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Psych and Sociology MCAT > Ch 8.1-8.2 > Flashcards

Ch 8.1-8.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

society

A

defined as agroup of poeple who share a culture and live and interact with each other within a definable area

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2
Q

sociology

A

attempts to understand behavior of groups

study of how inds interact wth shape and are subsequently shaped by the society where they live

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3
Q

macrosociologists

A

interested in large scale structural considerations

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4
Q

macro theories focus

A

on effects on structures on individual actions: interests include mechanisms thru which structures explain patterns of behavior

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5
Q

microsociologists

A

interested in small scale individual considerations

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6
Q

micro therories focus

A

effects of individuals on social struture

include mechanism s thru which millions of individual interactions create an overall social impression

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7
Q

three classical perspectives

A

functionalist
conflict
interactionist

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8
Q

four modern or recent perspectives

A

feminist, social constructionist, rational choice, social exchange theories

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9
Q

functionalism

A

one of the oldest main theories

view that conceptualizes society as a living organism with many diff parts and organs each with diff purpose

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10
Q

functionalist approach focuses on

A

social functions of diff structures by seeing what they contribute to society at large
ex lungs contribute the exchange of air to body
social structures work together to sustain society in a similar way

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11
Q

Emmile durkheim

A

father of sociology
pioneer of modern social research
seperate from psychology and political pilosophy

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12
Q

Durkheim believed

A

modern societies were more complex than primitive societies where people might be held together because they were all quite similar, sharing common language, values and symbols

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13
Q

Durkheim and modern society

A

poeple might be quite dissimilar relied upon each other to make society function
complex societies involved many different ut interdependent parts working together to maintain stability a type of dynamic equilibrium

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14
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

exists once a reversible reaction ceases to change its ratio of reactants/products, but substances move between the chemicals at an equal rate, meaning there is no net change

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15
Q

Durkheim healthy societies

A

would be able to achieve and maintain this equilibrium , unhealthy ones would not

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16
Q

Durkheim view of society

A

society should always be viewed holistically - as collective of social facts rather than individuals

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17
Q

social facts

A

elements that serve some function in society such as laws, morals, values, rreligions, customs, rituals and rules that make up a society

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18
Q

manifest functions

A

intended and obvious consequences of a structure

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19
Q

latent functions

A

are unintended or less recognizable consequences

can be considered beneficial neutral or harmful

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20
Q

manifest functions ex

A

hospital manifest function may be to promote helath in populace
latent function: reduce crime by creating more jobs in community

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21
Q

social dysfunction

A

process that has been undesirable consequences, may actually reduce stability of society

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22
Q

ex social dysfucntion

A

hospital may also increase an income gap between medical professionals in the commuicty and others or create racial tensions thru unfair hiring practices

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23
Q

functionalism popularity

A

prevailing in 1950s

1960s and 70s unable to account for many rapid sociological advances

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24
Q

conflict theory

A

society as competition for limited resources
society is a place where there will be inequality in resources therefoe individuals will compete for social ppolitical and material resources like mone land power and leisure

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25
Q

conflict: social structures and institutions

A

reflect this competition in their degree of inherent inequality: certain groups and peopel will be able to amass more resources than others
those with most power and influence maintina their positions of power by supressing the advancement of thers

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26
Q

conflict:tension

A

does not have to be violent but could occur as negotiations, debates and disputs

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27
Q

conflict: focus

A

on those aspects that are functional for one group in society and dysfunctional for another

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28
Q

ex conflict: focus

A

inequality in pay for women vs men continues to be a source of tension
conflict theory often consideres the discrepancies between dominant and disadvantaged groups

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29
Q

Karl Marx economic conflict

A

looked at economic conflict between different social classes

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30
Q

Marx class struggle

A

societies process thru class struggle between those who own and control production and those who labor and provide manpower for production

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31
Q

MArx capitalism

A

believed capitalism produced internal tensions that would ultimately lead to self destruction of capitalist dsociety to be replaced by socialism

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32
Q

Ludwig Gumplowicz

A

expanded on Marx’s ideas by proposing society is shaped by war and conquest and that cultural and ethnic conflicts lead to certain groups becoming dominant over other groups

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33
Q

Max Weber

A

agreed with Marx with inequalites of capitalist system lead to conflict ut he did not believe that the collapse of capitalism was inevitable rather he argued there coul be more than one source of conflict such as conflict over inequalities in political power and socila status

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34
Q

Weber inequality reaction

A

argued factors such as agreement with authority figures , high rates of social mobility and low rates of class fifference moderated peopel’s reatcions to inequality

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35
Q

three founding fathers of sociology

A

Emile Dukhein, Karl Marx, Max Weber

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36
Q

conflict theory ahs been used

A

to explain the forces at work in mainaining a system of inequality that continues to opress women and minority groups

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37
Q

major criticism of conflict theory

A

focuses too much on conflict and does not recognize the role of staility within society
ignores non forceful ways in which people cand groups reach agreement
approaches society more from the perspective of those who lack power and focuses on economic factors almost exclusively as the sole issue for conflic within society

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38
Q

symbolix interactionism

A

startas at micro level and sees society as buildup of everyday typical interactions
influenced by George Hubert MEad

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39
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

examines relationship between individuals and society by focusing on communication and exchange of info thru language and symbols
particularly interested in symbols that people use to contribute values and belief s of others

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40
Q

symbolic: individual

A

actively shaping her society instead of merely acted upon by society

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41
Q

symbolic: analyyzes society

A

by adressing subjective meanings that people impose upon objects, events and behaviors

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42
Q

subjective meanings

A

important because people behave based on what they believe to be true, whether or not it is actually true

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43
Q

society is constructed thru human

A

interpretations , people interpret one another’s behaviors and these interpretations form a social bond

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44
Q

symbolic: principal of meaning

A

to be central aspect to human behavior
humans ascribe meaning to things and act toward those things based on their ascribed meaning 2. language allows humans to generate meaning thru social interaction with each other and society 3. humans modify meanings thru an interpretive thought process

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45
Q

dramaturgical approach

A

assumes people are theatrical performers and that everyday life is a stage
people in society choose what kind of image they want to communicate verbally and nno verbally to others

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46
Q

primary critcsm of dramaturgical approach

A

research may not be objective and theory focused too narrowly on symbolic interaction

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47
Q

feminist theory concerned

A

with social experiences of both women and men and diff between these experiences

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48
Q

feminist sociologists

A

strive to understand both social structures contributing to gender differences ( macro) and effects of gender diff on inidvidual interactions ( micro)

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49
Q

feminism

A

collection of social movemnets with purpose of establishing social movements with the purpose of establshing men and women as equals in terms of social rights, roles, statuses and so forth

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50
Q

gender is social construct

A

rather than some innate difference between poeple , sociologists interested in process that create gender inequaliities

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51
Q

feminist perspective

A

uses understanding of sociologists to strive for gender balance thru techniques such as presenting powerful contributions women have made to the world

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52
Q

feminist perspective and opression

A

extends to idea of active opression in whcih both individuals and sturctures maintain inequalities

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53
Q

feminist: micro level opression

A

ooccr as a result of authorative principles that allow men to retrict women
use of violence in families is an example

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54
Q

feminist: macro level opression

A

occur when economic, political and other social structures permit domination of women
driving ban for women in suadia araba is high profile ex

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55
Q

glass ceiling

A

invisible barrier that limits opportunities for the promotion of women in professional contexts
in most proff fields , women recieve less power and prestige and are sometimes even prevented from progressing in position

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56
Q

gender wage gap

A

where men and women report consistent differences in income

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57
Q

economic

A

social science concerned with resources, whether goods or services and their production, distribution and consumption by both individuals and groups

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58
Q

Capitalist societies are built on

A

competition and thus economic inlfueces social behavior

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59
Q

related rational choice and social exchange theoriees

A

built on premise that opportunities for profit motivate and drve hhuman behavior thsi behavior is goal oriented

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60
Q

cost benefit analysis

A

important comp of decision making process, individuals maks rational economic decision to minimize costs and maximize benfts ( cost effective decisions)

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61
Q

rational

A

refers to idea people accept that which will give them more and reject that which will give them less

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62
Q

economic theories assume

A

behaviros are utilitarian

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63
Q

rational choice and exchange theories asusmpttions

A

inidviduals have possible alternatives and freedom of choce to make decisions about alternatives
rooted in economic ideas

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64
Q

rationa choice theory

A

decisions made between multiple courses of actions ]reason for all choice: provides greatest reward at lowest cost
more concerned with measureable resources suc as info, moeny and time ( extrinsic costs) than subjective emotions such as guilt ( intrinsic cost)
despite political action, it is likened to a consumer choice

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65
Q

central premise of rational choice theory

A

all choice is rational with specific intention to increase personal advantages and decrease personal disadvantages
make rational decisons to get greatest overall dissatisfaction

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66
Q

rational choice theory allows scholars

A

to model patterns of behaviors, which thus allows possibility of predicting future outcomes

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67
Q

related social exchange theory

A

concerned with decisions regaridng multiple opportunities for interaction

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68
Q

related social exchange theory explains

A

we assign different values to diifferent course of action and prefer the action with greatest personal benefit
decisions regarding interactions that are similar
we assign punishments and rewards to interactions and relationships and prefer those with greatest personal benefits

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69
Q

people prefer

A

approving interactions better than disaprroving like how we prefer credit over debt

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70
Q

rewards in social exchange

A

things with positive values can be positive economic value, physical ( a hug) psycological ( support) and even subtle gestures ( a smile )

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71
Q

punishments in social exhcange

A

costs that are economic
any thing negative vaues
psychological abandoment or even subtle gestures( a frown)

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72
Q

related social exchange reward and punishments

A

are subjective, which means perspective become smore complicated and more flexible

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73
Q

social exchange

A

involves the exchange of resources, material or non material economic or social
min costs and max benefits

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74
Q

worth of a social interaction measured by

A

profit from interaction= rewards - punishment

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75
Q

direction of results

A

determines whether the action will occur

relates to reinforcement principles

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76
Q

interactions: social exchange

A

with known + worth based on bpast will be continued and those with known - worth wil be discontinued

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77
Q

social exchange: ibest relationships

A

result from iteractions with mutula benefits

often dependent in relatiosips with partners

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78
Q

social and rational theory criticsms

A

description of social behavior as mathematical calculation fail to consider additional influences in complex process of deciosn making
rational model argues all social realities are the result of indivdiulal’s actions and interactions
microlevel influence our perceived realities, however staunch does not leave room for large scale structures

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79
Q

metholodological individualism

A

amounts to the claim that social phenomena must be explained by showing how they result from individual actions, which in turn must be explained through reference to the intentional states that motivate the individual actors
requirement that causal accounts of social phenomena explain how they result from the motivations and actions of individual agents, at least in principle

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80
Q

social constructionism

A

argues poeple actively shape their reality thru social interactions t is therefore something that is constructed not inherent

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81
Q

major focus of social constructionism

A

uncover ways in which individuals and groups participate in the construction fo their perceived social reality

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82
Q

social construct

A

concept or practie that is a construct of a group
essentially everone in society agrees to treat a certain aspect a certain way regardless of its inherent value
something that isn’t necessarily true in nature

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83
Q

ex of social construct

A

moneyitself is inherently worthless merely a piece of paper or metal but because people have agreed that it is valuable
it has agreed upon value

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84
Q

major focus of social constructionists

A

study of how individuals and groups participate in the construction of societya nd social reality

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85
Q

social construction

A

dynamic , ongoing process which must be maintained, reaffirmed and passed along to future generations

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86
Q

vast amoun of our culture is

A

socially constructed in that it has a set of rules that are determined by societies whims and trends
rules and norms are not overarching undeniable truths but are created concepts

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87
Q

level of analysis : functionalism

A

macro

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88
Q

founder and theorists: functionalism

A

emile durkheim

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89
Q

level of analysis : conflict theory

A

macro

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90
Q

founder and theorists: conflict theory

A

karl marx
ludwig gumplowicz
max weber

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91
Q

level of analysis : symbolic interactionism

A

micro

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92
Q

founder and theorists: symbolic interactionism

A

george herbet mead

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93
Q

level of analysis : feminist

A

both levels possible

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94
Q

level of analysis : rational choice

A

micro

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95
Q

level of analysis : social exchange

A

micr

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96
Q

level of analysis : social constructionism

A

micro

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97
Q

social institutions

A

complexes of roles, norms and values organized into a relatively stable form that contribute to social order by governing the behavior or people
provide predictability and organization for individuals within societya nd mediate social behavior between people
provide harmony, allow for specialization and differentiation of skills

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98
Q

family

A

defined as a set of people related by blood, marriage, adoption or some other agreed upon relationship that signifies some responsibility to eahc other

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99
Q

five functions of families

A

1 reproduction and monitoring of sexula behavior
2 protection
3 socialization- passing down norms and values of society
3 affection and companionship
5 social status- social position is often based on family background and reputation

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100
Q

nuclear fanmily

A

consisting of direct blood relations

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101
Q

extended family

A

in which grandparents, aunts, uncles and others are included

102
Q

monogamy

A

form of marriage where 2 individuals are married to each other only

103
Q

polygamy

A

allows an individual to have multiple wives or husbands simultaneously

104
Q

polygyny

A

man married to many woman

105
Q

polyandry

A

women married to more than 1 man

106
Q

endogamy

A

refers to the practice of marrying within a particular group

107
Q

exogamy

A

refers to a requirement to marry outside of a particular group with it being the norm in almost all cultures to proiit sexual relationships between certain relatives

108
Q

kinship

A

how we think about who we related to

may include extended family and members of community or friends

109
Q

kin

A

do not have to live together, considered a cultural group rather than biological one

110
Q

bilateral descent

A

if kin groups involve both pathernal and maternal relations

111
Q

preferece for paternal and maternal relations

A

patrilineal and matrilineal

112
Q

patriarchy

A

men have more authority than women

113
Q

matriarchy

A

women have more authority than men

114
Q

egalitarian family

A

spouses are treated as equals and may be involved in more negotiation when making deciosn s

115
Q

traditional family in US

A

husband and wife witth2.1 children dog and white picket fence in middle income

116
Q

differences in US

A

cultural diff
divorce
cohabitation
lesbian and gay relationships

117
Q

cultural differences

A

emphasize importance of extended famly often living with grandparents , cousins and the like
kin cna be non blood related members of the comunity which are considered part of the family

118
Q

divorce rate

A

generally rise in US due to several factiors

119
Q

factors causing rise of divorce rate in US

A

growing religious and social acceptance of ivorce
uch more opportunities for women to suceed autonomously making divorce a real possiblity
financial and legal barriers to deivorce lessened over time
openning door to more non tradtional family sturctures such as remarried and blended failies

120
Q

cohabitation

A

large increase among couples in 20s and 3 0s in living togeteher without getting married
couples may be in transitional phase or choose not to get married at atlll
sometimes couples will have children and do many tthings traditionally married couples do without legal marriage

121
Q

family violence

A

more dramatic ex in which one member of the faily is directly responsile for the threat thru their mistreatment of another person, often in an attempt to gain power, leaving the target fearful and powerless

122
Q

aspects to violence

A

harm can be threatened or actual self directed or other directed, physical or non physical an isolated event or a repeating occurence

123
Q

child abus

A

involve violence towards a child target

124
Q

4 categories of child abuse

A

physical, emotional, sexual, neglect

125
Q

domestic abuse

A

aka dating abuse or spousal abuse

violence directed towards one partnner of an intimate relationship where the abuser is the second partner

126
Q

elder abuse

A

violence directed toward an older target

expectation of trust from older person, which is violated in the course of violence4

127
Q

consequences of abuse

A

serious ranging from lifelong mental health problems such as PTSD and difficulties with social fucntioning ( substance abuse) and death
effects target and others with awareness
linked to alcohol consumption, mental illness and certain social conditions

128
Q

educational insitutions manifest

A

systematically pass down knowledge and give status to those who have been educated

129
Q

ex of manifest educational

A

patients trust doctors mainly because of the conferral of an awarded degree and subsequent licensure which represens the agreedupon amount of indo, skills and training required in order to practice medicine

130
Q

latent functions of educational instituation

A

socialization, agents of change

maintaining social control

131
Q

schools and dominant cultur

A

transmit aspects
teaching dominant language and literature, holidays and traditions, historical figures and events and exposes people to existing beliefs
maintain current social norms y training students on discripline

132
Q

hidden curriculum

A

other lessons learned in school which are not part of the stated teacherès lesson plan
can come into conflict with manifested curriculum

133
Q

existence of schools allows

A

for new distinct ideas to for

134
Q

schooling and opportunity

A 
benefits such as small class size, excellent teachers and availability of latest technology and resources are based on socioeconomic status 
access to higher education is highly dependent on family income  as well us other  factors like whether parents encouraged children to apply to college
135
Q

level of education

A

influence in terms of power, respect and social standing

136
Q

educational segregation

A

widening disparity between children from high income neighborhoods and those fromm low income neighborhoods

137
Q

public schools funding from

A

local taxes, schools located in wealthier neighborhoods receive more moeny and arguably have better teachers and thus are able to porvide stronger education to students

138
Q

wealthier neighborhoods and resources

A

parents have the tie and resources to be more involved, intervene if something occuring at the school they did not agree with such as a techer doing a poor job

139
Q

poorer neighborhoods

A

public schools that are poorly funded and students may not get enough resources to do well
higher teacher turnover , employ worse teachers ad provide a worse education to students

140
Q

children from poorer neighborhoods

A

tend to attend poorer schools and are more likely than children from wealthier neighborhoods to receive poorer eductions
either drop out of school before graduation or graduate with no intention of attending college, if they do pursue college education pursue a vocational degree or associates degree
far less likely than children from wealthier neighborhoods to pursue a four year college degree and more unlikely to pursue education beyond college like graduate or medical degree
more likely to end up with lower paying jobs and perpetuate the cycle of poverty for themselves while children from wealthier neighborhoods are more likely to go to college even puruse an advanced degree beyond college and end up with higher paying jobs, perpetuating their own cycle of wealth

141
Q

teacher expectations and actions

A

form quick expectations of students and act toward the student with these expectations in mind

142
Q

teacher expectancy theory

A

if student accepts teacherès expectations as reasonable, will begin to perform in accordance with them as well
often praised as something that helps children exceed their own expectations of themselves

143
Q

teacher sterotypes

A

expectations cna haveefect of underestimating students
when students perform to meet ther teacherès lower expectations and simultaneusly miss out on opportunities for upward mobility education can provide

144
Q

educational straification

A

social arrangment -living in different areas , having parents with different levels of involvement, being able or unable to pay for a private or higher education- tht becomes entrenched through educational segregation and is reproduced in new generations of people such as that the childrenès educational achievements mirror those of their parents

145
Q

fom of relgious organizations

A

eclesia
church
sect
cult or new religious movement

146
Q

eclesia

A

dominant religious organization that inlcudes most members of society is recognized as the national or official religion and tolerates no other religions
often integrated into political instiutions and poeple do not choose to participate but are born nto social instituition

147
Q

ex of eclesia

A

Islam is offical state religion in Iran

148
Q

church

A

type of religious org that is well integrated into society
membership tends to occur by birth but most churches allow poeple to jon
congregations are typically concerned with the sacred and ordinary aspects of life and have well stipulated rules and organizations
can be tied to the state or independent of it denomization

149
Q

sect

A

religious org thst is distinct from that of larger society
formed often by breaking away from larger reliious instiutions
over time some develop into churches
membership thru birth or conversion
may withdraw from larger society to practice beliefs and may be fairly exclusive

150
Q

ex of sect

A

Mormon community and Amish community

151
Q

cult

A

religious org that is far outside of societyès norms and often involves a very different lifestyle
bad reputaion and are quickly judged by society as crazy but many of the worlds dominantt religions including Christianinty started as cults

152
Q

religion and functionalist

A

religon ca cretate social cohesion and dissent, social change as well as control and provide believers with meaning and purpose

153
Q

socail cohesion

A

often experienced by members due to the system of shared beliefs and vlaues it provides

154
Q

religious communities can provide

A

source of emotion, spiritual and material support in difficult times
can be source of social dissent as history of violence between religious factions indicates

155
Q

liberation theology

A

use of church in political effort against various social issues including poverty and injustice

156
Q

religious priciples and control

A

means of socila control to create laws and regulations, attribute social statuses and determine genr roles

157
Q

modernization

A

tranformation from traditional social structures to more rational or economic driven ones

158
Q

ideological component of modernization

A

modern often positive connotations , attractive and up to date
traditional are seen as out of date

159
Q

classical sociologists predict that as societies become or emoder

A

delcine in religious practice in favor of more rational thought
can contribute to loss of close identification with traditional religious beliefs and practices

160
Q

secularization

A

process tthru which religion loses its social significane in modern societies
for individual decline in religious observances
for society decline in public influence of religious leaders

161
Q

fundamentalism

A

second response to modernist societies in which there is strong attachment to traditional religious beliefs and practices
strice adherence to religious doctrines resulting from literalist interpretation of thes etexts

162
Q

fundamentalists argue religion

A

should be an integral part of social life

concerned with political issues such as abortion and same sex marriage

163
Q

ex of funda movements

A

westboro baptist church or muslim brotherhood

164
Q

5 majjor world religions

A 
christianity 
 islam
hinduism
buddhism 
sikhism 
judaism
165
Q

christianity

A

largest single faith in the world
30% of the population identify as CHristian though there are multiple denminations about 80% of poeple in US identify as christian and although churhc and state are legally seperate, many social and political matters reference god
monothestic 1 god a nd its folowers believe in prophets an afterlife and judgment day

166
Q

isalm

A

2d largest religion in world
MUslim followers
20-25% of worldès population are MUslim
monothestic (Allah)
followers believe in prophets , afterlife and judgment day
do not often seperate religion and staet and often religin dictates law in MUslim countries
vary in norms with issues such as veil worn by women being more cultural then religious

167
Q

Hinduism

A

developed in india
polyestic practiced by 14% of the worldès populatio , athough there are major deities such as Shiva and Vishnu
includes belief of reincarnation or birth after death

168
Q

Buddhism

A

developed based on teachings of Siddartha later known as BUddha in IINdia
believe in overcoming cravings for physical and material pleasures thru meditative practices

169
Q

sikhism

A

monothestic religion published by roughly % of the worldès population, one god and teaching of 10 gurus

170
Q

Judaism

A

monothestic and formed the historical basis for Christianity and ISlam
believe god formed a covenant with Abraham and sarah and that if certain rules were folowed Ten commandments , god would bring paradse to earth
jews make up % of worldè s popultion
israel jewish state which interwines reliion and law

171
Q

religiosity

A

extent of influence of religion in a personès life

172
Q

fundaentalist

A

who adhere strictly to religious beliefs

very devout

173
Q

rational legal authority

A

lega rules and regulations are stipulated in a document like Constitution US government

174
Q

traditional authority

A

power due to custom, tradition, or accepted practice

175
Q

charismatic authority

A

power of persuasion gives leaders their power

Martin LUther KIng Jr

176
Q

tradiitional vvs modern governance

A

uncentralized bands and trbes

centralized states

177
Q

aristarchic gov

A

controlled by small group of poeple selected based on specific qulaificatiosns with decios making power, public not involved in most political decisions

178
Q

aristarchies include

A

aristocracies

meritocracies

179
Q

aristocracies

A

those ruled by elite citizens likethose with noble brths

180
Q

meritocracies

A

ruled by the meritorious , like those with a record of meanngful social contributions

181
Q

autocratic gov

A

controlled by single person or selctive small group with absolute decision making pwoer

182
Q

autocracies include

A

dictatorships

facist gov

183
Q

dictatorship

A

those ruled by one person

184
Q

fascist gov

A

those ruled by a small group of leaders

185
Q

monarchic gov

A

controlled by single person or selective small group inhereited by leadership role like kings and qqueens
both absoluted and consttutional monarchies in whcih leaders are limited thru formal constitutions

186
Q

authoritarian gov

A

consist unelected leaders; public might have some indiviudla freedoms abut have no control over representation

187
Q

totalitarianism

A

those in which unelected leaders regulated both public and privae life thru coercieve means of contorl

188
Q

democratic gov

A

consits of elected leaders; the public has some degree of political decisions making power thru either direct decisons or representations

189
Q

direct democracies

A

gov in which their is direct public participation

190
Q

representative democracies

A

gov in which there is indirect public participation thru election representatives

191
Q

democratic sturctures

A

common in western world such as US where most of popeulation is granted the right to vote thru public elections although there might be an unequal distribution of decison making power

192
Q

political parties

A

formal groups of poeple share the same prinicplpe politicla beliefs and organize with common purpose of ensuring governance which supports these prinicples thru appropritae policies

193
Q

oligarchic gov

A

less clear as leaders can be elected or unelected, public might have power to elect rep but people have little influenc ein directing decision and social change
controlled by small group with shared interetss

194
Q

republilcan gov

A

consider their countries to be public concerns and thsu are democratic in nature meaning pople ave supreme power in these societies

195
Q

federalist governments

A

including governing rep head that shares power with constitutent groups
division between central gov or the federal gov and constiutent gov or state provincial and local gov

196
Q

parliamentary gov

A

bothe executive and legislative branches that are interconnected : memers of executve branch are accountable to members of legislature

197
Q

presidential gov

A

include orgnizing branches such as head of staet

198
Q

anarchy

A

societies without publichgov

common implication is lawlessness

199
Q

economic s

A

concerned with production, distirbution and consumtion of resources both goods an dservces

200
Q

four economic structures

A

command
market
mixed
traditional

201
Q

command economics

A

known as planne economics
economic deciosn based on plan of productio and means of poroduction are often state owned these nclude socialism and communism

202
Q

market econoies

A

economic decisison based on market supply and demand and means of production is often private
include laissez faire and free market ecoomies

203
Q

mixed economies

A

blend elements of command and market with both public and private ownership

204
Q

traditional economies

A

social customes in economic decisons practice common in rual areas and often ivolves bartering and trading

205
Q

capitalism

A

economic system in which resources and production are mainly privately owned and goods and servercies are provided for profit

206
Q

driving force in captalist societies

A

pursuit of personal profit
advantages are hat it benefit consumer by allowing competition which promotes higher quality and lower price of goods and services thereotically
thought to emphasize personal freedom by imiting government restrictions and regulations

207
Q

socialism

A

economic system where resources and production are collectively owned
includes a system of production and distribution designed to satisfy human needs goods and services are produced for direct use rather than profit

208
Q

socialism private property

A

is limited and gov intervenes to share property among all
driving force is collective goals everyone is given a job and provided with what they need to survive
economy is centrally controlled and ru by gov

209
Q

communism

A

specific socialist structures where there is common ownership of means of prouduction but asbsence of currencies classes and states based on shared economic political and social ideologies

210
Q

welfare capitalism

A

system in which most of the economy is private with exception of extensive social welfare programs to serve certain needs with in societit
universal health care is provided by state

211
Q

state capitalism

A

system in which companies are privately run but work closely with teh gov in forming laws and regulations
ex US where most businesses are privately owned but gov runs many operations including schools

212
Q

professions

A

highly steemed white collar occupations that require a great deal of education

213
Q

division of labor

A

occurs as societies become so complex not possible for individual to meet all of his or her needs alone such as happened with rise of capitalism

214
Q

different occupations emerge with rise of capiitalism

A

specialized to serve a specific social need

ex doctor can treat medical problem

215
Q

+ and - consequences of division of labor

A

increased the rate of production but decreased similarities in social experience among individuals contributing to classdifferences

216
Q

Mechanical solidarity

A

allows society to remain integrated because individuals have common beliefs that lead to each person having the same fundamental experience
social integration of members of a society who have common values and beliefs

217
Q

collective conscience

A

presumes existence of greater social order that guides individual actions thru shared beliefs, morals and values
common in traditional societies like agricultural societies

218
Q

organic solidarity

A

allows society to integratethough a a division of labor which leads to each person having different personal experience thus each movement is distinguishable and seperate
common in modern societies and often occurs as concentration of people in a given area grows

219
Q

delivery of health care in US

A

accomplished by teams of health care providers with different training backgrounds and speciality areas such as physians and nureses of all specialities

220
Q

delivery of health care classified into 3 levels

A

primary
secondary
tertiary

221
Q

primary care

A

care provider responsible for ongoing prevntative measres and disease mangment or comunity based care such as urgent care center

222
Q

secondary care

A

includes acute care ( emergency department) as well as specialty care which is often received following a referral from primary care provider

223
Q

tertiary care

A

very specialized form of health care
based on consultaions with specialist care providers and often occurs in hospitals or care facilities designed just for the purpose of caring for patients with a limited set of conditions

224
Q

ex of tertiary care

A

cancer hospitals, burn centers and pallative care

225
Q

societies differ in

A

degree of emphasis that they put on physcal health vs mental health

226
Q

medical model of disease

A

emphasizes physical or medical factors as being the cause of all illness
characterizes all illness as having physiological or pathological basis , medical profession has been able to reframe many conditions as disease states based on sufccess of empircal treatment or hope scientific research will eventually expose underlying cause of disease

227
Q

medicalization

A

pocess in which a condition becomes reconceptualized as a disease with medicla diagnosis and treatment
results in medical explanations for social problems

228
Q

social model of diseas emphasizes

A

the effect of oneès social class, employment status neighborhood and exposure to environmental toxins, diet and many other factors on a personès health

229
Q

ex of medical model vs social model

A

while someone working from medical model might look for ultimat cause of personès illness , someone from social model would be attuned to proximae cause about the patients circumstances that put him or her at greater rsik of expoppsure

230
Q

social model aims to

A

take into consideration the psychological social and cultural factors that influenc ehelath including perception of illness beliefs about health community practices that may affect emotional states, medical compliance and a multitue of other health rellated outcomes

231
Q

social model populates that social pressures

A

create conditioned for healtha dn ilness

232
Q

social epidemiology

A

field that studies how social organization contributes to prevalence , incidence and distribution of disease across and within populations

233
Q

low income limits

A

inidviidualès ability to eat healhy food, exercise, get enough sleep and avoid long term effects of sever stressors

234
Q

low in come and sleep

A

often work multiple jons to try to make ends meet and provide for children
does not leave much time for exercise and can contribute to obesity among low income populations

235
Q

low income and exercising outside

A

low income neighborhoods are not safe for adults or children to exercise outside
climate may noot allow for outdoor exercise in safe neighborhoods
low income often cannot afford gym memberships

236
Q

low income and sleep

A

leptin levels are low individuals do not fel sated after eating and may consume more food as a result
lack of sleep can contribute to difficulties in coping with stressors

237
Q

low income neighborhoods are often

A

food deserts

238
Q

food desert

A

area where healthy fresh food is hard to find because there are no proper grocery stores
people in low income neighborhoods are morelikely to eat high caloric oods that have low nutritional value such as fast food

239
Q

appeal of fast foods to low income

A

readily available
fasta nd inexpensive
important to low income people trying to support themselves and families on very little disposabl income while working several jobs

240
Q

low income stress

A

living paycheck to paycheck is extermely stressful

effects of chronic stress can take toll as low infant birth weight, hgh blood pressure, overweight ad cognitive defects

241
Q

US and high income nations focus

A

on treating and preventing chronic conditions such as obesity, heart disease and cancer

242
Q

low income nations focus

A

on treating more acute ilness , because it is more immediate and incidence of chronic illness is much lowr

243
Q

socilogical concepts describing illness and patinet

A

sick role- describes societyès response to illness

ilnness experience- patientès subective exp of illness

244
Q

sick role developed by

A

Talcott parsons

245
Q

sick rol

A

when a person is ill he or she is not able to be a contributing member of society
being ill is deviance
others to take up extra work in perosnès absence they must consider the illness to be legitimate and sanction personès deviance by exempting him or her from normal social roles and not blaming the person for his or her illness
in return the person must seek medicla care and make sincere attempt to get well

246
Q

limitations to sick role

A

does not hold up empirically
those with chronic disease stigmatized dieseases and lifetsyle diseases
if person is suffering from a condition which is little known, others may not accept that the person is ill and not confer to legitimization of sick role

247
Q

sick role cannot explain

A

chronic illness where person ahs good and bad days and often must carry on with normal life despite poor helath
erson with chronic illness cannot fulfill social obligation to get well that sick role imposes
some poeple are blamed for their poor health

248
Q

doctor patient relatioonship sick role implies

A

passive patient and authoritarian physiacian

249
Q

ilness experience

A

research takes patients subjective experience as main concern
interested i meanings people give to illness but how experience affects pateinetès dailylives

250
Q

illness experience and chronic ilness

A

he or she ust adjust normal daily life to fit constraints of the ilness
isolating and destabilize ones sens of self which is largely founded on activities of norma l life, hobbies and work and relationships
self concept and daily reinforce each other
illess exp encompasses both individualès understand ing of his or her condition as well as material impact of being ill on personès life

Psych and Sociology MCAT (14 decks)

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