Ch 7.3 Flashcards
1
Q
6 factors that influence conformity
A
group size unanimity cohesion status accountability no prior commitment
2
Q
group size
A
a group doesn’t have to be very large but a group of 3-5 poeple will elicit more conformity than 1-2 people
3
Q
unanimity
A
there is strong pressure not to dissent when everyone else agrees however if one person disagrees, others are more likely to voice their real opinions
4
Q
cohesion
A
an individual will more likely be swayed to agree with opinions that come from somone within a group with whom the individual identifies
5
Q
status
A
higher status people have stronger influence on opinions
6
Q
accountability
A
people tend to conform more when they must respond in front of others rather than in closed formats in which they cannot be held accountable for their opinions
7
Q
no prior committment
A
once people have made public commitments , they tend to stick to them ex somoene has taken a pledge to become a fraternity brother he is more likely to follow the norms of that group
8
Q
social structures are composed of five elements
A
statuses, social roles, groups , social networsk and organizations
all 5 are developed thru process of socialization
9
Q
status
A
broad term in sociology that refers to all the socially defined positons within society
10
Q
status and people
A
people can hold multiple statuses at the same time
11
Q
master status
A
one that dominates the others and determines that individual’s general position in society
sometimes it is not the one the individual prefers
12
Q
statuses may
A
be ascribed or achieved
13
Q
ascribed status
A
those that are assigned to person by society regardless of the person’s own efforts
aslo come with role expectations
14
Q
ex of ascribed status
A
gender and race
15
Q
achieved status
A
considered to be due largely to the individual’s efforts
16
Q
ex of achieved status
A
doctor , parent
17
Q
social roles
A
expectations for people of a given social status
18
Q
roles contribute
A
to society’s stability by making things more predictable
19
Q
role conflict
A
happens when there is a conflict in society’s expectations for multiple statuses held by the same person
20
Q
ex role conflict
A
male nurse
gay priest
21
Q
role strain
A
when a single status results in conflicting expectations
22
Q
ex role strain
A
homosexual man may feel pressure to avoide being too gay
23
Q
role exit
A
process of disengaging from a role that has become closely tied to one’s self identity to take on another
24
Q
ex role exit
A
transition from high school student to more independent college student living on campus with peers
25
social network
web of social relationships, including those in which a person is directly linked to others as well as those in which people are indirectly connected thru others
often based on groups that individuals belong to
26
ex of social network
Facebook
27
organizations
large more impersonal groups that come together to pursue particular activities and meet goals efficiently
tend to complex and hierarchically structured
28
organizations serve the purpose
of increasing efficiency, predictability, control and uniformity in society, allow knowledge to be passed down more easily so individual people become more replaceable
29
ex of organization's purpose
McDonald's is an organization one may expect a particular experience and menu options regardless of who is actually working at that particular restaurant
30
three types of organizations
utilitarian
normative
coercive
31
utilitarian
those in which members get paid for their efforst
| ex business
32
normative
motivate membership based on morally relevant goals
| ex mothers against drunk driving
33
coercive organizations
those which members do not have a choice in joining ex prison
34
emotions arise
based on our typically unconscious appraisals of situations
ability of quickly appraise situations using emotion has evolutionary significance
35
more complex emotions
have important influences on our memories, expectations, and interpretations
36
detection of emotions in other using clues
body language, tone and pitch in their voices and expression in their faces
37
people can look at a
face for a mere tenth of a second to accurately judge the emotion that it portrays
38
areas of the face thta convey the most emotions
eyes and mouth
39
women's greater sensitivity to nonverba cues
explain their greater emoional literacy or ability to describe their emotions
capable of describing more complex emotions
mens tend to describe emotions
40
anger
is considered the most masculine emotion
41
empathy
ability to identify with others' emotions , is relatively equal between the sexes
women more likely to express empathy by crying or reporting genuine distress at another's misfortune
42
culture
provides an additional filter for interpreting emotion
| gestures vary widely between cultures
43
gestures
movements of hands and body that are used to express emotion
44
impression management
aka self presentation
concious or unconcious process whereby people attempt to manage their own images by influencing the perceptions of others
achieved by controlling either the amount or type of information or the social interaction
45
people construct images
of themselves and want others to see them in certain lights
46
assertive strategies for impression management
use of active behaviors to shape our self presentation such as talking oneself up and showing off flashy status symbols to demonstrate desired image
47
defensive strategies for impression mangemnet
avoidance and self handicapiing
48
self handicapping
stratgy in which people create obstacles and excuses to aviod self blame when they do poorly,
easy to erect external hindrance to explain our poor performance or having others consider an internal characteristicto be the cuase of porr performance
49
ex of self handicaping
student who loudly lets everyone know before an exam that she didn't study
strategy such that if she receives a poor grade on the exam, it can't be blamed on her intelligence ( an internal characterstic that is likely an important element of her self esteem) but must rather be blamed on an external factor , the fact that she didn't study
50
dramaturgical perspective
socilogy stems from symbolic interactionism and posits that we imagine ourselves as playing certain roles when interacting with otehrs
uses theater as metaphor for the way we present ourselves: we base our presentations on cultural values, norms and expectations with the ultimate goal of presenting an acceptable self to others
51
dramaturgical perspective suggests
that our identities are not necessarily stable but dependent on our interactions with others; in this way, we constantly remake who we are, depending on the situations are in
52
social interaction broken into two types
front stage
| back stage
53
front stage
play a role and use impression management to craft the way we come across to other people
54
back stage
we can let down our guard and be ourselves
55
nonverbal communication
involves all methods for communication that we use that do not include words
includes, gestures, touch , body language,eye contact , facila expression and a host of finer subtleties
56
act of communicating verbally
also employs a of nonverbal cues , such as pitch , volume, rate, intonation, and rhythm
nonverbal cues in wrting include use of capitalization , and punctuation and spacing
57
animals that live in social groups
mus be able to convey info about food, territory, dominance heirarchies , mating, predator
58
warning colors
bright colors meant to advertise to predators that the organism is toxic or noxious
bright colours such as orange and red are rare in nature, most organisms that are brightly colore are either toxic or mimicking a toxic organism
59
milk weed and toxins
contains toxins that monarch sequesters( hides away) , making monarch toxic to birds, bird eats monarch and gets sick and often vomits
beneficial to monarch species because vomiting is a form of conditioning that is acquired rather rapidly and is quite resistant to extinction
60
vomiting
indicates smething is poisonous is ingested
61
mimicry
similarity of one organism, usually an animal, to another that has evolved because the resemblance is selectively favoured by the behaviour of a shared signal receiver that can respond to both
viceroy mimicks the coloring of the monarch
62
bright colors ex
red breasted robin use bright colors to attract mates
| communicate info to others in their species Carolina anole type of lizard
63
ex certain bir species
emit a pure tone aarm noise that warns their neighbors of danger
nature makes it difficult for predator to locate bird that made the call
same species can employ a completely different sound for mating purposes , for which it is important to locate the source of the sound
64
bats
employ a very sophisticated system of echolocation, serves as a form of self communication
65
chemical signals
may operate on a much slower scale than visual auditory communication , they can last much longer
66
pheromones
term for chemical messengers employed by animals to communicate with each other
employed within a given species to attract mates
67
ex of pheromones ants
release alarm pheromones , death pheromones, food pheromones
68
attraction
between members of the same species is a primary component of love , and explains much about about friendship, romantic relationships and other close social relationships
69
three characteristics foster attraction
proximity
physical attractiveness
similarity
70
proximity
geographic nearness
most powerful predator for friendship
people are more inclined to like, befriend and even marry others from sma e class, neghborhood, or office
71
mere exposure effect
people prefer repeated exposure to same stimuli
72
familiarity
breeds fondness
partially explains common affinity for celebrities and the fact that many people vote based on name recognition alone , regardless of whether or not they know much about a candidate
tendency to like those in close proximity , evolutionary foundation, familiar faces were likely ones that could be trusted
73
appearance
powerful impact on attraction
| important predictor of attraction
74
studies show people rate
physical attractive people higher on number of characteristics and traits they are somehow more likeable
75
aspects of attractiveness
vary across culture
some appear universal such as youthful appearance in women , maturity, dominance, influence i men
also influenced by personality traits
76
similarity
between poeple ipacts attraction
friends and partners likely to share common values, beliefs, interests and attitudes
more alike poeple are, more their liking for each other endures the passage of time
77
agression
defined as a behaviors which is forceful, hostile or attacking
sociology: something that is intended to cause harm or promote social dominance within a group
can be communicated verbally or actions or gestures
78
animals employ agression
as a means for protecting resources such as territory, food and mates
79
agression is considered
an innate instinct
80
three types of predictors of agression
genetic, neural, biochemical
81
identifcal twin studies suggests that thre is
some genetic predisposition towards agressiveness, f one has a temper the other twin will likely have one as well
82
lobes in brains and agression
no locus in brain that controls agression
| certain areas facilitate agression while other ares in frontal lobe inhibit agression
83
biochemical
alter neural control of agression
alcohol can lower agression inhibition
making someone more agressive while drunk
tend to demonstrate less agression when castrate
84
frustration agression principle
suggests that when someone is blocked from achieving a goal, frustration can trigger anger and agression
85
ex of frustrating stimuli
physical pain, unpleasant odors and hot temperatures
86
agression and prior experience
agression is more likely to occur in situations in whicb prior experience somehow promoted agression
87
people who are ostracized ( excluded ) and agression
more likely to behave agressively which partially explains some of the mass shootings in schools
88
fodder for agression
biology, experience and society
89
social support
is major determinant of health and wellbeing for humans and other animals
famliy relationships provide comfort, close relationships are predictive of health outcomes
poeple who have social support have been show to engage in healthier behaviors, less likely to smoke, more likely to exercise ad a better capacity to cope with adversity ad stress
90
happily married peopel
live longer, healthier lives, regardless of age, sex, and race
91
foraging behavior
describes search and exploitation of food resources by animals
secure food can come at a high energetic cost
organisms employ learning behavior in search for food since the environment is constantly changing, it is iortant that foraging behavior is adaptable
92
mating behavior
pairing of opposite sex organisms for purposes of reporduction and propogation of gens
include courtship rituals, copulation, building of nests and rearing of offspring for specified periods of time
93
animal mating strategies
random mating, disassortive mating, assortative mating
94
random mating
all members are equally likely to mate with each other there are no spatial genetic or behavioral limitations to mating
ensues largest amount of genetic diversity and protects against genetic drift and bottle necking
95
assortative mating
non random mating pattern in which individuals with similar genotypes or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected with random mating
96
in negative assortative mating
aka disassortative mating
| individuals with more disparate traits mate more frequently than would be expected with random mating
97
inclusive fitness
defined by number of offspring org has a, how its upports offspring and how offspring support others in a group
proposes organism can imporve overall genetic sucess thru altruistic scial behaviors
98
altruistic behavior
one that helps ensure sucess or survival of the rest of a social group , possibly at the expense and survival of the indiviudal
99
evolutionary game theory use
used to try and predct large complex systems such as overall behavir of population
used to explain may complex and challenging aspects of biology such as how altruistic behaviors work in context of darwinian selection
useful for instance in predicting behavior of a large crowd of people in an enclosed space during a disaster
100
evolutionary game theory
defines a framework of contests, strategies, and analytics into which Darwinian competition can be modelled
First, the ‘evolution’ treated by evolutionary game theory need not be biological evolution. ‘Evolution’ may, in this context, often be understood as cultural evolution, where this refers to changes in beliefs and norms over time. Second, the rationality assumptions underlying evolutionary game theory are, in many cases, more appropriate for the modelling of social systems than those assumptions underlying the traditional theory of games. Third, evolutionary game theory, as an explicitly dynamic theory, provides an important element missing from the traditional theory
