Ch. 5 (Lipid) Flashcards
What is a group of water-insoluble, energy-yielding organic compounds that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms?
lipids
What is classified as a three-carbon atom chain that serves as the backbone of triglycerides?
glycerol
What is classified as organic compounds composed of a chain of carbon atoms to which hydrogen atoms are attached?
fatty acids
What is classified as a class of lipids composed of a glycerol molecule as its backbone with three fatty acids attached?
triglycerides
What is classified as one of the three main classes of lipids, which include cholesterol, bile acids, sex hormones, the adrenocortical hormones, and vitamin D?
sterols
What is classified as fatty acids in which all thecarbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as they can hold, so no double bonds exist between carbon atoms?
saturated fatty acids (SFAs)
What is classified as fatty acids that are not completely saturated with hydrogen atoms, so one or more double bonds form between the carbon atoms?
unsaturated fatty acids
What is classified as an unsaturated fatty acid the endmost double bond of which occurs three carbon atoms from the methyl end of its carbon chain?
omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid
What is classified as fatty acids that have two or more double bonds between carbon atoms?
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
What is classified as a fatty acids that have only one double bond between two carbon atoms?
monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)
What is classified as fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in the body and thus must be consumed through food?
essential fatty acids
What is classifeid as unsaturated fatty acids whose hydrogen atoms occur on the same side of the double bond?
cis fats
What is classified as unsaturated fatty acids that have at least one double bond the hydrogen atoms of of which are on the oppostite sides of the double bond?
trans fat
What describes the major class of atherogenic lipoproteins that carry cholesterol from the liver to the tissues?
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
What group of compound lipids are similar to triglycerides in that they contain a glycerol molecule and two fatty acids?
phospolipids
What kind of fat particles are encircled by bile salts to facilitate their diffusion into intestinal cells?
micelles
What kind of lipoproteins transports absorbed lipids from intestinal cells through the lymph and eventually into the bloodstream?
chylomicrons
Where does most fat digestion occur in the body?
small intestine
What are the three classes of lipids?
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- sterols
What elements make up lipids?
CHO (though they naturally have more carbon)
What are the three types of triglycerides?
- saturated
- unsaturated
- essential
What type of fats tend to be solid at room temperature?
saturated fats
What type of fats tend to be liquid at room temperature?
unsaturated fats
What major type of fatty acid occurs naturally in a small amount in nature?
trans fatty acids
What is the best-known phospholipid?
lecithin
Where does most fat digestions occcur in the body?
small intestines
What kind of lipoproteins are associated with being good for you?
high density lipoprotein (HDL)
When carbohydrate intake is inadequate, ketones are formed or the catabolism/breakdown of fatty acids is unavailable, what process occurs?
fat catabolism (breakdown)
What process occurs when newly absorbed fatty acids recombine with glycerol to form triglycerides that end up stored as adipose tissue?
fat anabolism (synthesis)
What is the recommended AMDR for total fat intake of total calories in adults?
20-35%
When hydrogenation is occurring, what happens to fats in the body?
the placement of their hydrogen atoms are changed (cis->trans position)
When fat is metabolized, what happens to the fat?
absorbed into the intestinal cells (small intestine)
What are some sources of saturated fatty acids?
- animal fats (beef, pork, poultry, vela, egg yolks, dairy products)
- vegetable oils: palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil
What are some sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?
- olives, olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil
- avocado, cashews, almonds
- meat fat
What are some sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
- corn, soybean, safflower, & cottonseeds oils
- fish
What are some sources of dietary cholesterol?
exclusively in animals w/organ meats & egg yolks
What are some sources of synthetic trans fat?
- corn, soybean, cottonseed, safflower, & canola oil
What are the functions of fat in the body?
- fuel the body
- cushions internal organs & protects
- regulate body temp
- dietary fat facilitates the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK) [when consumed in the same meal]
What are some sources of omega-3 fatty acids?
- soybean, flaxseed, canola oil
- walnuts, chia, hemp seeds
- grass-fed cows
- fatty fish: salmon, anchovy, sardines, tuna, herring, mackerel
What are some strategies for healthier food choices based on fat?
- make better protein choices (portion size control, minimize processed meat intake)
- choose low-fat or fat-free dairy items
- limit solid fats used in food prep
- use oils as healtheir option to solid fat
- replace fatty foods w/fruit & veggies
