Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych and Sociology MCAT > Ch 4.4-4.6 > Flashcards

Ch 4.4-4.6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 components of emotion

A

physiological ( body) component
behavioral ( action) component
cognitive ( mind) component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

physical aspect of emotion

and example

A

one of emotional arousal or excitation of the bodyès internal state
sensations that accompany emotion
feel heart pounding , breathing becoming shallow and rapid and palms becoming sweaty when you are suprised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

behavioral aspect of emotion

A

includes some kind of expressive behavior

example: screaming and bringing hands to mouth when suprised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cognitive aspect of emotion and example

A

involved appraisal or interpretation of situation

initially after being startled, the thought dangerous situation or fear may arise , reassesed to suprise and exciteent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

emotions and physiological and behavioral responses

A

many emotions share the same phys or behav responses , it is mind that interprets one situation which evokes quickened heart rate and tears as joyful and another with same responses as fearful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

darwinès assumption regarding emotions

A

emotions had a strong biological basis
emotions should be experienced and expressed in similar ways across cultures if this assumption is true
is in fact true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

six major universal emotions

A

happiness, sadness, suprise, fear, disgust, and anger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

emotions have an innate basis

A

despite of culture, most people can readily identify these emotions by observing facial expression
childrenès capacity for emotional expression and recognition appear to develop along similar timelines, regardless of their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

environmental factors and expression of emotions

A

environmental factors do play a role in the expression of emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

relationship between performance and emotional arousal

A

is a U shaped correlation

people perform best when they are moderately aroused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Yerkes Dodson law

A

suggests that there is a correlation between emotional arousal and performance up to a point a student will perform best when neither too complacent nor too overwhelmed , but at the sweet spot of optimum arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is the sweet spot of optimal arousal for people

A

can vary greatly from person to person and task to task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

adaptive roles of emotion

A

moderating performance
enhances survival
role in influencing individual behaviors within a social conext

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

emotionès role in enhancing survival

A

useful guide for quick decisions
fear when walking down dark alley can be a useful tool to indicate that the situation may be dangerous
anger may enhance survival by encouraging attack on an intruder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

emotion in social context

A

embarrassment may encourage social conformity
in social contexts, emotions provide a means for non verbal communication and empathy, allowing for cooperative interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

emotion and everyday life

A

choices often require considerations of our emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

prefrontal cortex and emotion

A

person with injury in prefrontal ( which plays a role in processing emotion ) has trouble imagining their own emotional responses to the possible outcomes of decisions
which can lead to inappropriate decisions that can cost someone a job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

commonsense way of thinking about emotion

A

something happens ( stimulus), then you experience an emotion, then you have a physioloical response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

example for commonsense way of emotion

A

scary dog starts chasing you ( stimulus) , you experience the emotion ( fear) and physiological response ( heart begins to race) then a behavioral response ( you run away)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

James Lange theory

A

proposed in late 1800s
flips commonsense notion of how emotion is experienced:
instead of first experiencing the emotion and then the physiological response, JL theory proposes we first experience phys and then we exp emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ex for JL theory

A

if scary dog begins to chase you, we first experience the increase in heart rate followed by a conscious labeling of the feeling as fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

counterintuitivity of the theory

A

implies you feel afraid because your heart is racing ( ex)

suggests emotional experience ( brain labeling situation as fear inducing) as a result of physiological response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

JL theory suggestions regarding autonomic NS responses

A

increased muscle tension, increased heart rate, sweating and other physiological reactions caused by the auto NS
suggests emotions are a result of physiological responses, and not their cause
James and Lange suggested that auto activity induced by emotional stimuli generate the feeling of emotion, not the other way around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

evidence to support JL theory : breathing patterns

A

short shallow breathing causes feeling of panic while long deep breathing creates a feeling of calm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

evidence JL: spine damage

A

ppl with spine damage often experience less arousal and reduced emotion because they no longer percieve physiological arousal frm their bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

2 assumptions of JL

A

1.assumes each emotion originates from a distinct physiological state
however, many emotions share the same physiological profiles
ex. fear and sexual arousal involve similar physiological patterns
2. theory assumes that we possess the ability to label these physiological states accurately
evidence that same physiological state can be interpreted differely based on context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Walter Cannon criticism of JL theory

A

suggested that in order for JL to adequately describe the process of emotion, 1. there must be a different physiological response corresponding to each different emotions 2. physiological experiences do not appear to differ from each other to the extent that would be essential to discriminate one emotion from another based sole on our bodily reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cannon experiments

A

in 1900s on cats, where he severed the afferent nerves of the symp branch of auto NS ( preventing cats from recieving any phys input from their bodies and exposed them to emotion introducing stimuli
Cannon and his grad student Phillip Bard found that cats still experience emotion even in the absence of physiological input from their bodies , thus casting significant doubt on JL theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cannon Bard theory

A

suggests that after a stimulus , physiological response and experience of emotion occurs simultaeously and independently of each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

example of CB theory

A

scary dog comes running after you ( stimulus) and you experience fear ( emotion) and an increased heart rate ( physiological response) at the same time; fear does not cause increased heart rate and increased heart rate does not cause fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

CB and overlap between phys state and emotion

A

able to explain the overlap in physiological states between emotions like fear and sexual arousal because cognitive thinking is independent from the physiological rather than directly causing it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

struggles of CB theory

A

struggles to explain phenomena in which controlling physiological response influences the experience of emotion ( deep breathing causes us to feel more calm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Schachter SInger theory SS

A

once we experience physiological arousal, we make a concious cognitive interpretation based on our circumstances, which allows us to identify the emotion we are experiencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

similarities between SS and JL

A

like JL, it suggests that each emotional experience begins with an assessment of our physiological reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

differences b/w SS and JL

A

SS suggests that cognitive label is given based on the situation rather than being a one to one correlate of physiological experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

similarities b/w SS and CB

A

like Cb, physiological states can be similar but cognitively labelled differently ( for example, fear and sexual arousal )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

SS ex ( scary dog stimulus )

A

sight of scary dog would cause physiological change of an increased heart rate, which would be interpreted as a result of fearing the dog because of the situation
this then informs a behavioral response ( running away )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

shortcoming of SS theory

A

same as CB theory

does not explain how physiological responses influence cognitive aspects of emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

emotion and heart

A

while romantics tend to believe that emotion is purely a matter of the heart, it turns out that the brain is very much involved in emotional states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

emotions and brain regions

A

hard to map because thinking of different emotions as based on different parts of the brain has been proven to be too simplistic
instead of emotion centers, there are emotional circuits which involve many brain structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

limbic system and primary role

A

collection of brain structures that lies on both sides of the thalamus
together, structures appear to be primarily responsible for emotional experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

amygdala

A

main structure involved in emotion in the limbic system
almond shaped structure deep within the brain
serves as the conductor of the orchestra of our emotional experiences
communicates with hypo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

hypothalamus

A

brain structures which controls physiological aspects of emotion such as sweating and racing heart
comm with pre frontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

pre frontal cortex

A

located at the front of the brain
controls approach and avoidance behaviors - behavioral aspects of emotion
not part of limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

key role of amygdala

A

identification and expression of fear and agression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

limbic system components

A 
amygdala
hippocampus
thalamus
hypothalamus 
basal ganglia 
cinguate gyrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

hippocampus

A

brain structures that plays a key role in forming memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

memory formation and emotion

A

when memories are formed , often the emotion associated with these memories are also encoded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

recall of event and emotions

A

recalling an event can bring about the emotions associated with it
important role in suffering of patients who have experienced traumatic events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

flashback

A

recall of memory of the experience

can be unconcious recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

prefrontal cortex importance

A

emotional experience
temperament and decision making
associated with reduction in emotional feelings, especially fear and anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

prefrontal cortex and amygdala

A

calms down the amyg when it is overly aroused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

methods of stress relief and emotion regulation

A

often activate the pre frontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

prefrontal cortex plays role in

A

executive functions; higher order thinking processes such as planning, organizing, inhibiting behavior , and decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

damage to pre cort

A

leads to inappropriateness , impulsivity and trouble with initiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

pre cort dev.t

A

not fully developed in humans until they reach their mid 20s, explaining the sometimes erratic and emotionally charged behavior of teens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

famous case of damage to pre cort

A

Phineas Gage ( 1800s)
Gage was railroad worker who at age 25 suffered accident where railroad tie blasted thru his head
entering under cheek bone and exiting thru top of skull
after accident, he is prone to impulsivity, unable to stick to plans and unable to demonstrate empathy
accident severely damaged his pref cort, led to discovery of role of pre cort in personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

ANS brief summary of effects

A

responsible for controlling the activities of most of the organs and controls arousal
answers primarily to hypo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

SNS summary

A

body with brief, intense, vigorous responses
fight or flight
increase heart rate, bp, blood sugar levels
prepares body for action

60
Q

SNS effect adrenal gland

A

release stress hormones epi and norepi

61
Q

parasympa NS summary

A

provides signals to internal organs during a calm resting state when no crisis is present
when activated , leads to changes that allows recovery and conservation of energy, including increase in digestion and repair of body tissues

62
Q

physiological states associated with emotion

A

heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, sweating and release of stress hormones

63
Q

increase in phys functions

A

associated with sympa ( fight or flight) response

64
Q

meausring auto function

A

measure heart rate, finger temp, skin conductance ( sweating) , muscle activity
diff patterns exist during diff emotional states

65
Q

stress psych

A

reminder that what is often consdered psych is simultaneously physiological

66
Q

prolonged periods of stress

A

can lead to immunosupression, infertility, hypertension

67
Q

stress response to a stimulus

A

one person will be much more stressed than the other

68
Q

appraisal

A

most important for determining the stressful nature of the event
how the event is interpreted by the individual
emotions are extracted from our evaluation of events

69
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

fold in brain that lies covers the corpus callosum

component of limbic system involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation

70
Q

effect of appraisal on the person
MCAT challenge
threat

A

when percieved to be challenge like MCAT, can be motivating
when percieved as threatening aspects of our identity, wellbeing or saftey, may cause severe stress
negative and uncontrollable produce more stress than controllable ones

71
Q

three main types of stressors

A

catastrophes
significant life changes
daily hassles

72
Q

catastrophes

A

unpredictable, large scale events
includes natural disasters and wartime events
events that almost everyone would appraise as dangerous and stress inducing
repercussions are often felt for years after the event

73
Q

catastrophe repercussion example

A

in the months following, 9/11 , many people developed psychological disorders including anxiety, depression and PTSD ( post traumatic stress disorder)
health consequences can follow prolonged periods of stress

74
Q

significant life changes

A

include events like moving, leaving home, losing a job, marriage, divorce, death of a loved one
frequency of events during young adulthood help explain the high degree of stress during this time

75
Q

effect of significant life changes on health

A

events can be risk factors for disease and death, with several concurrent events creating greater risk than single stressful events would

76
Q

daily hassles

A

everyday irritation in life including bills, traffic jams, misplacing belongings and scheduling activities
universal events, some ppl take them lightly while others may be overwhelmed

77
Q

effect of daily hassles on health

A

little stressors can accumulate and lead to health problems such as hypertension and immunosupression/

78
Q

optimal levels of stress and psych functioning

A

moderate amounts of stress improve psych functioning by providing more E and motivation for cognitive activities

79
Q

non optimal levels of stress

A

can impair psychological functioning by leading fatigue , decreased ability to concentrate, irritability

80
Q

learned helplessness

A

sense of exhaustion and lack of belief in oneès ability to manage situations
occurs when stress is accompanied with a lack of control over stress inducing events

81
Q

result of severe or prolonged stress

A

ppl may develop PTSD
characterized by symptoms of re experiencing a traumatic event thru flashbacks or nightmares, hypervigilance to oneès surroundings, avoidance of situations related to the stressful event

82
Q

hypervigilance

A

enhanced state of sensory sensitivity accompanied by exaggerated intensity of behaviors whose purpose is to detect activity

83
Q

physiological response to stress

A

activates parallel systems
1st sympa NS ( fight or flight)
2nsd cognitive system initiated by hypo

84
Q

sympa NS respond to stress

A

responds to acute stress situations;
releases stress hormones adrenaline ( epi) and noradrenaline ( norepi ) into bloodstream from adrenal glands
increased heart and resp.y rate, release sugar into blood, dulls pain
fast acting response

85
Q

cognitive system to stress

A

hypo releases CRH , which stimulates pituitary gland to release ACTH. ACTH signals adrenal glands to release cortisol
slower process than near instantaneous fight or flight response , triggered during long term stress

86
Q

cortisol in stress response

A

glucocorticoid
hormone shift body from using sugar ( glucose) as E source to using fat as an E source
glucose sparing effect as a result

87
Q

glucose sparing effect and the body

A

keeps the blood sugar levels high during stress situations
important because the only energy source the brain can use is glucose , thus ensuring brain has enough fuel to stay active

88
Q

cortisol release short effects

A

short term release is useful

89
Q

cortisol release long effects

A

prolonged release due to chronic stressors is harmful

inhibits activity of while blood cells and other functions in the immune system

90
Q

does stress make us sickÉ

A

no it does not but increases vulnerability for illness

shown that stress can exacerbate course of diseases including AIDS, cancer and heart disease

91
Q

exacerbate

A

make a problem or situation worse

92
Q

emotional stresses

A

correlated with worse medical outcomes
high levels of stress contribute to development of anxiety and depressive disorders, which are characterized by negative mood and irritability

93
Q

example of emotional stresses and medical problems

A

anger can trigger cardiac events such as heart attacks, arrhythmias, and sudden death in people who already have heart disease

94
Q

avoidance of uncomfortable situations

A

accompanied by habits such as ciggarette smoking, consuming alcohol, eating as a means of temporary physical comfort

95
Q

response to high stress situations

A

some people develop PTSD

96
Q

PTSD three clusters of symptoms

A

avoidance
hyperarousal
re-experiencing

97
Q

avoidance

A

avoiding both circumstances, that remind one of trauma and emotions associated with the trauma

98
Q

ex of avoidance of a PTSD patient

A

someone with PTSD will tell a story of personal trauma in flat tone that is disconnected from the associated emotion

99
Q

hyperarousal

A

involves heightened sensitivity ( making person easily startled and hypervigilance to surrounding danger

100
Q

re-experiencing symptoms

A

responses to triggers related to traumatic event, such as flashbacks and nightmares,
sleep disturbances are common side effects of stress

101
Q

stress levels and performance

A

optimal level of stress that is motivating and invigorating

too little can lead to complacency, too much is overwhelming and debilitating

102
Q

three means for managing stress

A
  1. aerobic exercise
  2. biofeedback and relaxation
  3. utilization of social support
103
Q

exercise and stress

A 
useful adjunct ( supplement)  to antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy and is about as effective as these treatments in reducing depression 
lowers bp, increase production of neuro that boost mood
104
Q

neuro that boost mood

A

norepinephrine, serotonin, endorphins

105
Q

biofeedback

A

means of recording and feeding back info about subtle autonomic responses in an attempt to train the individual to control those involuntary responses

106
Q

example of biofeedback relaxation

A

people can be trained to adjust their muscle tension, heartbeats, and respiratory rates

107
Q

biofeedback and relaxation

A

particularly effective in treating tension headaches
many same benefits occur thru relaxation training including meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, visual imagery and yoga

108
Q

utilization of social support

A

stronger social support associated with lower bp, lower stress hormones and stronger immune system function
impact of stressful events can be mediated when individuals can express their emotional reactions and recollection of traumatic events through talking about them, writing in journals and other means best suited to those individuals

109
Q

spiriuality and health

A

unclear relationship
many studies established religious activity associated with longer life expectancy and healthier immune functioning, unclear whether it is causal
those involved religiously tend to have healthier diets and are less likely to smoke or drink
stronger social support sytems within religious community

110
Q

most defining human characteristic

A

our ability to use and learn language

111
Q

behaviorists and language

A

argue lang is just another example of conditioned behavior

112
Q

behaviorist approach to psych

A

empiricist
they believe study of psych should focus on directly observable environmental factors as opposed to abstract mental states

113
Q

nativists and language

A

argue lang is a human ability prewired into the brain

114
Q

nativist approach to psych

A

rationalist

they hold that certain ideas and capabilities cannot come from experience, so it must be innate

115
Q

materialist approach to language and cognition

A

ground work in belief that all discussion of ideas, linguistic expression and like is a set of convenient metaphors for real physical changes in brains and actions of the body

116
Q

materialist belief

A

that only grey matter matters and study thoughts and words by looking at what happens in the brain when people think, speak, write and listen

117
Q

language acquisition

A

term psychologists used to refer to the way infants learn to understand and speak their native language ( usually the language used by their parents

118
Q

language acquistion ( other form)

A

learning a language in school or learning a foreign language

other forms of language acquisition seem to work much differently

119
Q

BF Skinner model of lang acq

A

behaviorist model

infants are trained in language by operant conditioning

120
Q

Skinner idea of lang use

A

though complex, form of behavior like any other

subject to conditioning

121
Q

conditioned behaviors

A

types of associative learning where a stimulus becomes associated with a consequence

122
Q

operant conditioning

A

a technique of behavior modification through positive and negative reinforcement and punishment
conditioned behavior is gradually modified as by its consequences as animal responds to stimulus

123
Q

positive reinforcement and speech

A

positive reinforcement when baby says bu ba while looking at a bottle conditions the infant to make the sound in association with the stimulus ( sight of bottle) and encourages imitative behavior so baby begins to copy the sounds made by the parent more regularly
imitation is how more words are learned progressively faster, with each correct utterance producing some reinforcing behavior and nonsense utterances achieve no reinforcement and are abandones

124
Q

Noam Chomsky alternative

A

we all posess innate feature unique to human mind which allows ppl to gain mastery of language from limited exposure during sensitive developmental years in early childhood
idea later named universal grammar

125
Q

Chomsky device

A

theoretical

provided no anatomical evidence for exact llocation or structure of this device in the brain

126
Q

research in to functioning of device

A

empirical

linguists study UG by studying actual languages and actual cases of lang acquisition

127
Q

goal of linguists studying UG

A

find the basic rules that apply to all or almost all languages and are presumably innate in the brain, allowing the child to , for ex, distinguish nouns , verbs and adjectives without ever being taught these terms

128
Q

humans and song birds example: distinction between language rules being prewired in brain and the language itself being prewired

A

many song birds are born knowing how to sing the territorial songs of their species but no human is born knowing English or Mandarin

129
Q

UG theory and language

A

states humans have an innate ability to make grammatical distinctions and do so naturally when exposed to ( not actively taught) language at a young age

130
Q

relationship between language and speech

A

some argue that lang is 1st and foremost a social phenomenon and speech is not developmentally equivalent with thought
in other words, children first learn how t think and how to speak as seperate enterprises and only later is there overlap between the two

131
Q

first stage in acquiring lang

A

immersion in social speech, which is analoous to other social phenomena

132
Q

social speech

A

first stage in development of speech
external speech
child uses speech to control the behavior of others
speech to express simple thoughts and emotions

133
Q

egocentric speech

A

second stage in dev.t of speech
children often talk to themselves during this stage regardless of whether or not s1 is listening to them
experimenting with language as a kind of thinking aloud

134
Q

inner speech

A

third stage of acquiring language
point in which a childès understanding of grammar and relationship between words and objects is sufficiently advanced to allow him to think in words without mouthing them
critical stage in development of relationship between thought and language
prior to this point, speech and thought are seperate activities, but at this point, some thought becomes verbal, able to be expressed in words and clauses

135
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

not only do language and thought overlap, but cognition and perception are determined by the language that one speaks

136
Q

universal grammar nativist

A

suggests that universal grammar exists because grammar is part of our genetic make up

137
Q

universal grammar nativist

A

suggests that universal grammar exists because grammar is part of our genetic make up

138
Q

linguistic relativity vs Chomsky UG

A

Choms UG emphasizes the commonality among all human languages, this hyppothesis focuses on the important distinctions among families of languages such as Western European vs East Asian languages

139
Q

linguistic rel.y regarding distinctions between languages

A

because of distinctions, native speakers in these language groups conceptualize the world differently

140
Q

ex of ling rel.y arg.t regarding distinctions

A

famous ex
Inuit peoples conceive snow differently from English people as evidenced by the fact that they have so many more words for snow
further research points out Inuits do not have very large number of words for snow compared to speakers of other languages and skiers who speak different languages

141
Q

Brocaès A location, general functin

A

located in dominant hemisphere ( usually L) of frontal lobe

involved in complicated process of speech production

142
Q

Brocaès aphasia deffintion

A

injury in brocaès A which causes the loss of the ability to speak

143
Q

Brocaès aphasia results

A

aka expressive aphasia
know what hey want to say, but are unable to communicate it
typically able to comprehend words and simple sentences but are unable to generate fluent speech
sometimes they can produce very simple, telegraphic ( Take. Car. Store) speech or are limited to 1 or 2 words that they repeat over and over

144
Q

Wernickeès A location, general function

A

posterior section of temporal lobe in dom hemi of brain,

involved in comprehension of speech and written language

145
Q

Wernickeès aphasia deffinition

A

aka receptive aphasia
have injury in wernikes A
speech production retains a natural sounding rhythm and syntax but it is completely meaningless

146
Q

Wernicke aphasia

A

do not have problem producing speech, they are incapable of producing intelligible, meaningful language
great difficulty understanding speech, often unaware of their mistakes
often difficult to decipher what the patient is trying to communicate
no body weakness or movement issues because injury not near parts of brain that control movement

Psych and Sociology MCAT (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions