratifies based on effort
275
socioeconomic status SES
is how most sociologists define stratification in terms of
defined in terms of power ( ability to get people to do something) property ( sum of possesisons and income) and prestige ( reputation in society ) because these three concepts tend to be related to US socitey
276
Us classes
Upper
MIddle
Working
LOwer
277
Upper
top 3% of the population who earn mililions to bilioins in annual income;epopel in upper class tend to posess a larger amount of powwer, property and prestige
278
middle class
40% of poulation who earns 46000 and up to the cut off for the upper class
279
working
30% of the population who earns between 19000 and 45000
280
lower class
27% of the population who earn less than 18000
281
persisting ineuqality in US socitety reasons
1. those with most power are highly motivated to maintiani their status and have measn to control and protect system that keeps them at top and others at bottom
own most of companies and factories
capable of influencing legislature by supporting certian politicains and lobbying or advvocating for tax laws
ingrained in society
282
INequality persists because people are socialized to the
concept of accepting ther porsition in life
welathy parents socialize their parents to expct welath and power while poor parents socialize their children to expect the same level of income their parents make
educational system serves to reinforce inequalities
283
social mobility
refers to ability to move up or down within the social stratification system
284
upward mobiliity
refers increase iin social class
285
downward mobility
decerase in social class
286
intergenerational mobility
occurs when there is a decrease or increase in social class between parents and children in a family
287
intragenerational moility
differences in social class between different members of the same generation
288
Karl marx theorized capitalism will divide soxiety into two classes
those who owned the means of production bourgeousise and those who worked for their owners proletariat
as owners buy up means of production from smaller business owners more and more poeple will be forced into proletariat
289
as proletariat grows larger and larger
members of class will develop a new awareness of theirstatus as worker
290
class conciousness
```
an indiviudual's awareness of his or her membership in a social class
not all indiviudlas gain awareness of class relations
bourgeousie take capitalism for granted instead of seeing it as a historically situated and transient econonomic system
```
291
false conciousness
when individuals do not recognize the state of class relaions under capitalism
can happen to members of proletariat who believe strong in meritocracy and eocnomic rationality
fail to realize faith in meritocracy can work against ther class interests by hiding the consequences of existing relations of production
exploitation by bourgeousie
292
social reproduction
refers to structures and activities in place in a society that serve to transmit and reinforce social inequlity
293
two mechanisms thru which social reproduction occurs
cultural capital
| social capital
294
cultural captial
non financial social assets that promote soical mobility
ex education it gives someone potential to be upwardly mobile though there a lot of reasons why inequalities in the US educational system may prevent someon e fro being upwardly mobile
295
social capital
potential for social networds to allow for upward mobility
powerful way to tap into vast networks of resources but can also serve to reinforce inequalities already present in socitey
296
ex of socila capital
yojng woman comes from upper middle class familya nd wants to become a doctor, her mom might introduce her to a friend who is a doctor, whoc an offer her some advice and set her up for a shadowing opportunity
297
power
ability to get people to do something
298
prestige
reputation in society
299
power and prestige
rely on privilege and are aspectes of SES
300
privilege
set of unearned benefits one receives because of some attribute largely outside of their control like one's gender, race, class, sexual identity, citizenship status or ability
301
situations occur where one form of privilege
can mitiagate disadvantage
302
intersectionality
analytical approahc which seeks to highlight the ways different identities intersect within individuals and social groups to produce unique social positions
303
sociologists conducting intersectional analyses
assertthat for example the social positio of a black lesbian cannot be understood by considering her blackness and then her non heterosexuality
rather a unique position of black lesbian must be considered in its own right
identities whether privileged or disadvantaged do not combine additively and should not be considered seperatedly
304
person's social position shapes
his or her life chances
| people navigate social institutions better based on his or her social position
305
social institutions are not constraining
when inidviduals can navigate them with ease
306
disparity exists between
those who can easily navigate institution and those who cannot
307
major factor that affects access to health care when in need
one's ability to pay for health care
| must be bought like other goods
308
socioeconomic gradient in health
transcends ability to pay for medical care extends to conditions in which people live
one's ses can affect where they ive and the type of work they do
309
global stratifcation
compares welath, economic ,stability andpower of various countries
310
comparison across the globe highlights worldwide patterns of
global inequality
certain countries hold ajoriy of resources
access to resources among countries seriously impacts other social factors such as mortality
burden of inequlity is placed on certain segments of poepoulatio
311
high income countries include
US , canada, many western european countries
312
low income countries nclude
india, nigeria and china
313
women are dispproportionately affected y
poverty
| bear brunt of unequal distribution of resources
314
relative poverty
inability to meet average standard of living in society
315
absolute poverty
inability to meet bare minimum of basic necessities icnluding clear drinking water, safe housing and reliable access to health care
316
social epidemiology
study of distribution of health and disease across a popultion with focus on using social concepts to explain patterns of health and illness in population
317
helath care disaprities include
pouplation specificdifferences in presence of disease, health outcomes, qulity of health care across difference socila groups
318
social epidemiologyc an help explain
some of the health care disparities that exist across multiple social constructs including gender race and class
319
women are traditionally exlcuded from research for the folowing reasons
female menstrual cyclce and consequent menopause presented a fluctuating variable affecting her physiology and imapct the results of a drug study for ex
females might get pregannt and no research is conducted on pregnant women
studies that includ e both womena nd men are considered more difficult to conudct
320
gender bias
when women and men receive diff treatment for sam edisease and illness
321
drug dosing
extrapolating info to womenwomen expereincing drowsiness in morning folowing prescribed usage leading to increase in car accidentis
esting found tdrug dosage too high for women
322
infant mortality rates are
twice as high for african americans than whiet poeple
323
risk of cancer, heart disease and diabetes
is higher for african americans than white peole
324
lower income areas
have fewer health care facilities and lack of health insurance prevents many lower income poeplme from seeking regulaar and preventative health care
