Ch 8.1-8.2 Flashcards
society
defined as agroup of poeple who share a culture and live and interact with each other within a definable area
sociology
attempts to understand behavior of groups
study of how inds interact wth shape and are subsequently shaped by the society where they live
macrosociologists
interested in large scale structural considerations
macro theories focus
on effects on structures on individual actions: interests include mechanisms thru which structures explain patterns of behavior
microsociologists
interested in small scale individual considerations
micro therories focus
effects of individuals on social struture
include mechanism s thru which millions of individual interactions create an overall social impression
three classical perspectives
functionalist
conflict
interactionist
four modern or recent perspectives
feminist, social constructionist, rational choice, social exchange theories
functionalism
one of the oldest main theories
view that conceptualizes society as a living organism with many diff parts and organs each with diff purpose
functionalist approach focuses on
social functions of diff structures by seeing what they contribute to society at large
ex lungs contribute the exchange of air to body
social structures work together to sustain society in a similar way
Emmile durkheim
father of sociology
pioneer of modern social research
seperate from psychology and political pilosophy
Durkheim believed
modern societies were more complex than primitive societies where people might be held together because they were all quite similar, sharing common language, values and symbols
Durkheim and modern society
poeple might be quite dissimilar relied upon each other to make society function
complex societies involved many different ut interdependent parts working together to maintain stability a type of dynamic equilibrium
dynamic equilibrium
exists once a reversible reaction ceases to change its ratio of reactants/products, but substances move between the chemicals at an equal rate, meaning there is no net change
Durkheim healthy societies
would be able to achieve and maintain this equilibrium , unhealthy ones would not
Durkheim view of society
society should always be viewed holistically - as collective of social facts rather than individuals
social facts
elements that serve some function in society such as laws, morals, values, rreligions, customs, rituals and rules that make up a society
manifest functions
intended and obvious consequences of a structure
latent functions
are unintended or less recognizable consequences
can be considered beneficial neutral or harmful
manifest functions ex
hospital manifest function may be to promote helath in populace
latent function: reduce crime by creating more jobs in community
social dysfunction
process that has been undesirable consequences, may actually reduce stability of society
ex social dysfucntion
hospital may also increase an income gap between medical professionals in the commuicty and others or create racial tensions thru unfair hiring practices
functionalism popularity
prevailing in 1950s
1960s and 70s unable to account for many rapid sociological advances
conflict theory
society as competition for limited resources
society is a place where there will be inequality in resources therefoe individuals will compete for social ppolitical and material resources like mone land power and leisure
conflict: social structures and institutions
reflect this competition in their degree of inherent inequality: certain groups and peopel will be able to amass more resources than others
those with most power and influence maintina their positions of power by supressing the advancement of thers
conflict:tension
does not have to be violent but could occur as negotiations, debates and disputs
conflict: focus
on those aspects that are functional for one group in society and dysfunctional for another
ex conflict: focus
inequality in pay for women vs men continues to be a source of tension
conflict theory often consideres the discrepancies between dominant and disadvantaged groups
Karl Marx economic conflict
looked at economic conflict between different social classes
Marx class struggle
societies process thru class struggle between those who own and control production and those who labor and provide manpower for production
MArx capitalism
believed capitalism produced internal tensions that would ultimately lead to self destruction of capitalist dsociety to be replaced by socialism
Ludwig Gumplowicz
expanded on Marx’s ideas by proposing society is shaped by war and conquest and that cultural and ethnic conflicts lead to certain groups becoming dominant over other groups
Max Weber
agreed with Marx with inequalites of capitalist system lead to conflict ut he did not believe that the collapse of capitalism was inevitable rather he argued there coul be more than one source of conflict such as conflict over inequalities in political power and socila status
Weber inequality reaction
argued factors such as agreement with authority figures , high rates of social mobility and low rates of class fifference moderated peopel’s reatcions to inequality
three founding fathers of sociology
Emile Dukhein, Karl Marx, Max Weber
conflict theory ahs been used
to explain the forces at work in mainaining a system of inequality that continues to opress women and minority groups
major criticism of conflict theory
focuses too much on conflict and does not recognize the role of staility within society
ignores non forceful ways in which people cand groups reach agreement
approaches society more from the perspective of those who lack power and focuses on economic factors almost exclusively as the sole issue for conflic within society
symbolix interactionism
startas at micro level and sees society as buildup of everyday typical interactions
influenced by George Hubert MEad
symbolic interactionism
examines relationship between individuals and society by focusing on communication and exchange of info thru language and symbols
particularly interested in symbols that people use to contribute values and belief s of others
symbolic: individual
actively shaping her society instead of merely acted upon by society
symbolic: analyyzes society
by adressing subjective meanings that people impose upon objects, events and behaviors
subjective meanings
important because people behave based on what they believe to be true, whether or not it is actually true
society is constructed thru human
interpretations , people interpret one another’s behaviors and these interpretations form a social bond
symbolic: principal of meaning
to be central aspect to human behavior
humans ascribe meaning to things and act toward those things based on their ascribed meaning 2. language allows humans to generate meaning thru social interaction with each other and society 3. humans modify meanings thru an interpretive thought process
dramaturgical approach
assumes people are theatrical performers and that everyday life is a stage
people in society choose what kind of image they want to communicate verbally and nno verbally to others
primary critcsm of dramaturgical approach
research may not be objective and theory focused too narrowly on symbolic interaction
feminist theory concerned
with social experiences of both women and men and diff between these experiences
feminist sociologists
strive to understand both social structures contributing to gender differences ( macro) and effects of gender diff on inidvidual interactions ( micro)
feminism
collection of social movemnets with purpose of establishing social movements with the purpose of establshing men and women as equals in terms of social rights, roles, statuses and so forth
gender is social construct
rather than some innate difference between poeple , sociologists interested in process that create gender inequaliities
feminist perspective
uses understanding of sociologists to strive for gender balance thru techniques such as presenting powerful contributions women have made to the world
feminist perspective and opression
extends to idea of active opression in whcih both individuals and sturctures maintain inequalities
feminist: micro level opression
ooccr as a result of authorative principles that allow men to retrict women
use of violence in families is an example
feminist: macro level opression
occur when economic, political and other social structures permit domination of women
driving ban for women in suadia araba is high profile ex
glass ceiling
invisible barrier that limits opportunities for the promotion of women in professional contexts
in most proff fields , women recieve less power and prestige and are sometimes even prevented from progressing in position
gender wage gap
where men and women report consistent differences in income
economic
social science concerned with resources, whether goods or services and their production, distribution and consumption by both individuals and groups
Capitalist societies are built on
competition and thus economic inlfueces social behavior
related rational choice and social exchange theoriees
built on premise that opportunities for profit motivate and drve hhuman behavior thsi behavior is goal oriented
cost benefit analysis
important comp of decision making process, individuals maks rational economic decision to minimize costs and maximize benfts ( cost effective decisions)
rational
refers to idea people accept that which will give them more and reject that which will give them less
economic theories assume
behaviros are utilitarian
rational choice and exchange theories asusmpttions
inidviduals have possible alternatives and freedom of choce to make decisions about alternatives
rooted in economic ideas
rationa choice theory
decisions made between multiple courses of actions ]reason for all choice: provides greatest reward at lowest cost
more concerned with measureable resources suc as info, moeny and time ( extrinsic costs) than subjective emotions such as guilt ( intrinsic cost)
despite political action, it is likened to a consumer choice
central premise of rational choice theory
all choice is rational with specific intention to increase personal advantages and decrease personal disadvantages
make rational decisons to get greatest overall dissatisfaction
rational choice theory allows scholars
to model patterns of behaviors, which thus allows possibility of predicting future outcomes
related social exchange theory
concerned with decisions regaridng multiple opportunities for interaction
related social exchange theory explains
we assign different values to diifferent course of action and prefer the action with greatest personal benefit
decisions regarding interactions that are similar
we assign punishments and rewards to interactions and relationships and prefer those with greatest personal benefits
people prefer
approving interactions better than disaprroving like how we prefer credit over debt
rewards in social exchange
things with positive values can be positive economic value, physical ( a hug) psycological ( support) and even subtle gestures ( a smile )
punishments in social exhcange
costs that are economic
any thing negative vaues
psychological abandoment or even subtle gestures( a frown)
related social exchange reward and punishments
are subjective, which means perspective become smore complicated and more flexible
social exchange
involves the exchange of resources, material or non material economic or social
min costs and max benefits
worth of a social interaction measured by
profit from interaction= rewards - punishment
direction of results
determines whether the action will occur
relates to reinforcement principles
interactions: social exchange
with known + worth based on bpast will be continued and those with known - worth wil be discontinued
social exchange: ibest relationships
result from iteractions with mutula benefits
often dependent in relatiosips with partners
social and rational theory criticsms
description of social behavior as mathematical calculation fail to consider additional influences in complex process of deciosn making
rational model argues all social realities are the result of indivdiulal’s actions and interactions
microlevel influence our perceived realities, however staunch does not leave room for large scale structures
metholodological individualism
amounts to the claim that social phenomena must be explained by showing how they result from individual actions, which in turn must be explained through reference to the intentional states that motivate the individual actors
requirement that causal accounts of social phenomena explain how they result from the motivations and actions of individual agents, at least in principle
social constructionism
argues poeple actively shape their reality thru social interactions t is therefore something that is constructed not inherent
major focus of social constructionism
uncover ways in which individuals and groups participate in the construction fo their perceived social reality
social construct
concept or practie that is a construct of a group
essentially everone in society agrees to treat a certain aspect a certain way regardless of its inherent value
something that isn’t necessarily true in nature
ex of social construct
moneyitself is inherently worthless merely a piece of paper or metal but because people have agreed that it is valuable
it has agreed upon value
major focus of social constructionists
study of how individuals and groups participate in the construction of societya nd social reality
social construction
dynamic , ongoing process which must be maintained, reaffirmed and passed along to future generations
vast amoun of our culture is
socially constructed in that it has a set of rules that are determined by societies whims and trends
rules and norms are not overarching undeniable truths but are created concepts
level of analysis : functionalism
macro
founder and theorists: functionalism
emile durkheim
level of analysis : conflict theory
macro
founder and theorists: conflict theory
karl marx
ludwig gumplowicz
max weber
level of analysis : symbolic interactionism
micro
founder and theorists: symbolic interactionism
george herbet mead
level of analysis : feminist
both levels possible
level of analysis : rational choice
micro
level of analysis : social exchange
micr
level of analysis : social constructionism
micro
social institutions
complexes of roles, norms and values organized into a relatively stable form that contribute to social order by governing the behavior or people
provide predictability and organization for individuals within societya nd mediate social behavior between people
provide harmony, allow for specialization and differentiation of skills
family
defined as a set of people related by blood, marriage, adoption or some other agreed upon relationship that signifies some responsibility to eahc other
five functions of families
1 reproduction and monitoring of sexula behavior
2 protection
3 socialization- passing down norms and values of society
3 affection and companionship
5 social status- social position is often based on family background and reputation
nuclear fanmily
consisting of direct blood relations
extended family
in which grandparents, aunts, uncles and others are included
monogamy
form of marriage where 2 individuals are married to each other only
polygamy
allows an individual to have multiple wives or husbands simultaneously
polygyny
man married to many woman
polyandry
women married to more than 1 man
endogamy
refers to the practice of marrying within a particular group
exogamy
refers to a requirement to marry outside of a particular group with it being the norm in almost all cultures to proiit sexual relationships between certain relatives
kinship
how we think about who we related to
may include extended family and members of community or friends
kin
do not have to live together, considered a cultural group rather than biological one
bilateral descent
if kin groups involve both pathernal and maternal relations
preferece for paternal and maternal relations
patrilineal and matrilineal
patriarchy
men have more authority than women
matriarchy
women have more authority than men
egalitarian family
spouses are treated as equals and may be involved in more negotiation when making deciosn s
traditional family in US
husband and wife witth2.1 children dog and white picket fence in middle income
differences in US
cultural diff
divorce
cohabitation
lesbian and gay relationships
cultural differences
emphasize importance of extended famly often living with grandparents , cousins and the like
kin cna be non blood related members of the comunity which are considered part of the family
divorce rate
generally rise in US due to several factiors
factors causing rise of divorce rate in US
growing religious and social acceptance of ivorce
uch more opportunities for women to suceed autonomously making divorce a real possiblity
financial and legal barriers to deivorce lessened over time
openning door to more non tradtional family sturctures such as remarried and blended failies
cohabitation
large increase among couples in 20s and 3 0s in living togeteher without getting married
couples may be in transitional phase or choose not to get married at atlll
sometimes couples will have children and do many tthings traditionally married couples do without legal marriage
family violence
more dramatic ex in which one member of the faily is directly responsile for the threat thru their mistreatment of another person, often in an attempt to gain power, leaving the target fearful and powerless
aspects to violence
harm can be threatened or actual self directed or other directed, physical or non physical an isolated event or a repeating occurence
child abus
involve violence towards a child target
4 categories of child abuse
physical, emotional, sexual, neglect
domestic abuse
aka dating abuse or spousal abuse
violence directed towards one partnner of an intimate relationship where the abuser is the second partner
elder abuse
violence directed toward an older target
expectation of trust from older person, which is violated in the course of violence4
consequences of abuse
serious ranging from lifelong mental health problems such as PTSD and difficulties with social fucntioning ( substance abuse) and death
effects target and others with awareness
linked to alcohol consumption, mental illness and certain social conditions
educational insitutions manifest
systematically pass down knowledge and give status to those who have been educated
ex of manifest educational
patients trust doctors mainly because of the conferral of an awarded degree and subsequent licensure which represens the agreedupon amount of indo, skills and training required in order to practice medicine
latent functions of educational instituation
socialization, agents of change
maintaining social control
schools and dominant cultur
transmit aspects
teaching dominant language and literature, holidays and traditions, historical figures and events and exposes people to existing beliefs
maintain current social norms y training students on discripline
hidden curriculum
other lessons learned in school which are not part of the stated teacherès lesson plan
can come into conflict with manifested curriculum
existence of schools allows
for new distinct ideas to for
schooling and opportunity
benefits such as small class size, excellent teachers and availability of latest technology and resources are based on socioeconomic status access to higher education is highly dependent on family income as well us other factors like whether parents encouraged children to apply to college
level of education
influence in terms of power, respect and social standing
educational segregation
widening disparity between children from high income neighborhoods and those fromm low income neighborhoods
public schools funding from
local taxes, schools located in wealthier neighborhoods receive more moeny and arguably have better teachers and thus are able to porvide stronger education to students
wealthier neighborhoods and resources
parents have the tie and resources to be more involved, intervene if something occuring at the school they did not agree with such as a techer doing a poor job
poorer neighborhoods
public schools that are poorly funded and students may not get enough resources to do well
higher teacher turnover , employ worse teachers ad provide a worse education to students
children from poorer neighborhoods
tend to attend poorer schools and are more likely than children from wealthier neighborhoods to receive poorer eductions
either drop out of school before graduation or graduate with no intention of attending college, if they do pursue college education pursue a vocational degree or associates degree
far less likely than children from wealthier neighborhoods to pursue a four year college degree and more unlikely to pursue education beyond college like graduate or medical degree
more likely to end up with lower paying jobs and perpetuate the cycle of poverty for themselves while children from wealthier neighborhoods are more likely to go to college even puruse an advanced degree beyond college and end up with higher paying jobs, perpetuating their own cycle of wealth
teacher expectations and actions
form quick expectations of students and act toward the student with these expectations in mind
teacher expectancy theory
if student accepts teacherès expectations as reasonable, will begin to perform in accordance with them as well
often praised as something that helps children exceed their own expectations of themselves
teacher sterotypes
expectations cna haveefect of underestimating students
when students perform to meet ther teacherès lower expectations and simultaneusly miss out on opportunities for upward mobility education can provide
educational straification
social arrangment -living in different areas , having parents with different levels of involvement, being able or unable to pay for a private or higher education- tht becomes entrenched through educational segregation and is reproduced in new generations of people such as that the childrenès educational achievements mirror those of their parents
fom of relgious organizations
eclesia
church
sect
cult or new religious movement
eclesia
dominant religious organization that inlcudes most members of society is recognized as the national or official religion and tolerates no other religions
often integrated into political instiutions and poeple do not choose to participate but are born nto social instituition
ex of eclesia
Islam is offical state religion in Iran
church
type of religious org that is well integrated into society
membership tends to occur by birth but most churches allow poeple to jon
congregations are typically concerned with the sacred and ordinary aspects of life and have well stipulated rules and organizations
can be tied to the state or independent of it denomization
sect
religious org thst is distinct from that of larger society
formed often by breaking away from larger reliious instiutions
over time some develop into churches
membership thru birth or conversion
may withdraw from larger society to practice beliefs and may be fairly exclusive
ex of sect
Mormon community and Amish community
cult
religious org that is far outside of societyès norms and often involves a very different lifestyle
bad reputaion and are quickly judged by society as crazy but many of the worlds dominantt religions including Christianinty started as cults
religion and functionalist
religon ca cretate social cohesion and dissent, social change as well as control and provide believers with meaning and purpose
socail cohesion
often experienced by members due to the system of shared beliefs and vlaues it provides
religious communities can provide
source of emotion, spiritual and material support in difficult times
can be source of social dissent as history of violence between religious factions indicates
liberation theology
use of church in political effort against various social issues including poverty and injustice
religious priciples and control
means of socila control to create laws and regulations, attribute social statuses and determine genr roles
modernization
tranformation from traditional social structures to more rational or economic driven ones
ideological component of modernization
modern often positive connotations , attractive and up to date
traditional are seen as out of date
classical sociologists predict that as societies become or emoder
delcine in religious practice in favor of more rational thought
can contribute to loss of close identification with traditional religious beliefs and practices
secularization
process tthru which religion loses its social significane in modern societies
for individual decline in religious observances
for society decline in public influence of religious leaders
fundamentalism
second response to modernist societies in which there is strong attachment to traditional religious beliefs and practices
strice adherence to religious doctrines resulting from literalist interpretation of thes etexts
fundamentalists argue religion
should be an integral part of social life
concerned with political issues such as abortion and same sex marriage
ex of funda movements
westboro baptist church or muslim brotherhood
5 majjor world religions
christianity islam hinduism buddhism sikhism judaism
christianity
largest single faith in the world
30% of the population identify as CHristian though there are multiple denminations about 80% of poeple in US identify as christian and although churhc and state are legally seperate, many social and political matters reference god
monothestic 1 god a nd its folowers believe in prophets an afterlife and judgment day
isalm
2d largest religion in world
MUslim followers
20-25% of worldès population are MUslim
monothestic (Allah)
followers believe in prophets , afterlife and judgment day
do not often seperate religion and staet and often religin dictates law in MUslim countries
vary in norms with issues such as veil worn by women being more cultural then religious
Hinduism
developed in india
polyestic practiced by 14% of the worldès populatio , athough there are major deities such as Shiva and Vishnu
includes belief of reincarnation or birth after death
Buddhism
developed based on teachings of Siddartha later known as BUddha in IINdia
believe in overcoming cravings for physical and material pleasures thru meditative practices
sikhism
monothestic religion published by roughly % of the worldès population, one god and teaching of 10 gurus
Judaism
monothestic and formed the historical basis for Christianity and ISlam
believe god formed a covenant with Abraham and sarah and that if certain rules were folowed Ten commandments , god would bring paradse to earth
jews make up % of worldè s popultion
israel jewish state which interwines reliion and law
religiosity
extent of influence of religion in a personès life
fundaentalist
who adhere strictly to religious beliefs
very devout
rational legal authority
lega rules and regulations are stipulated in a document like Constitution US government
traditional authority
power due to custom, tradition, or accepted practice
charismatic authority
power of persuasion gives leaders their power
Martin LUther KIng Jr
tradiitional vvs modern governance
uncentralized bands and trbes
centralized states
aristarchic gov
controlled by small group of poeple selected based on specific qulaificatiosns with decios making power, public not involved in most political decisions
aristarchies include
aristocracies
meritocracies
aristocracies
those ruled by elite citizens likethose with noble brths
meritocracies
ruled by the meritorious , like those with a record of meanngful social contributions
autocratic gov
controlled by single person or selctive small group with absolute decision making pwoer
autocracies include
dictatorships
facist gov
dictatorship
those ruled by one person
fascist gov
those ruled by a small group of leaders
monarchic gov
controlled by single person or selective small group inhereited by leadership role like kings and qqueens
both absoluted and consttutional monarchies in whcih leaders are limited thru formal constitutions
authoritarian gov
consist unelected leaders; public might have some indiviudla freedoms abut have no control over representation
totalitarianism
those in which unelected leaders regulated both public and privae life thru coercieve means of contorl
democratic gov
consits of elected leaders; the public has some degree of political decisions making power thru either direct decisons or representations
direct democracies
gov in which their is direct public participation
representative democracies
gov in which there is indirect public participation thru election representatives
democratic sturctures
common in western world such as US where most of popeulation is granted the right to vote thru public elections although there might be an unequal distribution of decison making power
political parties
formal groups of poeple share the same prinicplpe politicla beliefs and organize with common purpose of ensuring governance which supports these prinicples thru appropritae policies
oligarchic gov
less clear as leaders can be elected or unelected, public might have power to elect rep but people have little influenc ein directing decision and social change
controlled by small group with shared interetss
republilcan gov
consider their countries to be public concerns and thsu are democratic in nature meaning pople ave supreme power in these societies
federalist governments
including governing rep head that shares power with constitutent groups
division between central gov or the federal gov and constiutent gov or state provincial and local gov
parliamentary gov
bothe executive and legislative branches that are interconnected : memers of executve branch are accountable to members of legislature
presidential gov
include orgnizing branches such as head of staet
anarchy
societies without publichgov
common implication is lawlessness
economic s
concerned with production, distirbution and consumtion of resources both goods an dservces
four economic structures
command
market
mixed
traditional
command economics
known as planne economics
economic deciosn based on plan of productio and means of poroduction are often state owned these nclude socialism and communism
market econoies
economic decisison based on market supply and demand and means of production is often private
include laissez faire and free market ecoomies
mixed economies
blend elements of command and market with both public and private ownership
traditional economies
social customes in economic decisons practice common in rual areas and often ivolves bartering and trading
capitalism
economic system in which resources and production are mainly privately owned and goods and servercies are provided for profit
driving force in captalist societies
pursuit of personal profit
advantages are hat it benefit consumer by allowing competition which promotes higher quality and lower price of goods and services thereotically
thought to emphasize personal freedom by imiting government restrictions and regulations
socialism
economic system where resources and production are collectively owned
includes a system of production and distribution designed to satisfy human needs goods and services are produced for direct use rather than profit
socialism private property
is limited and gov intervenes to share property among all
driving force is collective goals everyone is given a job and provided with what they need to survive
economy is centrally controlled and ru by gov
communism
specific socialist structures where there is common ownership of means of prouduction but asbsence of currencies classes and states based on shared economic political and social ideologies
welfare capitalism
system in which most of the economy is private with exception of extensive social welfare programs to serve certain needs with in societit
universal health care is provided by state
state capitalism
system in which companies are privately run but work closely with teh gov in forming laws and regulations
ex US where most businesses are privately owned but gov runs many operations including schools
professions
highly steemed white collar occupations that require a great deal of education
division of labor
occurs as societies become so complex not possible for individual to meet all of his or her needs alone such as happened with rise of capitalism
different occupations emerge with rise of capiitalism
specialized to serve a specific social need
ex doctor can treat medical problem
+ and - consequences of division of labor
increased the rate of production but decreased similarities in social experience among individuals contributing to classdifferences
Mechanical solidarity
allows society to remain integrated because individuals have common beliefs that lead to each person having the same fundamental experience
social integration of members of a society who have common values and beliefs
collective conscience
presumes existence of greater social order that guides individual actions thru shared beliefs, morals and values
common in traditional societies like agricultural societies
organic solidarity
allows society to integratethough a a division of labor which leads to each person having different personal experience thus each movement is distinguishable and seperate
common in modern societies and often occurs as concentration of people in a given area grows
delivery of health care in US
accomplished by teams of health care providers with different training backgrounds and speciality areas such as physians and nureses of all specialities
delivery of health care classified into 3 levels
primary
secondary
tertiary
primary care
care provider responsible for ongoing prevntative measres and disease mangment or comunity based care such as urgent care center
secondary care
includes acute care ( emergency department) as well as specialty care which is often received following a referral from primary care provider
tertiary care
very specialized form of health care
based on consultaions with specialist care providers and often occurs in hospitals or care facilities designed just for the purpose of caring for patients with a limited set of conditions
ex of tertiary care
cancer hospitals, burn centers and pallative care
societies differ in
degree of emphasis that they put on physcal health vs mental health
medical model of disease
emphasizes physical or medical factors as being the cause of all illness
characterizes all illness as having physiological or pathological basis , medical profession has been able to reframe many conditions as disease states based on sufccess of empircal treatment or hope scientific research will eventually expose underlying cause of disease
medicalization
pocess in which a condition becomes reconceptualized as a disease with medicla diagnosis and treatment
results in medical explanations for social problems
social model of diseas emphasizes
the effect of oneès social class, employment status neighborhood and exposure to environmental toxins, diet and many other factors on a personès health
ex of medical model vs social model
while someone working from medical model might look for ultimat cause of personès illness , someone from social model would be attuned to proximae cause about the patients circumstances that put him or her at greater rsik of expoppsure
social model aims to
take into consideration the psychological social and cultural factors that influenc ehelath including perception of illness beliefs about health community practices that may affect emotional states, medical compliance and a multitue of other health rellated outcomes
social model populates that social pressures
create conditioned for healtha dn ilness
social epidemiology
field that studies how social organization contributes to prevalence , incidence and distribution of disease across and within populations
low income limits
inidviidualès ability to eat healhy food, exercise, get enough sleep and avoid long term effects of sever stressors
low in come and sleep
often work multiple jons to try to make ends meet and provide for children
does not leave much time for exercise and can contribute to obesity among low income populations
low income and exercising outside
low income neighborhoods are not safe for adults or children to exercise outside
climate may noot allow for outdoor exercise in safe neighborhoods
low income often cannot afford gym memberships
low income and sleep
leptin levels are low individuals do not fel sated after eating and may consume more food as a result
lack of sleep can contribute to difficulties in coping with stressors
low income neighborhoods are often
food deserts
food desert
area where healthy fresh food is hard to find because there are no proper grocery stores
people in low income neighborhoods are morelikely to eat high caloric oods that have low nutritional value such as fast food
appeal of fast foods to low income
readily available
fasta nd inexpensive
important to low income people trying to support themselves and families on very little disposabl income while working several jobs
low income stress
living paycheck to paycheck is extermely stressful
effects of chronic stress can take toll as low infant birth weight, hgh blood pressure, overweight ad cognitive defects
US and high income nations focus
on treating and preventing chronic conditions such as obesity, heart disease and cancer
low income nations focus
on treating more acute ilness , because it is more immediate and incidence of chronic illness is much lowr
socilogical concepts describing illness and patinet
sick role- describes societyès response to illness
ilnness experience- patientès subective exp of illness
sick role developed by
Talcott parsons
sick rol
when a person is ill he or she is not able to be a contributing member of society
being ill is deviance
others to take up extra work in perosnès absence they must consider the illness to be legitimate and sanction personès deviance by exempting him or her from normal social roles and not blaming the person for his or her illness
in return the person must seek medicla care and make sincere attempt to get well
limitations to sick role
does not hold up empirically
those with chronic disease stigmatized dieseases and lifetsyle diseases
if person is suffering from a condition which is little known, others may not accept that the person is ill and not confer to legitimization of sick role
sick role cannot explain
chronic illness where person ahs good and bad days and often must carry on with normal life despite poor helath
erson with chronic illness cannot fulfill social obligation to get well that sick role imposes
some poeple are blamed for their poor health
doctor patient relatioonship sick role implies
passive patient and authoritarian physiacian
ilness experience
research takes patients subjective experience as main concern
interested i meanings people give to illness but how experience affects pateinetès dailylives
illness experience and chronic ilness
he or she ust adjust normal daily life to fit constraints of the ilness
isolating and destabilize ones sens of self which is largely founded on activities of norma l life, hobbies and work and relationships
self concept and daily reinforce each other
illess exp encompasses both individualès understand ing of his or her condition as well as material impact of being ill on personès life
