Ch 6.1-6.2 Flashcards
1
Q
personality
A
essentially individual pattern of thinking, feeling and behavior associated with each person
person are nuanced and complex
2
Q
theories and perspectives on personality
A
psychoana persp humanistic behaviorist social cognitive trait biological
3
Q
therapies to treat personality disorders are based on perspectives
A
psychoana therapy
humanistic
person based
social cognitive
4
Q
psychoana theory
A
personality ( made up of thoughts , feelings and behaviros) is shaped from a person’s unconcious thoughts, feelings, and memories
5
Q
ucnoncious elements are derived from
A
past experiences, particularly interactions with 1 early caregivers
6
Q
concious compared to unconcious
A
wat person is concious of is very limited, compared to his or her vasts stores of experiences, memories, needs , motivations below surface ( unconcious)
7
Q
existence of unconcious psychoana
A
can be inferred from behaviors such as dreams, slips of tongue, posthypnotic suggestions and free associations
8
Q
classical psycho ana developed by
A
igmund freud
9
Q
classical psychoana
A
2 insticts drives motivate human behavior
libido
death instinct
10
Q
libido life instinct
A
drives behaviors based on survival, growth, creativity, pain avoidance and pleasure
commonly defined as sex drive
11
Q
death instinct
A
drives aggresive behaviors fueled by unconcious wish to die or to hurt oneself or others
12
Q
classical psychoana : psychic energy distributed among 3 personality components that function together
A
id
ego
superego
13
Q
classical : id
A
source of energy and instincts
largely unconcious
ruled by pleasure principle
14
Q
id seeks to
A
reduce tensions
avoid pain and gain pleasure
does not use logical or moral reasoning and does not distinguish mental images from external objects
15
Q
who functions most on id
A
children function almost exclusively on id according to freud
16
Q
classical : ego
A
ruled by reality principle
uses logical thinking and planning to control conciousness and id
tries to find realistic ways to satisfy the d desire for pleasure
17
Q
pleasure principle
A
instinctual seeking of pleasure and avoiding of pain in order to satisfy biological and psychological needs
driving force of id
18
Q
reality principle
A
ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly, as opposed to acting on the pleasure principle
19
Q
classical :superego
A
inhibits id and influences the ego to follow moralistic and idelistic goals rather than just realistic goals
20
Q
superego strives for
A
a higher purpose
21
Q
superego makes judgements
A
of right and wrong and strives for perfection, based on the fact societal values as learned from one’s parents
22
Q
superego seeks
A
to gain psycho rewards such as feeling of pride and self love and avoid psycho punishment such as feeling of guilt and inferiority
23
Q
anxiety according to freud
A
feeling of dread or tension, warning of potential danger that occurs when person begins to become aware of repressed feelings, memories, desires or experiences
24
Q
ego defense mechanism
A
unconciously denies or distorts reality
in order to cope with anxiety and protect ego
normal and become unhealthy only when taken to extremes
25
8 common ego defense mech
```
repression
denial
reaction formation
projection
displacement
rationalization
regression
sublimation
```
26
repression
lack of recall of an emotionally painful memory
27
denial
forceful refusal to acknowledge an emotionally painful memory
28
reaction formation
expressing the opposite of what one feels , when it would feel too dangerous to express the real feeling ( such as acting hateful toward someone who is sexually attracted)
29
projection
attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person
30
ex of projection
I am not angry, you are
31
displacemnet
redirecting agressive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action or object onto a less dangerous one
32
ex of displacement
when a person goes home and kicks the dog instead of expressing anger at a boss
33
rationalization
explaining and intellectually justifying one's impulsive behavior
34
regression
reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behavior
35
ex of regression
as when a child reverts to bedwetting after a traua
36
sublimation
channeling agressive or sexual E into postive, constructive activities such as producing art
37
psycho ana and dev stages
at each dev stage , certan needs and tasks must be satisfied
when needs and tasks are not met, person harbors unresolved unconcious conflicts which lead to psycho disfunction
38
2 theories regarding developmental stages
Freud psyco sexual
| Erik Erikson's psychosocial
39
freud sexual energy
is supposedly present from infancy
40
freud says person matures thru 5 psycosexual stages
```
oral
anal
phallic
latent
genital
```
41
each psychosexual stage
corresponds to a part of the body which focuses on sensual pleasure
42
oral stage
child seeks sensual pleasure thru activities such as suckng and chewing
43
anal stage
seeks sensual pleasure thru control of elimination
44
phallic stage
seeks sensual pleasure thru genitals
| child is both sexually attracted to opp sex parent and hostile towards the same sex parent, who is seen as a rival
45
Oedipus complex
a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex; a crucial stage in the normal developmental process
for boys
46
Electra complex
old-fashioned term for the Oedipus complex as manifested in young girls.
47
penis envy
girls are said to experience this during the phallic stage
| as they discover they do not have penises
48
The psychoanalytic theory
says that our childhood experiences and unconscious desires influence behavior
49
major driving force behind Freud's instinctual theory
concept of libido
50
libido
natural energy source that fuels the mechanisms of the mind. And when this libidinal energy is stuck or fixated at various stages of psychosexual development
51
when this fixation occurs at this psychosexual development and stages
conflicts can occur that have lifelong effects. So fixation at a particular stage is what predicts adult personality according to this theory
52
For example, someone fixated at the oral stage,
might have oral personality characteristics like being overly talkative or having a smoking habit when they grow up
53
id
unconscious part of our mind that makes up most of the mind
| develops right after birth, and demands immediate gratification
54
ego
part of our conscious and our unconscious mind
involved in our perceptions, thoughts, and judgments. And it seeks long-term gratification as opposed to the id's immediate gratification
55
superego
develops around the age of four.
| moral compass or our conscience
56
superego values society
represents the values of society
57
ego acts as a
mediator between the unconscious desires of the id and the moral demands of the superego
58
latency stage
sexual intrests subside and are replaced by interests in other areas such as school, friends and sports
59
genital stage
begins in adolescence , when sexual themes resurface and person's life / sexual energy fuels activities such as friendships, arts, sports and careers
60
adult personality is largely determined by according to freud
first 3 psychosexual stages
61
psychologically fixated at a stage
may occur is parents frustrate or overindulge the child's expression of sensual pleasure at a certain stage so that the child does not resolve that stage's developmental conflicts
62
result of psychological fixation
adult continues to seek sensual pleasure through behaviors related to that stage
63
ex of psychological fixation incest
if a child represses his or her unconcious incestuous desires for opposite sex parent in phallic stage, as an adult, he or she may not fully acceptt his or her sexuality and sexual feelings
64
followers of freud
carl jung
karen horney
alfred adler
erik erikson
65
followers of freud views on humanity
more optimistic views of humanity, saw personality as more changeable thruout the lifespan rather than as determined only by early childhood experiences
66
diff between freud views and followers of freud
also saw people as motivated and influenced by growth instinct, striving for superiority or social factors rather than primarily by sensual urges
67
Erik Erikson extended Freud's theory in 2 ways
added social and interpersonal factors to supplement Freud's focus on unconcious conflicts within a person
68
Erik supplement Freud's focus on early childhood
delineated 8 dev stages and conflicts in adolescence and adulthood
69
Erik 1st stage
infant's task is to resolve crisis of trust vs mistrust
if infants physical and emotional needs are not met, as an adult she or he may mistrust the world and interpersonal relationships
70
2nd stage
toddler must resolve crisis of autonomy vs shame and doubt
71
2nd stage needs
to explore, make mistakes, and test limits are not met as an adult he or she will be dependent rather than autonomous
72
3rd stage
preschool age child must resolve crisis of initiative vs guilt
73
3rd stage needs
to make decisions, otherwise as an adult, he or she may feel guilty taking initiative instead of allowing others to choose
74
4th stage
resolve crisis of industry vs inferiority
75
4th stage needs
if needs to understand the world, develop a gender role identity, suceed in school, and set and attain personal goals are not met at this stage, as an adult he or she may feel inadequate
76
5th stage
occurs during adolescence
| involves resolving crisis of identity vs role confusion
77
5th stage needs
if adol does not test limits and clarify his or her identiy, goals and life meaning, he or she may develop role cnfusion
78
6th stage
resolve crisis of intimacy vs isolation
79
6th stage needs
if person does not form intimate relationships at this stage, he or she may become alienated or isolated
80
7th stage
occurs in middle age
| person resolve crisis between generativity vs stagnation
81
7th stage needs
feel productive by helping next generation and resolving differences between actual accomplishments and earlier dreams, he or she may become stuck in psychological stagnation
82
8th stage
resolve crisis of integrity vs despair
if person looks back with regrets and a lac of personal worth at this stage, he or she may feel hopeless, guilty, resentful and self rejecting
83
oral age
birth to 1 year
84
anal age
1-3
85
phallic age
3-6
86
latency age
6-12
87
genital age
12+
88
stage 1 age
birth to 1
89
stage 2 age
1-3
90
stage 3 age
3-6
91
stage 4 age
6-12
92
stage 5 age
12-18
93
stage 6 age
18-35
94
stage 7 age
35-60
95
stage 8
60+
96
oral vs stage 1
oral : sensual pleasure in mouth A
stage 1: infancy
trust vs mistrust
physical and emotional needs met
97
anal vs stage 2
anal: sensual pleasure in controlling elimination
stage 2: early childhood
autonomy vs shame and doubt
explore make mistakes, test limits
98
phallic vs stage 3
phallic: sensual pleasure in genital area
incestuous desire for the opposite sex parent
stage 3: preschool age
intiative vs guilt
make decisions
99
latency vs stage 4
```
latency: sexual interests subside
pursue school, friends , sports
stage 4: school age
industry vs inferiority
gender role identity, school success, attain personal goals, understand the world
```
100
genital summary
sensual pleasure in genital area
| life or sexual energy fuels friendships , arts, sports, careers
101
stage 5 summary
adolescence
identity vs role confusion
identity, goals, life meaning, limit testing
102
stage 6 summary
young adulthood
intimacy vs isolation
form intimate relationships
103
stage 7 summary
middle age
generativity vs stagnation
help next generation and resolve difference between dreams and accomplishments
104
stage 8 summary
later life
integrity vs despair
look back with no regrest and feel personal worth
105
psyco therapy
helps patient become aware of his or her unconcious drives and gain insight into the emotional issues and conflicts that are presenting difficulties
106
one of goals of psyco therapy
help patient become more able to choose behaviors conciously
107
strengthen goal of psyco therapy
strengthen ego so choices can be based on reality rather than on instincts ( id) or guilt ( superego)
108
talk therapy
another name for psyco ana therapy because sessions focus on patients talking about their lives
therapist looks for patterns in significant events that may a role in the cilent's current difficulties
109
past effect psyco analysts
believe that childhood events and unconcious feelings, thoughts and motivations playa role in mental illness and maladaptive behaviors
110
techniques used in psyco therapy
techniques such as free association, role play and dream interpretation
111
humanistic theory focus
healthy personality development
112
classical psycoana theory focus
conflicts and psycopathology
113
humanistic theory
humans are inherently good and as having free will rather than having behavior determined by their early relationships
114
basic motive of all people in humanistic theory
actualizing tendency
115
actualizing tendency
innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism
116
person will grow to
self actualization, realizing his or her human potential, as long as no obstacle intervenes
117
humanistic theory developed by
Carl Rogers
118
according to humanistic theory , when child receives disapproval from caregiver for certain behavior
he or she sense that the caregiver's positive regard is conditional
119
values of child
in order to win caregiver's approval and see both self and caregiver as good, child introjects the caregiver's values, taking them on as part of his or her own self concept
120
self concept
made up of child's concious subjective perceptions and beliefs abouthim or herself
121
child's true values
remain but are unconcious and child pursues experiences consistent with introjected values and unconcious true values is the root of psycho pathology
122
discrepancy betwene concious and unconcious
leads to tension, not knowing oneself and feeling that something is wrong
123
behavior and self concepts
people choose behavior consistent with their self concepts
124
encountering experiences which contradict their self concepts
people feel uncomfortable incongruence
125
paying attention to emotional reactions to experiences
person in an incongruent state can learn what his or her true values are and then become helathy again by modifying introjected values and self concept and growing toward fulfillment and completeness of self
126
denial and self concepts
usually, people find it easier to deny or distort such experiences than modify self concepts
127
humanist theory
humans have free will and we can actively develop ourselves to our highest potential and reach self actualization
128
primary diff between Freud's theory and humanistic theory
Freud's theory was deterministic
his theory says our behavior is determined by our unconcious desires
focuses on individuals who have mental conflicts and not all people
humanistic theory focuses on the concious rather than the unconcious
129
Maslow
1st major theorist
| formed the heirarchy of needs
130
heirarchy of needs
can be depicted using a pyramid
all our needs are built upon each other
must first fulfill the needs which form the base of the pyramid and then we can work our way up
131
needs that need to be fulfilled
after our physiological needs, need for safety, love self esteem then self actualization
therefore we can all reach self actualization
132
characteristics of self actualizing people
self aware
caring
wise
interests are problem centered
focus energies on tasks that are the mission of their life
higher purpose focused on larger causes and less about the basic aspects of life
trying to strive and think broader for larger causes
133
how often is self actualization acheived
not very much
| 1% of the people achieve self actualization
134
carl rogers humanist ideas
used Maslow's idea and the qualities he described, and says that they are nurtured early in life
135
Carl rogers self actualization
constant growth process that is nurtured in a growth-promoting climate
136
growth-promoting climate two conditions that need to be met in order to help someone reach self actualization
the first is that growth is nurtured by when an individual is being genuine
the second condition that needs to be met is that growth is nurtured through acceptance, and acceptance from others
137
growth by genuine
one has to be open and revealing about themselves. They have to be genuine and true to who they are.
138
growth thru acceptance
one must receive acceptance and receive an unconditional positive regard from others
139
ex of growth thru acceptance punishment
a parent may get upset at their child and punish them for doing something wrong. But they're going to still love their child and regard their child without any conditions, no matter what. So this allows us to be open and learn without fearing others are going to look at us differently if we do something wrong.
140
genuine relationships with others and acceptance
allows us to live up to the ideals of our true, real self, versus this ideal self that is bounded by conditions that people rarely can live up to
141
both Maslow and Rogers said a central feature of our personality
self-concept
142
self concept
achieved when we bring genuineness acceptance together and achieve this growth-promoting climate. So as individuals, we tend to act and perceive the world positively.
143
humanistic therapy
aka person centered therapy
used to provide an environment that help cilents trust and accept thmselves and their emotional reactions so they can learn and grow from their experences
144
essential elements of environment in human therapy according to rogers
therapistès trust in the cilent and therapist communicating genuineness ( congruence) , unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding to the cilent
145
cilent vs patient
meant suggest the inherent health of person on an equal level with the therapist
146
behaviorist perspectiv
person is result of learned behavior patterns based on personès environment
deterministic
147
determinism
belief in the inevitability of causation. Everything that happens is the only possible thing that could happen. The chains and networks of causes are so powerful and inexorable that every outcome is inevitable.
148
behaviorist proposes
that people begin as blank slates and env rein and punishment completely determine an individualès subsequent behavior and personalities
149
beh process
begins in childhood and continues thruout the lifespan
150
beh personality
result of interaction between the individual and the environment
151
beh focused on behavior
which is observabel and measureable rather than mental and emotional behaviors
152
psychoana vs beh
opposites because psychoana mostly focuses on mental behaviors instead of observable behaviors
behaviorists donèt care for theories which take into account thoughts and feelings
153
learning according to behaviorism
occurs thru 2 forms of conditioning, classical or operant
154
classical c
person acquires a certain response to stim that is paired to a second different stim that already produces the desired response
also called assoc learning
155
operant c
behaviors are influenced by consequences that follow them
156
operant
personès action or behavior that operated on the env and produces consequences
157
consequences
rein which make it more likely that operant will be repeated or punshments which make it less likely that the operant will be repeated
158
both punish and rein can
be positve or negative
159
postve or -
refers to whether the consequence involves the presence or absence of a particular stimulus
160
positve rein
presence of a rewarding stimulus
161
- rein
absence of aversive stimulu
162
+ punish
presence of aversive stmuli
163
- punish
absence of a rewarding stim
164
behavioral therapy
uses conditioning to shape a cilentès behaviors in a desired direction
165
ABC model beh
therapist first persorma a functional assesment to det antecedents ( A and consequences (C) of behavior (B)
166
therapy after ABC
proceeds by changing ante and consequences , using least aversive means possible
167
common applications of behav therapy
include relaxation training
systematic desensitization
to help cilents manage fear and anxiety
168
systematic desensitization
cilent helped to relax while repeatedly being exposed to or imagining the situation that provokes anxiety
allows cilent to experience the problematic situation without experiencing any averse consequences
169
Skinner
strict behst
| associated with concept of operant conditioning
170
Pavlov
classical conditioning
171
behav believed that humans are
shaped by the env.t
172
cognitive theory
considered the bridge between behaviorism and other theories that emphasize thinking and behavior
173
social cogitive perspective
personality is formed by reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive and environmental factors
174
behav component of scog
includes patterns of behavior learned thru classical and operant conditioning as well as observational learning
175
observational learning cog
occurs whena person watches another personès behavior and its consequences , thereby learning, rules, strategies and expected outcomes in diff situations
176
ex of obs learning violence
studies found that children who watched aggressively and violent behavior in a vdeo subsequently behaved with more agression and violence towards aa doll
177
imitation
people are more likely to imitate models whom they admire or like or seem similar to themselves
178
cognitive portion of personality
includes mental processes involving observational learning as well as concious cognitve processes such as self efficacy beliefs
179
self efficacy beliefs
beliefs about 1 s own abilities
180
environmental comp
includes situational influences such as opps, rewards and punishments
181
cognitive behav therapy
behav usually combined wth cognitive approach
182
from cog persp feelings
and behaviors are seen as reactions not to actual events but to the personès thought about those events
183
people live according to cog
by self created, subjective beliefs about him or herself , other people and the world and the beliefs color the personès interpretations of events
184
beliefs of people cog
many are formed during childhood and they are often unconcious
185
roots of psycopatho according to cog
are irrational or dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs
186
goal of cognitive psychotherapy
help cilent become aware of these subsituate rational or accurate beliefs and thoughts which lead to more functioning feelings and behaviors
187
psyco ana therapy assumed problem
unconcious forces and childhood experiences
188
psyco ana therapy goals
reduced anxiety thru self insight
189
psyco ana general method
analysis and interpretation
190
humanistic therapy assumed problem
aka cilent centered or person centered
| barriers to self understandng and acceptance
191
humanistic therapy goals
personal growth thru self insight
192
humanistic general method
active listening and unconditional positive regard
193
cognitive behavioral therapy assumed problem
maladaptive behaivor and or negative self defeating thoughts
194
cognitive behavioral therapy goals
extinction and relearnng of undesired thoughts or behaviors and healthier thinking and self talk
195
cognitive behavioral general method
reconditioning, desensitization, reversal of self blame
196
Banduraès social cognitive theory
Attention
Memory
Imitation
Motivation
197
personality trait
generally stable predisposiition towards a brain behavior
198
trait theories of person focus
on identifyng, describing, measuring and comparing individual differences and similarities with respect to such traits
199
2 types of trats
surface
| source
200
surface traits
evident from a personès behavior
201
ex of surface trait
person might be described as talkative or exuberant
202
source trats
factors underlying human personality and behavior
fewer and more abstract
not binary but a continuum ranging between 2 extremes such as extroversion and introversion
203
Raymond Cattell
used factor analysis with hundreds of surface traits to identify which traits were related to each other
he identified 16 surface traits
204
15 traits were reduced to
5 global factors
205
global factors
source traits
beneath each gobal factors
number of correlated and more specific primary factors are claimed
206
5 global factors Cattell
extroversion, anxiety, receptivity, accomodation and self control
207
some primary factors are
associated with more than one global factor
208
16th surface trait
problem solving
| did not sort into any of the five global factors
209
5 factor model described by
McCrae and Costa
| widely accepted
210
5 factors of 5 factor model
extroversion, neuroticism, openess to experience, aggressiveness and concientousness
211
Cattell Extroversion 5 primary factors
```
reserved/ warm
serious/ lively
shy/ bold
private/ forthright
self-reliant/ group oriented
```
212
Cattell anxiety 4 primary factors
emotionally stable/ reactive
trusting/ vigilant
assured/apprehensive
relaxed/ tense
213
Cattell receptivity 4 primary factors
reserved/ warm
unsentimental/ sensitive
practical/ abstracted
traditional/ open to change
214
Cattell accomodation 4 primary factors
bold/ shy
vigilant/ trusting
traditional/ open to change
domnant/ deferential
215
Cattell self control 4 primary factors
lively/ serious
abstracted/ practical
expedient/ rule cocnioius
tolerates disorder/ perfectionist
216
primary factors which are part of more than one global factor
```
reserved or warm
lively/ serious
bold/ shy
practical/abstracted
traditional/ open to change
```
217
personality traits and careers
thought to help predict a personès performance and enjoyment in certain careers
assesments of personality traits are often used for career counseling and by human resources departments as an aid to hiring and promoting decisions
218
trait based assesments also used to help
people understand and accept themselves and others
219
each personal type is seen
as having its own strengths and weaknesses
| no type is identified as pathological , weaknesses are viewed to be chars to be aware of and mange rather than change
220
trait theories not concerned
with explaining why a person has particular traits although some have proposed that certain traits are biologically based
221
bio perspective of personality
partly due to innate biological differences among people
222
bio support
, support for this view is found in heritability of the basic personality trats as well as correlations between person traits and certain aspects of brain structure and function
223
Hans Esyenk level of extroversion
proposed that personès level of extroversion is based on individual differences in reticular formation (which mediates arousal and conciousness)
224
Ey: intro
more easily aroused and therefor require and tolerate less external stimulation
225
Ey: extro
less easily aroused and comfortable in more stimulating environments
226
Ey: level of neuroticism
based on individual differences in limbic system ( which helps mediate emotion and memory)
227
correlations between extro and brain
volume of brain regions involved with processing negative emotions and punishment
228
twin studies and adoption studies support for extro
heritability of extroversion and neuroticism
229
Big 5 Extroversion 5 ex
reserved/ affectionate
loner/ joiner
quiet / talkative
internal stimuli / external stimuli
230
Big 5 Neuroticism 5 ex
```
calm/ worrying
even tempered/ emotional
secure/ sensitive
confident/ nervous
emotionally stable/ unstable
```
231
Big 5 openess to experience 5 ex
```
down to earth / imaginative
uncreative/ original
prefer routin/ prefer variety
cautious/ curious
consistent/ inventive
```
232
Big 5 agreeableness 7 ex
```
antagonistic/ acquiescent
ruthless/ softhearted
suspicious/ trusting
cold/ friendly
unkind/ compassionate
antagonistic/cooperative
not pleasing / pleasing others
```
233
Big 5 conscientousness 5 ex
```
lazy/ hardworking
aimless/ ambitious
quitting/ persevering
easygoing/ efficient
careless/ organized
```
234
Jeffrey alan gray personality proposal
personality is governed by interactions among three brain systems that respond to rewarding and punishing stimuli
235
Gray:: fearlessness and avoidance
linked to fight or flight sympa NS
236
Gray: worry and anxiety
linked to behavioral inhibition system
237
Gray: optimism and impulsivity
linked to behavioral approach system
238
C robert cloninger personality link
linked personality to level of activity of certain neuro in 3 interacting systems of gray
239
clon: low dopamine activity
correlates with high impulsiviy and novelty seeking
240
clon: low epi activity
higher approval seeking and reward dependence
241
clon low sero activity
risk avoidance
242
grey matter volume and novelty seeking
in the cingulate cortex
243
grey matter volume and reward dependence
in caudate nucleus
244
grey matter volume and avoidance
orbitofrontal, occipital and parietal cortices
245
person situation controversy
aka trait vs state controverys
considers degree to which apersonè reaction in a given situation is due to their personality ( trait) or is due to the situation itself (state)
246
traits
considered interanl, stable, and enduring aspects of personality that should be consistent across most situations
247
states
are situational, unstable, temporary and variable aspects of personality that are influenced by external environment
248
ex of triat
extroversion
249
ex of state
stress
250
personality and behavior stability over time
research suggests that while peopleàs personality traits are fairly stable
their behavior in specific situations can be variable
251
variable behavior means
people do not act with predicatbale consistency even if their personality traits are predictably consistent
252
behavior in unfamiliar situations
tend to modify behavior based on social cues
| thus specific traits may remain hidden
253
social cues
verbal or non verbal hints that guide social interactions
254
ex of behavior in unfamiliar situation extrovert in fornmal
a person who is normally quite extroverted may seem quiet and reserved in anunfamiliar formal situation
255
familiar situation behavior
people act more like themselves
| same extrovert may be considered talkative in a familiar situation with friends
256
best wa to reveal distinct personality traits
average behavior
257
instinct
behaviors that are unlearned and present in a fixed pattern thruout a species
one of the several factors that is understood to influence motivation
258
ex of instinct chicks
imprinting in chicks wholearn to following objects or organisms that are present when they hatch
259
human instincts include
sucing behaviors, naturally holding breath under water, demonstrating fear when approaching drops in elevation
260
instincts represent
the contribution of genes which predispose species to particular behavior
261
organisms are pushed to act in certain ways
by physiological drives
262
drive
urge originating from a physiological discomfort such as hunger , thirst, sleepiness
useful for alerting an organism that is no longer in a state of homeostasis
263
homeostasis
internal state of equilibirium
264
drives suggest
that something is lacking, food , water or sleep for example
265
drives work thru
- feedback systems, which re abundant in human physiology
266
negative feedback
maintainins stability or homeostasis ; system produces a product or end result , which feed back to stop the system and maintain the product or end result within tightly controlled boundaries
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bio exs of - feedback
regualtion of blood pressure blood glucose levels and body temperature
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ex of impact of bio systems on behavior
if blood glucose drops because you havenèt eaten in hours, you will feel hungry and have a strong drive to eat
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behaviors can also be motivated by
desire to acheive an optimal level of arousal
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ex of behaviors motivated by arousal toddler and adult
toddler nt stimulated enough may seek stimulation by exploring the surroundings
adult who is feeling bored will do the same
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overstimulation impact
can lead to feelings of stress, which may lead one to seek ways to relax or sleep
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bio needs include
higher level needs
| need for safety, belonging and love and achievement
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theories that explain how motivation affects human behavior
drive reduction
incentive
maslowès heirarchy of needs
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drive reduction reasoning
since drives a re phys states of discomforts, it follows that we are motivated to reduce these drive thru behaviors such as eating and drinking
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drive reduction theory
suggests that a phys need creates an aroused state that drive the organism to reduce the need by engaging in some behavior
greater the physiological need, greater the drive , an aroused motivated state
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ex of drive reduction glucose
if your blood glucose drops, you feel hungry or light headed and have a drive to eat
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incentives
external stimuli, objects and events in the environment that can help induce or discourage certain behaviors
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incentive types
+: drive us to do something
| -: repel us from doing something
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behaviors most strongly motivated when
there are phys needs, strong + incentives and a lack of - incentives
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Abraham Maslow sought to explain
human behavior by creating a heirarchy of needs
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base of pyramid
physiological needs or basic needs needed to sutain human life
need to maintain homeostasis (obtain food, water and oxygen, elimintae waste, regulate internal temp, rest, engage in activity, reproduce)
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after basic needs are met
safety needs
| need to feel safe and protected, establish routine and familiarity, feel like the world is organized and predictable
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after safety needs are met
love and belongingness
| need to receive and give love, affection, and trust; need to be a part of a group or community; avoid loneliness
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after belongingness is acheived
esteem needs
| nedd to acheive self esteem and independence; eeds to receive esteem and respect from others
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after esteem is established
self actualization
| need to realize oneès full potential and find menaing beyond oneès self
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pyramid sugests
not all needs are created equally, some needs take priority over others
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ex of the priority of needs food porblems
an indiviudal who is struggling every day to work to put food on the table will plae higher value on meeting physiological needs than on fulfilling a cognitive need for belongingness by joining a community organization
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heirarchy is arbirtrary
comes from western emphasis on inividuality and some individuals show the ablity to reorganize these otives for ex hunger strikes
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advatages to Maslow heirarchy of needs
the inclusion of high level needs such as self actualization and the need for recognition and respect from others can also explain behavviors that the drive theory and the incentive theory cannot
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physiological homeostasis and detection
for many phys processes it is theorized that our bodies have a set point or a sweet spot at which things are in homeostasis
bodies have mechanisms which detect devations from the set oint and stimulating us to react either internally or behaviorally to regain the set point
responses to body temp variations , fluid intake, weight variations and sexual stimulation are regulated to a large extent by bio processes
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regulating body temp
important to surviavl because it affects protein function, cellular membranes and like
small elevations in body temp can result in heat stroke
292
hypo
primary control center for detecting changes in temp and receives input from skin receptors
293
response to cold
when hypo determines the body is cold, i causes vasoconstriction and shivering
294
response to heat
when hypo dets that body is hot, it causes vasodilation and sweating
295
behavior response to heat
by stretching out to maximize surface area and shedding layers of clothing
296
behavior response to cold
curling inward, snuggling up and adding layers of clothing
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summary: internal response when body temp falls
internal response: vasococnstriction ( conserves heat)
| shivering ( generates heat)
298
summary: external response when body temp falls
curling in snugglng seeking warmth, adding layers
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summary: end result to internal and external response when body temp falls
heat is retained and normal body temperature is reached once again
300
summary: internal response when body temp rises
vasodilation ( heat loss) and sweating ( heat lost as sweat evaporates
301
summary: external response when body temp rises
stretching out, seeking shade, shedding layers
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summary: end result to internal and external response when body temp rises
heat is lost to environment and normal body temp
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monitoring fluid levels includes
intakes of fluids as well as excretion
304
intake of fluids is stimulated by
speciaized osmoreceptors in the brain that detect dehydration
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omoreceptors
communicate with pituitary gland to stiimulate the release of antidiuretic horone ( ADH)
306
ADH communicates
with the kidneys to reduce urine production by reclaiming water
307
when blood volume is low
including when one is losing a significant amount of blood, hunger for sodium is stimulated to increase concentration of salt in bloodd and thirst to replace the lost fluuid
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excess fluid management
thru urination and sweating
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hunger regulates
the intake of nutrients in to the body
310
hunger is controlled by the
hypo , which receives info from the stomach, intestines, liver as well as thru monitoring blood glucose levels
311
lateral hypo brings
on hunger
312
ventromedial hypo
depresses hunger
313
ghrelin
released by the stomach and pancreas, heightens the sensation of hunger
314
leptin
hormone released by white adipose tissue ( fat) reduces hunger
315
sex hormones are responsible for
directing the debelopmet of M and F sexual anatomy, activation of sexual behavior
316
estrogen and testosterone
control sexual drve to a minimal extent in the short term , long term behavior can be guided by sex hormone s
317
sociocultural factors on Maslow heirarchy
higher levels of Maslow heirarchy , socio likely play large role in motivation
lower levels of Maslowès heirarchy also influenced by sociocultural
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ex of sociocultural influence on individuals
how a culture views body weight has an impact on the motivation of its members to reach some desired weight
319
culture and image Us vs success
US thinner image is idolized on television, poeple can change their eating habits inorder to obtain that desired figure
other culture, being overweight is idolized as a sign sucess and well being so members may strive to gain weight
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cutural influence taste
preferences , desire for fatty foods and amount of exercise people get
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appetite and mood
feeling depressed, we may crave sweet or starchy foods to help boost neuro serotonin, which has a calming effect
may crave food simply for sensory stimulation when bored or may develop food aversions based on experiences of food poisoning
