ch 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Anastomosis
A
Connection of two things that are normally diverging, which can occur naturally in the body; however, in medicine an anastomosis typically refers to a surgical connection between blood vessels or the joining of one hollow or tubular organ to another.
2
Q
Aneurysm
A
Abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel.
3
Q
Angina Pectoris
A
Chest pain that occurs when diseased blood vessels restrict blood flow to the heart. It is the most common symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD) and is often referred to as angina. The pain can radiate to the neck, jaw, or left arm. It is often described as a crushing, burning, or squeezing sensation.
4
Q
Angioma
A
Tumor of a blood vessel.
5
Q
Angioplasty
A
Surgical repair of a blood vessel(s) or nonsurgical technique for treating diseased arteries by temporarily inflating a tiny balloon inside an artery.
6
Q
Angiostenosis
A
Pathological condition of the narrowing of a blood vessel.
7
Q
Arrhythmia
A
Irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; also called dysrhythmia.
8
Q
Arterial
A
Pertaining to an artery.
9
Q
Arteriosclerosis
A
Pathological condition of hardening of arteries. Arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) is hardening of the coronary arteries.
10
Q
Arteritis
A
Inflammation of an artery.
11
Q
Artificial Pacemaker
A
Electronic device that stimulates impulse initiation within the heart. It is a small, battery-operated device that helps the heart beat in a regular rhythm.
12
Q
Atheroma
A
Tumor of an artery containing a fatty substance.
13
Q
Atherosclerosis
A
Pathological condition of the arteries characterized by the buildup of fatty substances (cholesterol deposits and triglycerides) and hardening of the walls.
14
Q
Auscultation
A
Method of physical assessment using a stethoscope to listen to sounds within the chest, abdomen, and other parts of the body.
15
Q
Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
A
Portable automatic device used to restore normal heart rhythm to patients in cardiac arrest. An AED is applied outside the body. It automatically analyzes the patient’s heart rhythm and advises the rescuer whether a shock is needed to restore a normal heartbeat. If the patient’s heart resumes beating normally, the heart has been defibrillated.
16
Q
Bicuspid
A
Valve with two cusps; pertaining to the mitral valve.
17
Q
Bradycardia
A
Abnormally slow heartbeat defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute.
18
Q
Bruit
A
Pathological noise; a sound of venous or arterial origin heard on auscultation.
19
Q
Cardiac
A
Pertaining to the heart.
20
Q
Cardiac Arrest
A
Loss of effective heart function, which results in cessation of functional circulation. Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) results in sudden death.
21
Q
Cardiologist
A
Physician who specializes in the study of the heart.
22
Q
Cardiology
A
Literally means study of the heart.
23
Q
Cardiomegaly
A
Enlargement of the heart.
24
Q
Cardiometabolic Syndrome (CMS)
A
A combination of metabolic dysfunctions mainly characterized by insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia (abnormally elevated cholesterol or fats in the blood), hypertension, and central adiposity (accumulation of fat around the abdominal area).
25
Cardiomyopathy (CMP)
Disease of the heart muscle that leads to generalized deterioration of the muscle and its pumping ability. It can be caused by multiple factors, including viral infections.
26
Cardiopulmonary
Pertaining to the heart and lungs (H&L)
27
Cardiotonic
A class of medication that is used to increase the tone (pumping strength) of the heart.
28
Cardiovascular (CV)
Pertaining to the heart and small blood vessels.
29
Cardioversion
Medical procedure used to treat cardiac arrhythmias. An electrical shock is delivered to the heart to restore its normal rhythm. The electrical energy can be delivered externally through electrodes placed on the chest or directly to the heart by placing paddles on the heart during open chest surgery.
30
Cholesterol (chol)
A normal, soft, waxy, substance found among the lipids (fats) in the bloodstream and all body cells. It is the building block of steroid hormones, but it is dangerous when it builds up on arterial walls and can contribute to the risk of coronary heart disease.
31
Circulation
The moving of the blood in the veins and arteries throughout the body.
32
Claudication
Literally means process of lameness or limping. It is a dull, cramping pain in the hips, thighs, calves, or buttocks, caused by an inadequate supply of oxygen to the muscles, due to narrowed arteries. It is one of the symptoms in peripheral artery disease (PAD).
33
Constriction
Process of drawing together, as in the narrowing of a vessel.
34
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
Surgical procedure to assist blood flow to the myocardium by using a section of a saphenous vein or internal mammary artery to bypass or reroute blood around an obstructed or occluded coronary atery, thus improving blood flow and oxygen to the heart.
35
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Most common form of heart disease; it is a progressive disease that increases the risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and sudden death.
36
Cyanosis
Abnormal condition of the skin and mucous membranes caused by oxygen deficiency in the blood. The skin, fingernails, and mucous membranes can appear slightly blue or gray.
37
Defibrillator
Medical device used to restore a normal heart rhythm by delivering an electric shock; also called a cardioverter.
38
Diastole
Relaxation phase of the heart cycle during which the heart muscle relaxes and the heart chambers fill with blood.
39
Dysrhythmia
Abnormality of the rhythm or rate of the heartbeat. It is caused by a disturbance of the normal electrical activity within the heart and can be divided into two main groups: Tachycardias and Bradycardias. Dysrhythmia is also referred to as arrhythmia.
40
Embolism
Pathological condition caused by obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign substances or a blood clot.
41
Endarterectomy
Surgical excision of the inner lining of an artery.
42
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart), usually involving the heart valves. It typically occurs when microorganisms, especially bacteria from another part of the body such as the gums/teeth, spread through the bloodstream and attach to damaged areas of the heart. Treatments for endocarditis include antibiotics and, in severe cases, surgery.
43
Extracorporeal Circulation (ECC)
Pertaining to the circulation of the blood outside the body via a heart-lung machine or in hemodialysis.
44
Fibrillation
Quivering or spontaneous contraction of individual muscle fibers; an abnormal bioelectric potential occurring in neuropathies and myopathies; disorganized pathological rhythm that can lead to death if not immediately corrected.
45
Flutter
Pathological rapid heart rate that may cause cardia output (CO) to be decreased. With atrial flutter, the heartbeat is 200-400 beats per min. With ventricular flutter the heartbeat is 250 beats or more per min. on an EKG a flutter will demonstrate a "sawtooth" appearance.
46
Heart Failure (HF)
Pathological condition in which the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently. Left-sided heart failure is commonly called congestive heart failure (CHF).
47
Heart-Lung Transplant
Surgical procedure of transferring the heart and lungs from a donor to a patient.
48
Heart Transplant
Surgical procedure of transferring the heart from a donor to a paitent.
49
Hemangioma
Benign tumor of a blood vessel.
50
Hemodynamic
The dynamic study of the heart's function and movement of the blood and pressure.
51
Hyperlipidemia
Abnormally high levels of lipids (fatty substances) in the blood. Lipids include sterols (cholesterol and esters), free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (glycerol esters of FFA), and phospholipids (phosphoric acid esters of lipid substances)
52
Hypertension (HTN)
A condition in which the force of blood flowing through the blood vessels is consistently too high, commonly called high blood pressure (HBP). Hypertension often has no symptoms and is frequently called the silent killer because, if left untreated, it can least to kidney failure, stroke, heart attack, peripheral artery disease, and eye damage.
53
Lipoprotein
Fat (lipid) and protein molecules that are bound together. They are classified as VLDL - very low density lipoproteins; LDL - low density lipoproteins. High levels of VLDL and LDL are associated with cholesterol and triglyceride deposits in arteries, which could lead to coronary heart disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis,
54
Mitral Stenosis (MS)
Pathological condition of narrowing of the mitral valve.
55
Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
Pathological condition that occurs when the leaflets of the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) between the left atrium and left ventricle bulge into the atrium and permit the backflow of blood into the atrium. The condition is often associated with progressive mitral regurgitation (blood flows back into the left atrium instead of moving forward into the left ventricle).
56
Murmur
An abnormal sound ranging from soft and blowing to loud and booming heard on auscultation of the heart and adjacent large blood vessels. Murmurs range from very faint to very loud. They sometimes sound like a whoosing or swishing noise.
57
Myocardial
Pertaining to the heart muscle (myocardium).
58
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Occurs when a focal area of the heart muscle dies or is permanently damaged because of an inadequate supply of oxygen to that area; also known as a heart attack. The most common symptom of a heart attack is angina, which is chest pain often described as a feeling of crushing pressure, fullness, heaviness, or aching in the center of the chest. Many times people try to ignore the symptoms or say that "it's just indigestion." It is imperative to seek medical help immediately. Calling 911 is almost always the fastest way to get lifesaving treatment.
59
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart muscle that is usually caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections that reach the heart.
60
Occlusion
A blockage in a vessel, canal, or passage of the body.
61
Oximetry
Process of measuring the oxygen saturation of blood. A photoelectric medical device (oximeter) measures oxygen saturation of the blood by recording the amount of light transmitted or reflected by deoxygenated versus oxygenated hemoglobin (Hgb). A pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method of indicating the arterial oxygen saturation of functional hemoglobin.
62
Oxygen (O2)
Colorless, odorless, tasteless, gas essential to respiration in animals.
63
Palpitation
An abnormal rapid throbbing or fluttering of the heart that is perceptible to the patient and may be felt by the physician during a physical exam.
64
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)
Use of a balloon tipped catheter to compress fatty plaques against an artery wall. When successful, the plaques remain compressed, which permits more blood to flow through the artery, therefore providing more oxygen to relieve the symptoms of coronary heart disease.
65
Pericardial
Pertaining to the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.
66
Pericardiocentesis
Surgical procedure to remove fluid from the pericardial sac for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.
67
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium (outer membranous sac surrounding the heart).
68
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Pathological condition in which fatty deposits build up in the inner linings of the artery walls. These blockages restrict blood circulation, mainly in arteries leading to the kidneys, stomach, arms, legs, and feet. In its early stages, a common symptom is cramping or fatigue in the legs and buttocks during activity. Such cramping subsides when the person stands still. This is called intermittent claudication. If left untreated, PAD can progress to critical limb ischemia (CLI), which occurs when the oxygenated blood being delivered to the leg is not adequate to keep the tissue alive.
69
Phlebitis
Literally means inflammation of a vein. There will be redness (erythema), swelling (edema), and pain or burning along the length of the affected vein.
70
Phlebotomy
Medical term used to describe the puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for analysis.
71
Raynaud Phenomenon
Disorder that affects the blood vessels in the fingers and toes; it is characterized by intermittent attacks that cause the blood vessels in the digits to constrict. The cause is believed to be the result of vasospasms that decrease blood supply to the respective regions. Emotional stress and cold are classic triggers of the phenomenon, and discoloration follows a characteristic pattern in time: white, blue, and red.
72
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Pathological condition in which permanent damage to heart valves is a result of a prior episode of rheumatic fever. The heart valve is damaged by a disease process that generally originated with a strep throat caused by streptococcus A bacteria.
73
Semilunar
Valves of the aorta and pulmonary artery; shaped like a crescent (half-moon).
74
Septum
Wall or partition that divides or separates a body space or cavity.
75
Shock
A life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. This can damage multiple organs. Shock requires immediate medical treatment and can get worse very rapidly.
76
Sinoatrial (SA)
Pertaining to the sinus venosus and the atrium.
77
Sphygomomanometer
Medical instrument used to measure the arterial blood pressure.
78
Spider Veins
Dilated blood vessels, typically found in the legs, that radiate from a central point; also called telangiectasia.
79
Stent
Medical device made of expandable, metal mesh that is placed (by using a balloon catheter) at the site of a narrowing artery. The stent is the expanded and left in place to keep the artery open.
80
Stethoscope
Medical instrument used to listen to the normal and pathological sounds of the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.
81
Systole
Contractive phase of the heart cycle during which blood is forced into the systemic circulation via the aorta and the pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary artery.
82
Tachycardia
Rapid heartbeat that is over 100 beats per minute.
83
Telangiectasis
Vascular lesion formed by dilation of a group of small blood vessels; can appear as a birthmark or be caused by long-term exposure to the sun.
84
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with the formation of a thrombus (blood clot). If the clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, it poses a potentially life-threatening condition called pulmonary embolism (PE).
85
Thrombosis
A blood clot within the vascular system; stationary blood clot.
86
Tricuspid
Valve with three cusps; pertaining to the tricuspid valve.
87
Triglyceride
Pertaining to an organic compound consisting of three molecules of fatty acids.
88
Valve Replacement Surgery
Surgical replacement of diseased heart valve with an artificial one. There are two types of artificial valves: a mechanical heart valve is made of artificial materials and can usually last a lifetime; a biological heart valve is made from heart valves taken from animals or human cadavers and can wear out over time.
89
Valvuloplasty
Surgical repair of a cardiac valve.
90
Varicose Veins
Swollen, dilated, and knotted veins that usually occur in the lower leg(s). They result from a stagnated or sluggish flow of blood in combination with defective valves and weakened walls of the veins.
91
Vasoconstrictive
Causing constriction of the blood vessels.
92
Vasodilator
Medicine that acts directly on smooth muscle cells within blood vessels to make them widen (dilate).
93
Vasospasm
Spasm of a blood vessel.
94
Venipuncture
Puncture of a vein for the removal of blood for analysis.
95
Ventricular
Pertaining to a cardiac ventricle.
