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Psych and Sociology MCAT > Ch 6.3 > Flashcards

Ch 6.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

America meets criteria for psycho disorder

A

roughly 1 in 4 adults ( 18+)

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2
Q

psycho disorders health care, economy

A

important part of culture, comprise a significant component of our health care system, when go untreated, also affect our economy, by impacting our social welfare and criminal justice systems

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3
Q

serious psycho disorders affect

A

1/17 people, or 6% of US population

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4
Q

psychological disorder

A

set of behavioral and or psycho symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms and that are severe enough to cause significant personal distress and or sig impairment to social, occupational or personal functioning

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5
Q

core components of diagnosis for a ppsychological disorder when cultural norms cannot explain behavior

A

symptom quanitity and severity, impact on functioning

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6
Q

psyco disorder is diagnosable r

A

based on specific symptoms and symptom thresholds and treatble or manageable and various types of edication and or therapy

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7
Q

psychopatho recognizes role

A

of nature ( genetic predisposition) and nurture ( environmental factors) in the occurence and manifestation of psycho disorders culture role

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8
Q

role of culture in prevalence of various psycho disorder

A

while not exclusive in western cultures, eating disorders appear far more common in wealthier countries that epouse a thin ideal, ike the US than they are n other parts of the world

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9
Q

manifestation of disorder for person

A

could be influenced by cultural or social factors even though underlying genetic and physiological dynics are similar

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10
Q

universal authority on the classification and diagnosis of psychological disorders

A

is diagnostical and statistical manual of mental diorders , fifth edition ( DSM-5) published in May 2013

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11
Q

each new edition of DSM

A

reflects changes in research and clinical perspectives

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12
Q

ex of changes reflected in new editions of DSM

A

19 yrs since the publication of fourth edition (DSM-IV) research findings and clinical experience prompted the publishers of DSM 5 to combine the four seperate autism disorders in to one Autism spectrum dsorder and to change the symptom categories from 3 to 2 areas
change to autism caused , it is thought to yielded a clearer, more reliable and more accurate means of diagnosis

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13
Q

accurate diagnosis is critical

A

most insurance companies require a diagnosis based on DSM criteria before they will cover the cost of therapy

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14
Q

Name the 13 categories of psychological disorders

A 
anxiety 
 obsessive compulsive and related
 trauma and stressor related
somatic symptom
bipolar and related
 depressive
schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic 
dissociative 
personality 
feeding and eating 
neurocognitve
sleep wake
 substance realted and addictive
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15
Q

description: anxiety disorders

A

characterized by excessive fear ( or specific real things or more general) and or anxiety of real or imagined future things or events with both physiological and psychological symptoms

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16
Q

specific anxiety disorders

A 
seperation anxiety disorder
 specific phobias
 social anxiety disorder
 panic disorder
 generalized anxiety disorder
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17
Q

description: obsessive compulsive and related disorders

A

distinct from anxiety in that they involve a pattern of obsessive thoughts or urges that are coupled with maladaptive behavioral compulsions; compulsions are experienced as a necessary/ urgent response to obsessive thoughts or urges, creating rigid , anxiety filled routines

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18
Q

specific obsessive compulsive and related disorders

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder
body dysmorphic disorder
hoarding disorder

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19
Q

description: trauma and stressor related disorders

A

traumas and stressors are central to the definition of these disorders, which involve unhealthy or pathological response to one or more harmful life threatening events including witnessing such an event

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20
Q

symptoms of trauma and stressor related disorders

A

patterns of anxiety , depression, depersonalization , nightmares, insomnia and or heightened startle response

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21
Q

specific trauma and stressor related disorders

A

posttraumatic stress disorder
acute stress diorder
adjustment disorders

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22
Q

description: somatic symptom disorders

A

characterized by symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical condition or substance use and are not attributable to another psychological disorder, but that nonetheless cause emotional distress

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23
Q

specific somatic symptom disorders

A

somatic symptom disorder
illness anxiety disorder
conversion disorder
facitious disorder ( imposed on self or another)

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24
Q

description: bipolar and related disorders

A

seperate from mood disorders
bipolar and related involve mood swings or cycles called episodes ranging from manic to depressive , in which manic episodes tend to be followed by depressive episodes and vice versa

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25
Q

specific bipolar and related disorders

A

bipolar 1 disorder
bispolar 2 disorder
cyclothymic disorder

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26
Q

description: depressive disorders

A

characterized by disturbance in mood or affect
symptoms include difficulties in sleep, concentration and or appetite , fatigue, inablity to experience pleasure (anhedonia)

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27
Q

specific depressive disorders

A

major depressive disorders
persistent depressive disorder ( dysthymia )
premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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28
Q

description: schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

A

characterized by a general loss of contact with reality which can include positive symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations and or negative symptoms such as flattened affect ( monotone vocal expression)

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29
Q

specific schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

A 
delusional disorder 
brief psychotic disorder
 schizophreniform disorder
 schizophrenia 
schizoaffective disorder
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30
Q

description: dissociative disorders

A

characterized by disruptions in memory, awareness, identity or perception
many dissociative disorders are thought to be caused by psychological trauma

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31
Q

specific dissociative disorders

A

dissociative identity disorder
dissociative amnesia
diepersonalizaion/ derealization disorder

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32
Q

description: personality disorders

A

characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior and cognition that depart from social norms, present across a variety of contexts, and cause significant dysfunction and distress
patterns permeate the broader personality of the person and typically solidify during late adolescence or early adulthood

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33
Q

specific personality disorders ( cluster A)

A

paranoid personality disorder
schizoid personality disorder
schizotypal personality disorder

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34
Q

specific personality disorders ( cluster B)

A

antisocial personality disorder
borderline personality disorder
histrionic personality disorder
narcissistic personality disorder

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35
Q

specific personality disorders ( cluster C)

A

avoidant personality disorder
dependent personality disorder
obsessive compulsive personality disorder

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36
Q

description: feeding and eating disorders

A

characterized by disruptive emotional and behavioral patterns around feeding and or eating that negatively impact physical and mental health

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37
Q

specific feeding and eating disorders

A

anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
binge eating disorder

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38
Q

description: neurocognitive disorders

A

characterized by cognitive abnormalities or general decline in memory , problem solving and or perception

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39
Q

specific neurocognitive disorders

A

major and mild neurocognitive disorders (MMND)
MMND due to Alzheimer disease
MMND due to parkinsonès disease
Major of mild vascular neurocognitive disorder

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40
Q

description: sleep wake disorders

A

characterized by excessive r deficient sleep patterns , abnormalities in circadian rhythm , and or interruptions to normal sleep

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41
Q

specific sleep wake disorders

A

insomnia
hypersomnolence disorder
narcolepsy
breathing related sleep disorders including various apneas
parasomnias ( such as somnambulism or sleep walking)

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42
Q

description: substance related and addictive disorders

A

characterized by psychological +/ physioogical dependence on or addiction to one or more substances and behaviors

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43
Q

symptoms: substance related and addictive disorders

A

tolerance and withdrawal and are generally realted to maladaption of , or damage to the brainès reward system

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44
Q

specific substance related and addictive disorders

A

substance related disorders
alcohol related disorders
tobacco relate disorders
gambling disorder

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45
Q

9 categories of psychological disorders important

A

anxiety, obsessive compulsive and related, trauma and stressor related, somatic symptom and related, bipolar and related , depressive, schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, dissociatve disorders and personality disorders

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46
Q

anxiety

A

emotional state of unpleasant physical and mental arousal - a preparation to fight or flee

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47
Q

anxiety in a person with anxiety disorder

A

is intense , frequent, irrational ( out of proportion) and uncontrollable, causes significant distress or impairment of normal functioning ( at work productivity, success in intimate relationships and so on)

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48
Q

4 types of anxety disorders

A

panic disorder, generalized anxety disorder, specific phobia and social phobia ( social anxiety disorder)

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49
Q

symptoms mimicking an anxiety disorder

A

can be caused by general medication conditions, alcohol, certain drugs or medical use or withdrawal

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50
Q

diagnosis if person has a medical condition and has anxiety disorder

A

anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition

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51
Q

diagnosis if person uses conditions and has anxiety disorder

A

anxiety disorder due to substance induced anxiety disorder

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52
Q

panic disorder

A

patient suffers at least one panic attack and is worried about having more of them
can be triggered by certain situations, but they are more often uncued or spontaneous occurring unexpectedly and with sometimes unpredictable frequency

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53
Q

during a panic attack

A

person commonly experiences intense dread, along with shortness of breath , chest pain ,a choking sensation and cardiac symptoms such as rapid hearteat and palpitations
may also be trembling, sweating, lightheartedness or chills

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54
Q

fear during panic attack

A

dying of heart attack or stroke during the attack

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55
Q

danger of panic attacks

A

they can mask other illnesses such as heart attacks and mood disorders

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56
Q

duration of panic attack

A

brief often less than 30 min in duration

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57
Q

pain during panic attacks

A

can be excruciating and people with panic disorder live in fear of having more panic attacks

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58
Q

panic disorder if left untreated

A

debilitating

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59
Q

response to treatment panic disorder patients

A

respond well

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60
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

person feels tense or anxious much of the time about many issues, but does not expereince panic attacks

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61
Q

GAD: source of underlying nervousness

A

chronic nervousness can seem like moving target, shifting from one situation to another or ther may be no identifiable source

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62
Q

distress and impairment with GAD

A

often not severe
may include restlessness, tiring easily, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension , and insomnia or restless sleep

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63
Q

specific and social phobias

A

sufferer feels strong fear that he or she recognizes to be unreasonable
he or she almost always experiences general anxiety or full panic attack when confronted with feared object or situation

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64
Q

people with phobias

A

often go great lengths to avoid the triggers they fear and avoidance itself is part of symptom profile

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65
Q

specific phobia

A

persistent, strong and unreasonable fear of a certain object or situation

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66
Q

four types of specific phobia

A

situational
natural environment
blood- injection- injury
animal

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67
Q

specific phobia type not listed in four types

A

other which can depend on a variety of triggers

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68
Q

situational phobia ex triggers

A

flying, elevator, bridges, crowds ( in Agoraphobia)

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69
Q

natural env t phobia ex triggers

A

thunderstorms, water, heights, lightning

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70
Q

blood-injection-injury phobia ex triggers

A

injections, blood , surgical procedures

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71
Q

animal phobia ex triggers

A

spiders, snakes ,dogs

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72
Q

social phobia

A

social anxiety disorder
unreasonable, paralyzing fear of feeling embarrassed or humiliated while one is seen or watched by others, even while performing routine activities such as eating in public or using a pulic restroom

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73
Q

specific specifier in social phobia for

A

speaking

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74
Q

primary symptom of social phobia

A

avoidance in the form of social isolation

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75
Q

obsessive compulsive and related

A

feature at least 1 pronounced repititive behavior that exceeds cultural norms and rituals such as grooming practices or maintaining healthy body weight

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76
Q

central of diag obs comp and rel

A

is unsuccessful attempts to decrease or otherwise manage these behaviors

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77
Q

obs comp and rel without therapeutic intervention

A

conditions increase over time in terms of severity or level of self harm or both

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78
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder

A

OCD

obsessions, compulsions or both

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79
Q

obsessions

A

repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or impulses that cause distress or anxiety

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80
Q

personal acknowledge of obsessions

A

knows these thoughts are irrational and depite attempts to disregard or supress them, typically resorts to responding to them thru a compulsive behavior

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81
Q

compulsions

A

repeated physical or mental behaviors that are performed in response to an obsession or in accordance with a strict set of rules in order to reduce distress or prevent something dreaded from occuring

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82
Q

person acknowledge of compulsions

A

knwos that compulsive behavior is unreasonable, being either unrealted to the dreaded event or related but clearly excessive
nonetheless if person does not perform behavior, he or she feels intense anxiety and a conviction that the terrible event will happen

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83
Q

common obsessions

A

irrational fear of contamination by dirt, germs or toxins
pathological doubt that a task was done, or fear of having inadvertently harmed someone or violated a law
fear of harming someone violently or sexually or otherwise behaving in an unacceptable way

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84
Q

common compulsions

A

washing self or surroundings repeatedly, sometimes with lengthy ritual
checking repeatedly that a task was done, sometimes with a lengthy ritual
counting to a certain number before certain tasks, or performing a behavior a certain number of times ( such as folding a shirt)
arranging objects or performing actions with perfect symmetry or precision

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85
Q

obs comp DSM

A

seperated from anxiety disorders

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86
Q

Trauma and stressor related disorders

A

seperated from anxiety in DSM 5 originally grouped together because anxiety plays role in these dsorders as well

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87
Q

revision in DSM 5 on trauma

A

intended to facilitate the diagnosis of specific anxiety like disorders on the basis of their etiology and to focus research and clinical practice on a more focused and tailored set of treatment options

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88
Q

etiology

A

cause or set of causes or causal conditions for a particular disease

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89
Q

post traumatic stress disorder origins

A

PTSD
when person feels intense fear, horro or helplessnes while experiencing, witnessing or otherwise confronting extremely traumatic event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury to self or others

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90
Q

estimates of trauma events

A

that more than 1/2 people will experience at least one traumatic event in their lifetime but only a small subset of those will develop PTSD

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91
Q

statistics of M and F who develop PTSD after trauma event

A

approx 8% of men and 20% of women will develop PTSD after a trauma

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92
Q

rates of PTSD high prevalence

A

in males of latino heritage and males who have served in active combat, for whom the estimated prevlence reaches 20%

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93
Q

traumatic event often

A

relived ( not just remembered) thru dreams and flashbacks which the feels as though the event is currently happening , which can include multi sensory reprocessing such as the intrusion of smells and sounds from the original event contet

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94
Q

after traumatic event some patients

A

experience mental or physioogical distress such as elevated heart rate or blood pressure when reminded of the event, however indirectly.

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95
Q

person with PTSD

A

tried to avoid people, places, feelings , thoughts or conversations that are reminders of the event and even avoids people and feeling in general
also chronically physiologically hyperaroused

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96
Q

symptoms of physio hyperarousal

A

increased startle response, insomnia, angry outburts, poor concentration, extreme vigilance

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97
Q

hypervigilance

A

enhanced state of sensory sensitivity accompanied by an exaggerated intensity of behaviors whose purpose is to detect activity
may bring about a state of increased anxiety which can cause exhaustion.

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98
Q

diagnosis of PTSD requires duration of symptoms

A

to be present for more than a month

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99
Q

acute stress disorder ASD

A

similar to PTSD

symptoms are present for less than a month and for as little as three days

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100
Q

adjustment disorder

A

less sever shorter term version of condition
group of symptoms, such as stress, feeling sad or hopeless, and physical symptoms that can occur after you go through a stressful life event. The symptoms occur because you are having a hard time coping. Your reaction is stronger than expected for the type of event that occurred

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101
Q

adjustment disorder causes

A

include a stressor as opposed to trauma

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102
Q

adjjustment disorder symptoms

A

last less than 6 months once the stressor has been eliminated

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103
Q

diagnosis for adjustment disorder also appears

A

when subsequent distress appears in some way disproportionate to cause

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104
Q

in all stress disorders, inidvidual

A

from low SES socioeconomic status communities or who are otherwised disadvantaged encounter more stressor in their everyday lives and thus have an increased risk for disorder in this category

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105
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

characterized by distress and decreased functioning due to persistent physical symptoms and concerns which may mimic pysical disease but generally not rooted in any detectable pathophysiology

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106
Q

somatic symptoms and treatment

A

symptoms do not improve with treatment

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107
Q

symptom or behavior pattern of somatic symptom disorers is commonly refered to as

A

hypochondriasis

lacks precision because the difference between the disorders is clear

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108
Q

hypochondriasis

A

group of symptoms, such as stress, feeling sad or hopeless, and physical symptoms that can occur after you go through a stressful life event. The symptoms occur because you are having a hard time coping. Your reaction is stronger than expected for the type of event that occurred

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109
Q

people with somatic symptom disorders

A

genuinely experience their symptoms and or believe there is something wrong with them

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110
Q

Four sub types of somatic symptom disorder

A

somatic symptom
illness anxiety
conversion disorder
factitious disorder

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111
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

central compain is one or more somatic symptoms such as chronic pain or headaches or fatigue

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112
Q

diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder

A

requires evidence of diminished functionin stemming from excessive preoccupation with and or anxiety about the ymotoms

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113
Q

consideration of diagnosis

A

warranted by whether the symptoms in any way coincide with related medical problem or llness and distress and or disruption of daily life caused by symptoms

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114
Q

one reason hypochondriasis can be considered imprecise

A

refers to concern about both illness and somatic symptoms

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115
Q

illness anxiety disorder vs somatic

A

differs from somatic in that the somatic aspect of illness is not as central or nonexistent i

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116
Q

ill anx

A

distress is predominantly physiological with people experiencing persistent preoccupation engossed with both their health condition and health related behaviors , including seeking treatment

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117
Q

conversion disorder

A

experinces change in sensory or motor function which has no discernible physical or physiological cause that seems to be significantly affected by psycho factors

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118
Q

conv: changes in sensory or motor function include

A

weakness, tremors, seizures or difficulty talking or eating

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119
Q

symptoms of conv

A

begin or worsen after an emotional conflict or other stressor

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120
Q

conv: emotion and anxiety individual experiences

A

is converted in to a symptom

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121
Q

conv : severity

A

change in function is severe enough to warrant medical ateention or cause sig distress or impairment in work, social or personal functioning

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122
Q

diagnosis of conv

A

possible for example, when a person suddenly experiences blindness but his or her blink reflex remains intact

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123
Q

conv is form of

A

form of somatization—the expression of mental phenomena as physical (somatic) symptoms

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124
Q

conv disorder onset age and predisposition

A

tends to develop during late childhood to early adulthood but may occur at any age. It is more common among women.

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125
Q

factitious disorder names when imposed on self vs other

A

aka Munchhausen syndrome ( when imposed on oneself)

Munchausen by proxy ( when imposed on someone else)

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126
Q

factitious disorder imposed on self

A

person fabricated an illness but has gone further step of either falsifying evidence or symptoms of ilness or inflicting harm to him or her self to induce injury or illness

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127
Q

factitious disorder diagnosis

A

requires that person behaves in such a way without benefit

not only if the person presents illness to others and attracts interpersonal and or medical attention

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128
Q

factitious disorder

A

person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when, in fact, he or she has consciously created the symptoms

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129
Q

bipola disorder

A

formerly mania depression

experience cyclic mood episodes at one or both of the extremes or poles ; depression and mania

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130
Q

diagnostic criteria for bipolar and related disorders and depressive disorders

A 
duration 
 mood
 self image
 appetite or weight
sleep need
 cognition
 speech
 energy or behavior 
 judgment 
impairment functioning
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131
Q

manic episode: duration

A

at least one week, nearly every day

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132
Q

manic episode: mood

A

elevated ,expansive or irritable mood

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133
Q

manic episode: self image

A

inflated, grandoise

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134
Q

manic episode: appetite

A

may show diminished appetite or interest in food

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135
Q

manic episode: sleep need

A

decreased

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136
Q

manic episode: cognition

A

flight of ideas or racing thoughts; distractibility

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137
Q

manic episode: speech

A

rapid, pressured

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138
Q

manic episode: energy or behavior

A

increased E and goal directed activity and or psycomotor agitation

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139
Q

manic episode: judgment

A

lack of consequential thinking

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140
Q

manic episode: impairment to functioning

A

sever, marked impairment: may require hospitalization to prevent harm to self and others may include psychotic features

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141
Q

hypomanic episode: duration

A

at least 4 consecutive days

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142
Q

hypomanic episode: mood

A

elevated , expansive and irritable mood

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143
Q

hypomanic episode: self image

A

inflated, grandoise

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144
Q

hypomanic episode: appetitie

A

may show diminished appetite or interst in food

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145
Q

hypomanic episode: sleep need

A

decreased

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146
Q

hypomanic episode: cognition

A

flight of ideas or racing thoughts; distractibility

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147
Q

hypomanic episode: speech

A

rapid pressured

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148
Q

hypomanic episode:energy or behavior

A

increased E and goal directed activity and or psychomotor agitation

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149
Q

hypomanic episode: judgment

A

lack of consequential thinking

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150
Q

hypomanic episode: impairment to functioning

A

unequivocal observable change that is not typical of the individual ; not severe enough to cause marked impairment or necessitate hospitalization

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151
Q

major depressive episode: duration

A

at least 2 weeks

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152
Q

major depressive episode: mood

A

depressed; diminished interest or pleasure of almost all activities

153
Q

major depressive episode: self image

A

feelings of worthlessness and excessive guilt

154
Q

major depressive episode: weight

A

increase or decrease in body weight by 5% or more in a month

155
Q

major depressive episode: sleep need

A

insomnia or hypersomnia

156
Q

major depressive episode: cognition

A

diminished ability to think or concentrate; recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

157
Q

major depressive episode: speech

A

may manifest muted or flat affect in speech

158
Q

major depressive episode: energy or behavior

A

fatigue or loss of E; psychomotor agitation or retardation

159
Q

major depressive episode: judgment

A

may include suicide attempt or specific plan for committing suicide

160
Q

major depressive episode: impairment to functioning

A

clinically marked distress or marked impairment in one or more areas of functioning

161
Q

dysthymic syndrome : duration

A

at least 2 years

162
Q

dysthymic syndrome: mood

A

depressed; general feeling of sadness; feelings of hopelessness

163
Q

dysthymic syndrome: self image

A

low self esteem

164
Q

dysthymic syndrome: appetitie

A

poor appetite or overeating

165
Q

dysthymic syndrome: sleep need

A

insomnia or hypersomnia

166
Q

dysthymic syndrome: cognition

A

poor concentration

167
Q

dysthymic syndrome: speech

A

self deprecation and expressed sense of futility is common

168
Q

dysthymic syndrome: energy or behavioe

A

low energy or fatgue

169
Q

dysthymic syndrome: judgment

A

difficulty making decisons

170
Q

dysthymic syndrome: impairment to functioning

A

clinically significant distress or marked impairments in one or more areas of functioning

171
Q

unequivocal

A

unambiguous leaving o doubt

172
Q

psychomotor agitation

A

People with psychomotor agitation can’t stay still or remain calm. They use movement to release tension and anxiety. If you have psychomotor agitation, you may regularly fidget, move fast, or move with no reason or purpose.

173
Q

common signs of psychomotor agitation

A 
emotional distress
restlessness
tapping
starting and ending tasks abruptly
fidgeting
pacing
hand-wringing
fast talking
racing thoughts
crowded thoughts
moving objects for no reason
174
Q

Psychomotor skills

A

skills where movement and thinking are combined. This includes things like balance and coordination

175
Q

psychomotor retardation

A

move, speak, react, and usually think more slowly than normal
speech is noticeably slow and may be punctuated by long pauses or losing the train of thought.
Delayed responsiveness and difficulty following another person’s conversation are also common

176
Q

manic episode duration and symptoms

A

for at least one week, person experienced abnormal euphoric unrestrained or irritable mood and a marked increase in either goal directed activity ( with increased energy and productivity at work or in psychomotor agitation stemming from the felt need or urge to be engaged ina goal directed activity but not having the focus or other means to engage in bany acivity

177
Q

manic: surplus energy

A

causes agitation and irritability a

178
Q

result surplus E manic

A

someone may feel compelled to spend hour shopping online or looking for an activity to absorb the energy

179
Q

symptoms of manic

A

may be sever enough to cause psychotic features, hospitalization or impairment of work , social and personal functio

180
Q

possible cause of manic

A

by antidepressants, light or electroconvulsive therapy for depression

181
Q

manic episode

A

mood state characterized by period of at least one week where an elevated, expansive, or unusually irritable mood exists

182
Q

person experiencing manic episode

A

usually engaged in significant goal-directed activity beyond their normal activities. People describe a manic mood as feeling very euphoric, “on top of the world,” and being able to do or accomplish anything. The feeling is like extreme optimism — but on steroids

183
Q

one disorder which is very related to depression

A

bipolar disorder

which describes a condition where individual experiences extreme highs to extreme lows

184
Q

mania

A

overexcited unrealistically optimistic state
peope hav a ton of E in this state, theya re euphoric and optimistic
high self esteem

185
Q

bipolar 1 disorder diagnosis

A

only if there has been a spontaneous manic episode not triggered by treatment by depression or caused by another medical condition or medication

186
Q

mild forms of mania

A

hypomania
donèt need to sleep a lot and can get a lot of work done
feel good and deny anything that might be wrong

187
Q

full mania

A

begin to make poor decision without any regard for consequences
may engage in reckless behavior like driving too fast
full of grandeur and unrealistic ideas

188
Q

mania is like

A

everything going fast forward
they do not sleep
after this they crash
racing thoughts

189
Q

mania if followed by

A

intense depressive episodes

190
Q

bipolar 1 disorder

A

when hypo mania episodes develops into full mania we have this disorder

191
Q

when hypomania cycles around without developing into full we have

A

bipolar 2 disorder

192
Q

medical conditions often result

A

in physical symptoms

same thing with psycological conditions and psyco symptoms

193
Q

possible for psyco disorders to manifest into

A

physical symptoms

194
Q

bipolar vs somatic symptom

A

Bipolar disorder is a type of mood disorder characterized by cycling episodic clinical depression and mania.
Somatic symptom disorder is type of personality disorder characterized by having physical symptom(s) usually without explainable organic causes and is associated with a great degree of anxiety about the physical symptom(s).

195
Q

illness anxiety vs somatic symptom disorder

A

People with anxiety illness disorder (IAD) are overly focused on, and always thinking about, their physical health. They have an unrealistic fear of having or developing a serious disease. This disorder occurs equally in men and women.
somatic symptom disorder, the person has physical pain or other symptoms, but the medical cause is not found.

196
Q

causes illness anxiety disorder

A

As they focus on and worry about physical sensations, a cycle of symptoms and worry begins, which can be hard to stop. This cycle is unstoppable
People who have a history of physical or sexual abuse are more likely to have IAD.

197
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

condition where a person experiences physical symptoms and negative thoughts and feelings about these symptoms to the point that they interfere with their daily life. In other words, the symptoms themselves and/or the person’s reaction to them can disrupt their daily life. They may even get depressed!

198
Q

physical symptoms people with SSD experience

A

are real, and may include pain and fatigue. They can come and go and they may be mild or severe in nature. These symptoms often have no significant medical cause and may even be normal bodily sensations, like a transient muscle ache from simple over-exertion.

199
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

where a person is overly preoccupied with having or getting a disease. People with this disorder may have no physical symptoms whatsoever
may interpret normal bodily processes such as digestive sounds, sweating, bloating , or awareness of heir own heartbeats as signs of serious illnesss
worry excessively about their health
constantly check body for signs of illness

200
Q

Somatic symptom disorder and related disorders are characterized by

A

ersistent physical symptoms that are associated with excessive or maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in response to these symptoms and associated health concerns. These disorders are distressing and often impair social, occupational, academic, or other aspects of functioning

201
Q

Factitious disorder involves

A

falsification of physical or psychologic symptoms and/or signs in the absence of obvious external incentives (eg, obtaining time off from work, disability payments, or drugs of abuse; avoiding military service or criminal prosecution

202
Q

Malingering

A

intentional feigning of physical or psychologic symptoms motivated by an external incentive, which distinguishes malingering from factitious disorders

203
Q

somatization

A

the expression of mental phenomena as physical (somatic) symptoms.

204
Q

Conversion disorder is a form of

A

somatization

205
Q

dev of conversion disorder

A

during late childhood to early adulthood but may occur at any age. It is more common among women

206
Q

symptoms of conv

A

often develop abruptly, and onset can often be linked to a stressful event
apparent deficits in voluntary motor or sensory function but sometimes include shaking movements and impaired consciousness (suggesting seizures) and abnormal limb posturing (suggesting another neurologic or general physical disorder)

207
Q

mixed episode

A

person has met symptoms for major depressive and manic episodes nearly everyday for at least a week

208
Q

severity of mixed symptoms

A

symptoms are severe enough to cause psychotic features, hospitalization or impaired work, social or personal functioning

209
Q

requirement for diagnosis of bipolar 1 disorder

A

person experienced at least one manic or mixed episode

210
Q

bipolar 2 disorder phases

A

manic phases are less extreme

211
Q

symptoms of bipolar 2

A

person will experience cyclic moods including at least one majjor depressive and one hypomanic episode, but has not met criteria for manic or mixture epi

212
Q

hypomania

A

for at least 4 days, a person has experienced an abnormally euphoric or irritable mood with at least three of the symptoms for a manic episode , but a less severe level

213
Q

hypo impairment

A

impair or distress is less serious there is no psychosis or hospitalization

214
Q

psychosis

A

aka psychotic features

severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external reality

215
Q

major depressive epi

A

person has felt worse than usual for most of the day . nearly everyday for at least 2 weeks

216
Q

major depressive symptoms

A

at least 5 of the emotional, behav, cognitive and physical symptoms: de^pressed mood or decreased interet in activities, significatnt increase or decrease in weight or appetitie, excessive or insufficient sleep, agitated or slowed psycomotor activity , fatigue or loss of E, feelngs of low self worth or excessive guilt, impaired concentration or decision making and thoughts of death or suicide

217
Q

diagnosis of bipolar 2

A

requires depressive and hypomanic episode

218
Q

bipolar 1 vs 2 main diff

A

main difference between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2 disorders lies in the severity of the manic episodes caused by each type

219
Q

all types of bipolar disorders

A

characterized by episodes of extreme highs and extreme lows. The highs are known as manic episodes. The lows are known as depressive episodes

220
Q

bipo 1 vs 2 depressive episode

A

similar between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2 disorder

221
Q

bipo 1 vs 2 mania

A

bipolar 1 disorder, the mania is more severe than it is with bipolar disorder 2. Bipolar 2 causes something called hypomania, which is essentially a less severe form of mania. Hypomanic behaviors might be considered atypical for a person, but maybe not abnormal. Manic behaviors, on the other hand, are more extreme and would typically be considered abnormal

222
Q

manic episode symptoms

A 
exceptional energy
restlessness
trouble concentrating
feelings of euphoria (extreme happiness)
risky behaviors
poor sleep
223
Q

Depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder

A 
extended periods of sadness and hopelessness. You may also experience a loss of interest in people you once enjoyed spending time with and activities you used to like
tiredness
irritability
trouble concentrating
changes in sleeping habits
changes in eating habits
thoughts of suicide
224
Q

cyclothymic disorder compared to bipolar disorder

A

similar to bipolar disorder but moods are less extreme with symptoms not meeting criteria for manic or major depressive episode

225
Q

cyclo

A

experienced cyclic moods including multiple hypomanic episodes as well as episodes of depressed moods that are milder than the major depressive episode

226
Q

cyclo duration

A

for at least 2 years

mood swings never absent for more than 2 months

227
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

mlder and more persistent form of major depressive disorder

228
Q

bipolar 1, 2 cyclo generally involve

A

cyclig thru ether manic or hypomanic episodes and dsythymic or depressed episodes

229
Q

dsythymia

A

persistent mild depression.

230
Q

depression

A

state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person’s thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being

231
Q

depressive disorder

A

more than acute moodiness , persistent pattern of abnormal and often painful mood symptoms severe enouh to caught personal distress and or impairment to social occupational , or personal functioning

232
Q

affect

A

person’s observable emotion in the moment

233
Q

mood

A

person’s sustained internal emotion that colors his or her view of life

234
Q

three depressive disorders

A

major depressive
persistent depressive
premenstrual dysphoric

235
Q

major depressive

A

suffered one or ore major depressive episodes

236
Q

suicidal rates and maj

A

10% with this disorder attempt suicide and many more contemplate it or devise a suicide plan

237
Q

symptoms do not indicate maj

A

if they occur wihin two monhs of bereavement -be deprived of a loved one through a profound absence, especially due to the loved one’s death- as they may be part of a normal grieving reaction

238
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

refered by DSM 5 as MDD with seasonal patterns, episodes of depression occur during certain seasons usually fall and winter

239
Q

persistent deressive disorder PDD

A

aka dysthymic disorder or dysthymia

less intense but more chronic form of depression

240
Q

person with PDD

A

has experienced milder symptoms of depression most days for at least 2 years, with symptoms never absent for more than two months but wih out a major depressive episode

241
Q

onset of PDD

A

typically adolescence or early adulhood
persistence of condition often leaves people feeling like they have always felt thsi way or as if they are depressed person to their core

242
Q

premenstrual dysphoric disorder diagnosis occurs only

A

in women

243
Q

pre symptoms

A

are often symptoms of major depressive episode, with caveat( notice) that they intensify in the final week before the onset of menses and then improve i and in many cases dissapear in the week after menustration has ended

244
Q

major depressive episode symptoms

A

Depressed mood/flattened affect
Loss of interest
Markedly decreased or increase in weight caused by decrease/increase in appetite
Chronic sleep impairment marked by hypersomnia or insomnia
Lethargic in mannerism and behavior and motor activity is agitated or slow
Extreme fatigue and always tired
Lack of self-worth
Marked decrease in concentration, decision-making abilities, and cognition
Thought of self-harm or suicidal ideation (although acting on it is not required)

245
Q

diagnosis of major depressive episode

A

must have had at least 5 of the symptoms that lasts at least 2 weeks

246
Q

symptoms in maj disorder vs episode

A

symptoms are essentially the same

247
Q

Most Major Depressive Episodes

A

end within six months. Some of them are much shorter.

248
Q

several other conditions that are often linked with Major Depressive Disorder.

A

diagnosed often also have Bipolar Disorder or Anxiety Disorder

249
Q

Major Depressive Episode vs Major Depressive Disorder

A

diagnosis for chronic depression

250
Q

symptoms which distinguish premens from other two depressive disorders

A

feeling keyed up or on edge, specific food cravings, a sense of being overwhelmed or out of control as well as physical symptoms of bodyès preperation for menustration : tenderness or swelling in breasts, joint or muscle pain and bloating

251
Q

schizo spec and other diagnosed

A

when some1 is experencing one or more of the following symptoms : delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking ( as manifested in disorganized speech) disorganized or abnormal motor behavior and one or more negative symptoms

252
Q

negative symptoms ex

A

include decreased emotional expression ( presentation of flat affect) , avolition ( lack of motvation or purpose, alogia ( decreased or absent speech)

253
Q
  • symptoms
A

generally those in which there is a decrease or lack of a typcal behavior or ther characteristics

254
Q

general profile of schiz + rel disorders

A

splitting off or distnacing of person from aspects of his or her everyday reality

255
Q

incorrect association between schizo

A

and multiple personality disorder which is actually called dissociateive identity disorder

256
Q

schizo literally means

A

split mind refers to split in mental functions or split from reality; does ot indicate a split in identity

257
Q

four disorders in schizo+ rel section

A

delusional
brief psychotic
schizophreniform
schizophrenia

258
Q

delusion

A

false belief that is not due to culture and is not relinquished despite evidence that it is false
belief that is held with strong conviction despite superior evidence to the contrary

259
Q

ex of delusion

A

a person may believe he or she is a certain movie star

260
Q

delusion vs strongly held belief

A

differs in intensity and plausibility

261
Q

delusional disordder

A

one or more delusions have been present for at least a month and counterevidence is gnerally denied or distorted to keep the delusion intact

262
Q

common delusions

A

erotomania ( belief someone is in love with you)
grandiosity ( belief you have special talent or insight)
persecution ( belief you are being followed drugged, harrased and so on )

263
Q

brief psychotic disorder diagnosis

A

when any positive symptoms are present for at least one day but symptoms last less than one monthsand there are no negative symptoms

264
Q

positive symptoms ex

A

delusions, hallucinations , disorganized speech or disorganized behavior

265
Q

+ symptoms

A

so called because they are thinking or behaviour that the person with schizophrenia did not have before they became ill and so can be thought of as being added to their psyche. Positive symptoms include hallucinations such as hearing voices and delusions such as paranoid thoughts

266
Q

Negative symptoms

A

so called because they describe thoughts or behaviour that the person used to have before they became ill but now no longer have or have to a lesser extent and so have been lost or taken away from their psyche. It describes normal aspects of the person’s behaviour that they no longer have. Negative symptoms can include lethargy and apathy

267
Q

definitive of brief psychotic disorder

A

full remission ( period in which symptoms become less severe) within one month of onset

268
Q

duration of brief psychotic disorder

A

in the spectrum, represents the schizophrenia of shortest duration

269
Q

hallucination

A

false sensory perception that occurs while the persion is concious ( not during sleep or delirium )

270
Q

delirium

A

acutely disturbed state of mind that occurs in fever, intoxication, and other disorders and is characterized by restlessness, illusions, and incoherence of thought and speech

271
Q

hallucinations vs illusions

A

hallu: occur in absence of related sensory stimuli

ilu: misconceptions of actual sensory stimuli ( which may occur in low light

272
Q

most common hallu

A

are auditory or visual

273
Q

schizopheniform disorder

A

occupies middle position in schizo spectrum
person experiences at least 1 + symptom but can also experience one or more negative symptoms for at least 1 month and no longer than siz months

274
Q

remission and pheniform

A

remission can often occur faster with effective drug treatment

275
Q

schizo on spectrum of schizo

A

at the end of the spectrum

chronic version disorder

276
Q

schizo diagnosed

A

when someone has been experiencingpositive and sometime negative symptoms longer than months

277
Q

schizo impact on functioning

A

is greatest

impairment in work, relationships or self care

278
Q

schizo symptoms

A

may subside at times to a prodomal level ( just below the diagnostic threshiold, no complete remission occurs with medication

279
Q

schizoaffective disorder

A

combines mood and psychotic symptoms: in this order, both symptoms of schizo and major depressive manic or mixed episode are experienced for at least one month

280
Q

schizoaff vs major depressive disorder with psychotic features

A

person experiences delusions and or hallucinations at times in the absence of mood symptoms as well as at different times during a major mood episode

281
Q

bipolar vs schizoaff

A

Bipolar disorder is strictly a mood disorder, while schizoaffective disorder is a mood disorder combined with separate psychotic symptoms that are not attached to mania or depression

282
Q

schizoaff disorder diagnosis is made when

A

the person has features of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder—either bipolar disorder or depression—but does not strictly meet diagnostic criteria for either alone

283
Q

schizoaff ressemblles

A

a chronic psychotic disorder with an overlapiing bipolar or depressive disorder in which mood symptoms fully remit for at least 2 weeks at a time

284
Q

symptoms mimicking schizo spec and other psychotic disorder can be caused

A

by general medical condition or by alcohol, drug or medication use or withdrawal

285
Q

if patient has medical condition or uses substances that could cause symptoms diagnosis

A

psychotic disorder due to general medical condition or substance induced psychotic disorder

286
Q

symptoms for psychosis can also occur

A

with mood or developmental disorders all disorders are ruled out before making diagnosis

287
Q

during dissociative experience

A

some of personès thoughts feelings perceptions memories or behaviors are seperated from concous awareness or control in a way that is not explainable as mere forgetfulness
seperation can act as defense against a traumatic situation that was way to overwhelming

288
Q

dissociative disorder

A

disruptions in awareness , memory and identity are extrem or frequent and they cause distress or impair the personès functioning

289
Q

diss can be triggered

A

by sever stress or psychological conflicts and they usually begin and end suddenly

290
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

alternates between 2 distinct personality states or identities only one of which interacts with other people at a given time

291
Q

diss id can be experienced

A

as a possession by another personality or identity as it involves amnesia - loss of awareness or memory- for one or more of the personality states

292
Q

distinct identities may

A

vary widely in age, gender and personality traits and they may or may not be aware of each other

293
Q

dis id disorder previoulsy known as

A

multiple personality disorder NOT schizophrenia

294
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

has had at least one episode of forgetting some imp personal info, creating gaps in memory that are usualyy related to severe stress or trauma

295
Q

patient with diss amnesia

A

may wander aimlessly during episode or experience it as a kind of journey in what is called dissociative fugue

296
Q

dissociative fugue

A

one or more episodes of amnesia in which an individual cannot recall some or all of his or her past

297
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

describes cases where two or more distinct personalities or distinct identities seem to exist within a single body. And both of these identities have some kind of influence on that person’s thoughts or behaviors.

298
Q

both identities

A

have their own mannerisms. They can have different emotional responses

299
Q

Research indicates that individuals who’ve been diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

have a history of child abuse, or some other kind of extreme life stressor. And there are a lot of different theories as to how this could happen, but they all seem to center on a central idea, which is that under cases of extreme stress, a person’s conscious awareness disassociates, or separates from, certain painful memories, or thoughts, or feelings

300
Q

How common is Dissociative Identity Disorder?

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder is extremely rare

301
Q

Others wonder if this is a disorder than can be induced

A

by therapists
maybe a therapist who knows about this disorder, and suspects that someone might have it, might say things like, “Do you ever feel like there is another part of you? “Maybe a part of you that you aren’t always aware of?” And then from there, that can be taken even further. They might ask something like, “Does this part have a name? “Can I speak to this part?” And in response to this, the individuals who are seeking therapy might intentionally or unintentionally play along with what the therapist is saying.

302
Q

most of the time amnesia

A

is lcalized , meaning taht everything happened during the particular time period is forgotten but it can also be selective, generalized, continuous or systematized

303
Q

selective amnesia

A

only some events during a particular time period is forgotten

304
Q

generalized amnesia

A

personès whole lifetime is forgotten

305
Q

continuous amnesia

A

everything since a certain time is forgotten

306
Q

systematized amnesia

A

only particular categories of info are forgotten such as everything relating to the personès family

307
Q

dissociative amnesia onset and end

A

begins and ends suddenly with full recovery of memory but also may linger with some info only gradually if ever fully coming back into conciousness

308
Q

remission for disso amnesia

A

means recovery of disturbing memories, amnesia may give way to suicidal idealation or behavor or PTSD or another condition

309
Q

depersonalization disorder

A

recurring or persistent feeling of being cut off detatched from his or her body or mental processes as if observing themselves from the outside in something like an out of body experience

310
Q

derealization disorder

A

person feels that people or objects in external world are unreal

311
Q

depersonalization disorder and derealization disorder

A

person know feeling is not accurate his or her reality testing remains intact and the depersonalization and or derealization plus awareness of incongruity causes distress or impairs functioning

312
Q

depersonalization disorder and derealization disorder onset

A

occurs in lae adolescence and almost all cases have first onset before person is 25 years old
remission and onset cna be sudden or graudla with stress or novel situations often playing a role

313
Q

personality traits

A

stable patterns of thoughts feeling and behavior that influence how a perso experiences, thinks about and interacts with the people and events in his or her life

314
Q

a personaliity disorder

A

is an enduring rigd set of personality traits that deviates from cultural norms, impairs functioning and causes distress either to the person with the disorder or those in his or her life

315
Q

personality disorder symptoms

A

a list of prominent traits that characterize each disordered personality

316
Q

egosyntonic

A

generaly in harmony with a persons ego or self image

317
Q

personality disorder and seeking treatment

A

because many personality disorders are egosyntonic it is usually the consequences of the disorder not symptom structure that causes a person to seek treatment

318
Q

importance of degree of distress

A

or imparment is important
personality traits are not simply binary but represent a continuum
traits which a re found in disorders can also be present to a lesser degree in normal people

319
Q

personality disorders develop when

A

when the trats cause significant distress or impairment , affects nearly all personal and social situations and creates dysfunction in two or more of the following areas: affect, cognition, impulse control, interpersonal functioning

320
Q

Cluster A

A

includes paranoid, schizod and schizotypal personality disorders associated with irrational, withdrawn cold or suspicious behaviors

321
Q

Cluster B

A

includes antisocial, borderline, histronic,narcissitic personlaity disorders associated with emotional dramatic and attention seeking behaviors and intense interpersonal conflict

322
Q

CLuster C

A

icnludes avoidant, dependent and obsessive compulsive personality disorders associated with tennse anxious over controlled behvaiors

323
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

mistrusts and misinterprets others motives and actions without sufficient cause suspecting them of deceiving, hariming betraying or attacking him or her

324
Q

paranoid personality patient

A

tends to be guarded , tense and self sufficeint generally in counterproductive or maladaptive ways

325
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

loner with little interst or involvement in close relationships even those with famly members

326
Q

schizoid personality patient

A

unaffected emotionally by interactions with other people appearing instead detached or cold

327
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

several traits which cause problem interpersonally including limited or inappropriate affect ( effects); magical or paranoid thinking and odd beliefs, speech, behavior, appearance and perceptions

328
Q

schizotypal personality patient

A

tends to have no confidantsother than close relatives

many cases eventuallly develop schizophrenia

329
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

has history of serious behavior problems beginning as a young teen including significant aggression against people or animals; deliberate propety destruction;lying or theft and serious rule violation

330
Q

antisocial personality patient

A

since age of 15 person has a history of repeatedly dsregarding rights of others in various ways through illegal activities, dishonesty , impulsiveness, physical fights, disegard foor safety , financial irresponsiblity and lack of remorse

331
Q

antisocial personality disorder DSM and occurence

A

in DSM listed under disruptive impulse cotrol and conduct disorders
encountered more frequently in men especially incarcerated ( imprisoned) men

332
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

person suffers from endurin or recurrent instability is his or her impulse control, mood swings reactivity and anger, which can lead to unstable relationships and damage to both patient and others in his or her life

333
Q

borderline personality patient emotions

A

feeling empty with an unstable sense of self, person is terrified of abandon,ment of others whome the person may first idealize and then devalue and demonize
self harming and suicidal behaviors may also occur

334
Q

link bw borderline and bipolar

A

evidence shows that this order is more severe and generalized form of bipolar disorder and or linked to childhood sexual abuse
more frequently encountered in women

335
Q

histrionic personality disorder

A

stronly desires to be center of attention and often seeks to attract attention thru personal appearance and seductive behavior
expressions of emotion may be dramatic yet the emotions are often shallow and shifting and the person may believe his or her relationships are ore intimate than they are
may be suggestibe and vague in his or her speech

336
Q

narcissitic personality disorder

A

feels grandiosely self important with fantasies of wealth beauty brilliance and power
feels desperate need for admiration in a variety of context and feels envy both towards and from others
lack empathy for others may exploit others and feel entitled , arrogant and haughty

337
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

patient feels inadequate, inferior and undesirable and is preoccupied with fears of criticism and conflict
person feels ashamed and avoids interpersonal contact and new activities unless he or she is certain of being liked
person is also restrained and inhibited in relationships

338
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

person feels need to be taken care of by others and an unrealistic fear of being unable to take care of him or herself
trouble assuming responsibility and making decisions preferring to gain approval by making others responsible and seeking others advice and reassurance regarding decisions

339
Q

dangers of dep personality

A

others often take advantage of the person because he or she is willing to do or tolerate almost anything even abuse in order to gain support and nurturing and avoid abandonment
urgently seeks another relationship if one is loss

340
Q

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

A

OCPD

may not have true obsessions or copulsions but may instead accumulate money or worthless objects

341
Q

obsessive compulsive personality patient

A

perfectionist, rigid, studboorn, need to controll interpersonally and mentally
resists the authority of others and will not cooperate or delegate to others unless things are done
often workaholic and moralistic beyond the level of surrounding culture or religion
may be depressed and have trouble expressing affection
preoccupation with orderliness and list making caninterfere wth effectiveness ad efficiency

342
Q

schizo thought

A

thought disorder

physiological characteristics have physical or neurological basis

343
Q

mind body dualism framework

A

view in the philosophy of mind that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical,[1] or that the mind and body are distinct and separable
outdated division between the mind and the body

344
Q

schizophrenia is a

A

neurological disorder with a strong genetic basis

345
Q

twin studies schizo

A

show that if 1 twin has diseas second twin has 50% chanc of having it if second twin does not have schizo he or she are likely to have lesser form of it

346
Q

onset of schizo

A

can happen around adolescence

347
Q

stress diathesis theory

A

suggests that while genetic inheritance provides biological predisposition for schizo stressor elicit onset of disease

348
Q

dopamine hypothesis for schizo

A

formed from observations

suggests that one pathway for neuro dopa is hyperactive inpeopel with schizo

349
Q

hyperactive dopa due to

A

due to overabundance in dopa and to hypersensitive dopa receptors
evidence regarding temporal lobes in people with this condition may explain the presence of positive signs of schizophrenia like auditory hallucinations

350
Q

antipsychotic medications

A

dopamine antagonist medications can be found to be helpful for dealing antipsychoticss

351
Q

hypoactivation of frontal lobes

A

may be responsible for negative signs of schizophrenia

creating a kind of pseudodepression, flat affect and impaired speech

352
Q

individuals with schizophrenia brains

A

have been found to be smaller due to atrophy : schizo individuals display increased ventricles cavities in the brain and enlarged sulci and fissures less folding

353
Q

depression genetic basis

A

strong increased risk of developing depression when a first degree family member has it
inked to diminishing functioning in pathways in brainthat involve dopa , serotonin and norepi

354
Q

antideressants

A

target and stimulate pathways that are diminished in functioning due to deression

355
Q

depression and other diseases

A

can often accompany other neuro diseases such as , such as parkinsonès and traumatic bran injury due to damage to simiilar or overlapping areas in the brain

356
Q

dementia

A

general term for neurocognitive disorder in DSM 5

term for severe loss of cognitive ability beyond what would be expected from normal agiang

357
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

is the most prevalent form of dementia, affecting a large number of people who reach their 80s and especally their 90s over 50% of thsi latter group
characterized by anterograde amnesia
and retrograde amnesia

358
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

359
Q

step wise retrograde amnesia

A

more recent memories degrading first since the last memories to fae are typically oldest

360
Q

Alzheimer patients recall

A

events from decades earlier but forget people ad events that were encountered recently, their visual memory can be impaired as well , such that they may get lost and confused with regard to orientation

361
Q

living with alz

A

can be frustrating, confusing and emotionally painful both for the patient and for family members and friends

362
Q

cortical disease

A

meaning it affects cortex , outermost tissue of the brain and is caused by formation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

363
Q

Alz s

A

cortical disease

364
Q

neuritic plaques

A

hard formation of beta amyloid protein

365
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

clumps of tau protein

366
Q

why plaques and tagles form

A

unclear though there is some evidence of partial genetic susceptiility

367
Q

theory regarding plaque build up

A

plaque build up reach a critical mass and bein to cause cell death by gunking up neuronal connections , preventig nutrents and waste from travelling to and from some neurons

368
Q

current treatments Alz

A

directed at slowing the progress of the illness rather than reversing it

369
Q

acetylcholine evidence

A

abnormalities in activity of neuro Ach in hipocampus

hipo plays a major role in formation of new memories

370
Q

Alz progression

A

patient loses increasingly older memories as well as language function and spatial coordination, evetually patients are notable to perform daily functions without assistance

371
Q

Parkinsons disease

A

movement disorder caused by death of cells thatgenerate dopa in basal ganglia and substantia niagra

372
Q

syptoms of Parkinson s

A 
resting tremor ( shaking) slowed movement, rigidity of movements and facial expressions and shuffling gait 
as dsease progresses language is typically spared but depression and visual spatial  problems may arise
373
Q

dementia and Parkinsons

A

estimated 80% of Parkinsons patients eventually exp dementia as disease progressses

374
Q

Treatment of parkinsons

A

L dopa treatment

375
Q

L dpa

A

precursor to dopa and used because it can pass thru blood brain barrier entering brainès blood supply ( dopa is not able to pass the barrier

376
Q

characterstic of most CNS disorders and neurodegenerative diseases

A

cell death

377
Q

neural stem cells

A

have capacity to differentiate into any of the cell types in the nervous system , hold the key to curing damage to CNS caused by trauma or illness

378
Q

neural stem cells can migrate

A

and replace dying neurons in the CNS

Psych and Sociology MCAT (14 decks)

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