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Nutrition (NRSE-150) > Ch. 7 (Water and Minerals) > Flashcards

Ch. 7 (Water and Minerals) Flashcards

1
Q

What defines the dynamic state between water output and water intake?

A

water balance

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2
Q

Water loss can occur in two different ways throughout the day.

What two types of water loss comprises the total average amount of water loss in adults daily?

A
  • insensible water losses
  • sensible water losses
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3
Q

Water loss can occur in two different ways throughout the day.

What type of water loss is described as an immeasurable loss of water?

A

insensible water loss

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4
Q

Water loss can occur in two different ways throughout the day.

What type of water loss is described as a measurable loss of water?

A

sensible water loss

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5
Q

Water loss can occur in two different ways throughout the day.

What type of water loss occurs during changes of extreme environmental temperatures, high altitudes, low humidity and strenuous exercise?

A

insensible water losses

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6
Q

Water loss can occur in two different ways throughout the day.

What type of water loss occurs from urine and feces?

A

sensible water loss

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7
Q

How many liters of water does a human intake on average every day?

A

2.5 L/day

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8
Q

What is the minimum daily amount (mL) of water intake need for healthy water balance?

A

1500 mL

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9
Q

What is defined as the water produced as a by-product from the breakdown of carbohydrates, protein and fat for energy?

A

metabolic water

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10
Q

Yes or No?:

Is there a recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for water?

A

no

vary depending on diet, physical activity, environment

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11
Q

Yes or No?:

Is there an adequate intake for total water?

A

yes

includes drinking water, water in beverages, and food

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12
Q

What happens when daily intake is below the AI for water?

A

will not be harmful because normal hydration is maintained over a wide range of intakes (caution is important when rigorious activity in hot climates occurs)

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13
Q

What state is the body in when there is an excess of total body water relative to sodium?

(more water than sodium in body)

A

hyponatremia

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14
Q

What state is seen in athletes who drink too much water or fail to replace loss of sodium?

A

hyponatremia

excess of total body water relative to sodium

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15
Q

What state is the body in when there is an deficit of total body water relative to sodium?

(more sodium than water in body)

A

hypernatremia

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16
Q

What state is the body in when there is an excess of potassium in the body?

A

hyperkalemia

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17
Q

What state is the body in when there is a deficit of potassium in the body?

A

hypokalemia

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18
Q

What state is the body in when there is an excess of fluids in the body?

A

hypervolemia

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19
Q

What state is the body in when there is a deficit of fluids in the body?

A

hypovolemia

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20
Q

Fluids in the body are affected by what three factors in the body?

A
  • membranes
  • concentration of electrolytes
  • hydrostatic pressure
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21
Q

What two electrolytes are found primarily in extracellular fluid?

A
  • sodium
  • chloride
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22
Q

What two electrolytes are found primarily in intracellular fluid?

A
  • potassium
  • phosphates
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23
Q

What do electrolytes attract?

A

water

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24
Q

What body organ maintains electrolyte balancing by filtering electrolytes and water from the blood nad excreting excesses into the urine?

A

kidneys

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25
Q

Generally, when food is digested, what remains?

A

minerals

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26
Q

What classifies major/trace minerals in the body?

A

the quantity and amount needed in the body (not by importance)

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27
Q

What seven minerals are classified as major minerals in the body?

A
  • calcium
  • phosphorus
  • magnesium
  • sulfur
  • sodium
  • potassium
  • chloride
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28
Q

What nine minerals are classified as trace minerals in the body?

A
  • iron
  • iodine
  • zinc
  • selenium
  • copper
  • manganese
  • fluoride
  • chromium
  • molybedenum
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29
Q

What are the functions of minerals in the body?

A
  • provide structure in body tissues
  • regulate body processes (fluid balance, acid-base balance)
  • regulate nerve cell transmission and muscle contraction
  • regulate vitamin, enzyme and hormonal activites
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30
Q

What mechanisms can the body perform to maintain mineral balance?

A
  • releasing minerals from storage for redistribution
  • GI absorption
  • urinary excretion
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31
Q

What are the three major electrolytes in the body?

A
  • sodium (Na)
  • potassium (K)
  • chloride (CI)
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32
Q

What is the dietary guideline for sodium intake (mg) in people aged fourteen and up?

A

2300 mg/day

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33
Q

What are the four major minerals in the body?

A
  • calcium (Ca)
  • phosphorus (P)
  • magnesium (Mg)
  • sulfur (S)
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34
Q

What major mineral is deficienct when protein deficiency is severe?

A

sulfur

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35
Q

What two (three in women) minerals are considered shortfall minerals by the dietary guidelines?

a public health concern due to low intake: associated with health issues

A
  • potassium
  • calcium
  • (iron)
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36
Q

What is defined by the dietary guidelines as minerals that are considered public health concerns because low intakes of those minerals are associated with health issues?

A

shortfall minerals

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37
Q

What is associated with lower intakes of potassium and higher intakes of sodium?

A

higher blood pressure

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38
Q

What is associated with long-term deficits of low calcium intake?

A
  • osteopenia (decrease in bone mineral density, can progress into osteoporosis)
  • low bone mass, rapid bone loss, and high fracture rates
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39
Q

What diet is an eating pattern rich in potassium, calcium, and magnesium and limited in sodium?

A

dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)

(it has also been shown to lower high blood pressure and LDL-C)

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40
Q

The nurse is teaching a group of older adults how to read and interpret the information on food labels. The nurse explains that the current labels have not been updated to reflect urrent recommendations fo sodium intake. What would the nurse suggest relative to sodium content in products?

A

use the %DV for comparison among similar products of sodium content

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41
Q

What mineral is the most abundant in the body?

A

calcium

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42
Q

What mineral enhances the action of insulin?

A

chromium

43
Q

The nurse is teaching a group of young parents how to prepare food to ensure that the food retains its nutritional value. The parents are surprised to learn that minerals are lost when what of the following conditions are present?

A

soaking food in water

44
Q

What is the adequate intake (AI) of potassium (g) daily for a thirty-one year old female patient?

A

2.6 g/day

45
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of sodium (Na)?

A
  • chronic diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • certain renal disorders
  • nausea, dizziness, muscle cramps and apathy
46
Q

What are symptoms of excess/toxicity of sodium (Na)?

A
  • hypertension
  • edema
47
Q

What are the major functions of soidum (Na)?

A
  • maintains fluid volume
  • allows muscle contractions
  • contributes to nerve impulses
48
Q

What are the major sources of sodium (Na)?

A
  • table salt
  • added salts
  • processed foods
49
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of potassium (K)?

A
  • muscular weakness
  • paralysis
  • anorexia
  • confusion (w/dehydration)
50
Q

What are symptoms of excess/toxicity of potassium (K)?

A
  • muscular weakness
  • vomiting
51
Q

What are the major functions of potassium (K)?

A
  • maintains fluid volume inside cells
  • muscle action
52
Q

What are the major sources of potassium (K)?

A
  • oranges
  • dried fruits
  • tomatoes
  • avocados
  • dried peas
  • meats
  • broccoli
  • bananas
  • dairy products
  • meats
  • whole grains
  • potatoes
53
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of chloride (CI)?

A
  • chronic diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • certain renal disorders
54
Q

What are symptoms of excess/toxicity of chloride (CI)?

A
  • normally harmless
  • can cause vomiting
55
Q

What are the major functions of chloride (CI)?

A
  • assists w/intracellular & extracellular fluid balance
  • aids acid-based balance
  • digestion
56
Q

What are the major sources of chloride (CI)?

A
  • table salt
  • added salts
  • processed foods
57
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of calcium (Ca)?

A
  • impaired growth in children
  • osteoporosis in adults
58
Q

What are symptoms of excess/toxicity of calcium (Ca)?

A
  • constipation
  • increased risk of renal stone formation
  • impaired absorption of iron & other minerals
59
Q

What are the major functions of calcium (Ca)?

A
  • bones/teeth formation
  • blood pressure & blood clotting
  • nerve transmission
60
Q

What are the major sources of calcium (Ca)?

A
  • dairy
  • broccoli
  • kale
  • fortified grains
61
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of phosphorus (P)?

A

unknown

62
Q

What is the symptom of excess/toxicity of phosphorus (P)?

A

lower blood calcium

63
Q

What are the major functions of phosphorus (P)?

A
  • energy transfer of RNA/DNA
  • acid-base balance
  • bone & teeth formation
64
Q

What are the major sources of phosphorus (P)?

A
  • dairy
  • peas
  • meat
  • eggs
  • legumes
65
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of magnesium (Mg)?

A
  • children: weakness, confusion, growth failure
  • severe deficiency: convulsions, hallucinations, tetany
66
Q

What are symptom of excess/toxicity of magnesium (Mg)?

A
  • diarrhea
  • nausea
  • cramping
67
Q

What are the major functions of magnesium (Mg)?

A
  • bone formation
  • catalyst for many enzyme reactions
  • nerve/muscle function
  • smooth muscle relaxation
68
Q

What are the major sources of magnesium (Mg)?

A
  • green leafy vegetables
  • nuts
  • whole grains
  • tuna
  • halibut
  • chocolate
69
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of sulfur (S)?

A

unknown

70
Q

What is the symptom of excess/toxicity of sulfur (S)?

A
  • impairs growth
71
Q

What is the major function of sulfur (S)?

A

component of vitamin structure

72
Q

What are the major sources of sulfur (S)?

A

protein

73
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of iron (Fe)?

A
  • impaired immune function, decreased work capacity
  • apathy
  • lethargy/fatigue
  • itchy skin
  • pale nail beds & eye membranes
  • impaired wound healing
  • intolerance to cold temperatures
74
Q

What are symptoms of excess/toxicity of iron (Fe)?

A
  • increased risk of infections
  • apathy
  • lethargy/fatigue
  • joint disease
  • hair loss
  • organ damage
  • enlarged liver
  • amenorrhea
  • impotence (erectile dysfunction)

can cause death in children

75
Q

What is the major function of iron (Fe)?

A

oxygen distribution ot hemoglobin & myoglobin

76
Q

What are the major sources of iron (Fe)?

A
  • meat, fish, poultry
  • grains, legume, veggies
77
Q

What vitamin increases the absorption of iron (Fe)?

A

vitamin C/ascorbic acid

78
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of zinc (Zn)?

A
  • growth retardation
  • hair loss
  • diarrhea
  • delayed sexual maturation
  • impotence (erectile dysfunction)
  • eye & skin lesions
  • anorexia
  • delayed wound healing
  • taste abnormality
  • mental lethargy
79
Q

What are symptoms of excess/toxicity of zinc (Zn)?

A
  • anemia
  • elevated low-density lipoprotein
  • lowered high-density lipoprotein
  • diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • impaired calcium absorption
  • fever
  • renal failure
  • muscle pain
  • dizziness
  • reproductive failure
80
Q

What are the major functions of zinc (Zn)?

A
  • cofactor for >200 enzymes
  • growth process
  • taste/smell
  • healing process
  • immune system
  • CHO metabolism
81
Q

What are the major sources of zinc (Zn)?

A
  • meat, fish, poultry
  • whole grains, legumes, eggs
82
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of iodine?

A
  • goiter
  • weight gain
  • lethargy
  • pregnancy: irreversible & severe mental & physical retardation
83
Q

What are symptoms of excess/toxicity of iodine?

A
  • enlarged thyroid gland
  • decreased thyroid activity
84
Q

What is the major function of iodine?

A

synthesis of thyroxine (regulates metabolism)

85
Q

What is the major food source for iodine?

A

seafood

86
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of selenium (Se)?

A
  • enlarged heart/poor heart function
  • impaired thyroid activity
87
Q

What are symptoms of excess/toxicity of selenium (Se)?

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • abdominal pain
  • diarrhea
  • hair & nail changes
  • nerve damage
  • fatigue
88
Q

What are the major functions of selenium (Se)?

A
  • part of enzyme that acts as antioxidant
  • prevent cell & lipid damage (w/vitamin E)
  • thyroid function
89
Q

What are the major sources of selenium (Se)?

A
  • meats, fish, eggs
  • whole grains, brazil nuts
90
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of copper (Cu)?

A
  • anemia
  • bone abnormalities
91
Q

What are symptoms of excess/toxicity of copper (Cu)?

A
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • liver damage
92
Q

What are the major functions of copper (Cu)?

A
  • coenzyme
  • wound healing
93
Q

What are the major sources of copper (Cu)?

A
  • organ meats (liver)
  • seafood
  • legumes
94
Q

What are symptoms of excess/toxicity of manganese (Mn)?

A
  • nervous system disorders
95
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of fluoride (FI)?

A
  • susceptibility to dental decay
  • risk of osteoporosis
96
Q

What are symptoms of excess/toxicity of fluoride (FI)?

A
  • fluorosis (mottling of teeth)
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • chest pain
  • itching
97
Q

What are the major functions of fluoride (Fl)?

A
  • bonds with calcium (calcified body tissue/bones & teeth)
  • protects against dental caries/cavities (with water)
98
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of chromium (Cr)?

A
  • insulin resistance
  • impaired gluocse tolerance
99
Q

What are symptoms of excess/toxicity of chromium (Cr)?

A

unknown

100
Q

What is the major function of chromium (Cr)?

A
  • enhances insulin (regulate blood glucose levels)
101
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of molybdenum (Mo)?

A

unknown

102
Q

What are symptoms of excess/toxicity of molybdenum (Mo)?

A

(commonly through occupational exposure to dust)
* gout-like symptoms

103
Q

What is the major function of molybdenum (Mo)?

A
  • red blood cell synthesis

Nutrition (NRSE-150) (10 decks)

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