Ch. 5 (Lipid)

Question 1

What is a group of water-insoluble, energy-yielding organic compounds that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms?

Answer 1

lipids

Question 2

What is classified as a three-carbon atom chain that serves as the backbone of triglycerides?

Answer 2

glycerol

Question 3

What is classified as organic compounds composed of a chain of carbon atoms to which hydrogen atoms are attached?

Answer 3

fatty acids

Question 4

What is classified as a class of lipids composed of a glycerol molecule as its backbone with three fatty acids attached?

Answer 4

triglycerides

Question 5

What is classified as one of the three main classes of lipids, which include cholesterol, bile acids, sex hormones, the adrenocortical hormones, and vitamin D?

Answer 5

sterols

Question 6

What is classified as fatty acids in which all thecarbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as they can hold, so no double bonds exist between carbon atoms?

Answer 6

saturated fatty acids (SFAs)

Question 7

What is classified as fatty acids that are not completely saturated with hydrogen atoms, so one or more double bonds form between the carbon atoms?

Answer 7

unsaturated fatty acids

Question 8

What is classified as an unsaturated fatty acid the endmost double bond of which occurs three carbon atoms from the methyl end of its carbon chain?

Answer 8

omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid

Question 9

What is classified as fatty acids that have two or more double bonds between carbon atoms?

Answer 9

polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)

Question 10

What is classified as a fatty acids that have only one double bond between two carbon atoms?

Answer 10

monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)

Question 11

What is classified as fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in the body and thus must be consumed through food?

Answer 11

essential fatty acids

Question 12

What is classifeid as unsaturated fatty acids whose hydrogen atoms occur on the same side of the double bond?

Answer 12

cis fats

Question 13

What is classified as unsaturated fatty acids that have at least one double bond the hydrogen atoms of of which are on the oppostite sides of the double bond?

Answer 13

trans fat

Question 14

What describes the major class of atherogenic lipoproteins that carry cholesterol from the liver to the tissues?

Answer 14

low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol

Question 15

What group of compound lipids are similar to triglycerides in that they contain a glycerol molecule and two fatty acids?

Answer 15

phospolipids

Question 16

What kind of fat particles are encircled by bile salts to facilitate their diffusion into intestinal cells?

Answer 16

micelles

Question 17

What kind of lipoproteins transports absorbed lipids from intestinal cells through the lymph and eventually into the bloodstream?

Answer 17

chylomicrons

Question 18

Where does most fat digestion occur in the body?

Answer 18

small intestine

Question 19

What are the three classes of lipids?

Answer 19

• triglycerides
• phospholipids
• sterols

Question 20

What elements make up lipids?

Answer 20

CHO (though they naturally have more carbon)

Question 21

What are the three types of triglycerides?

Answer 21

• saturated
• unsaturated
• essential

Question 22

What type of fats tend to be solid at room temperature?

Answer 22

saturated fats

Question 23

What type of fats tend to be liquid at room temperature?

Answer 23

unsaturated fats

Question 24

What major type of fatty acid occurs naturally in a small amount in nature?

Answer 24

trans fatty acids

Question 25

What is the best-known phospholipid?

Answer 25

lecithin

Question 26

Where does most fat digestions occcur in the body?

Answer 26

small intestines

Question 27

What kind of lipoproteins are associated with being good for you?

Answer 27

high density lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 28

When carbohydrate intake is inadequate, ketones are formed or the catabolism/breakdown of fatty acids is unavailable, what process occurs?

Answer 28

fat catabolism (breakdown)

Question 29

What process occurs when newly absorbed fatty acids recombine with glycerol to form triglycerides that end up stored as adipose tissue?

Answer 29

fat anabolism (synthesis)

Question 30

What is the recommended AMDR for total fat intake of total calories in adults?

Answer 30

20-35%

Question 31

When hydrogenation is occurring, what happens to fats in the body?

Answer 31

the placement of their hydrogen atoms are changed (cis->trans position)

Question 32

When fat is metabolized, what happens to the fat?

Answer 32

absorbed into the intestinal cells (small intestine)

Question 33

What are some sources of saturated fatty acids?

Answer 33

* animal fats (beef, pork, poultry, vela, egg yolks, dairy products) * vegetable oils: palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil

Question 34

What are some sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 34

* olives, olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil * avocado, cashews, almonds * meat fat

Question 35

What are some sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 35

* corn, soybean, safflower, & cottonseeds oils * fish

Question 36

What are some sources of dietary cholesterol?

Answer 36

exclusively in animals w/organ meats & egg yolks

Question 37

What are some sources of synthetic trans fat?

Answer 37

* corn, soybean, cottonseed, safflower, & canola oil

Question 38

What are the functions of fat in the body?

Answer 38

* fuel the body * cushions internal organs & protects * regulate body temp * dietary fat facilitates the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK) [when consumed in the same meal]

Question 39

What are some sources of omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer 39

* **soybean**, flaxseed, **canola oil** * walnuts, chia, hemp seeds * grass-fed cows * fatty fish: salmon, anchovy, sardines, tuna, herring, mackerel

Question 40

What are some strategies for healthier food choices based on fat?

Answer 40

* make better protein choices (portion size control, minimize processed meat intake) * choose low-fat or fat-free dairy items * limit solid fats used in food prep * use oils as healtheir option to solid fat * replace fatty foods w/fruit & veggies