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Nutrition (NRSE-150) > Ch. 6 (Vitamins) > Flashcards

Ch. 6 (Vitamins) Flashcards

1
Q

What nutrients are needed in very small amounts?

A

micronutrients

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2
Q

What is defined as extremely complex chemical substances that differ widely in their structures and are defined chemically?

A

vitamins

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3
Q

What four vitamins are fat soluble?

A
  • vitamin A
  • vitamin D
  • vitamin E
  • vitamin K
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4
Q

What two vitamins are water soluble?

A
  • vitamin C
  • vitamin B

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, B6, B12, biotin, & pathothenic acid

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5
Q

What are the two different types of vitamin A?

A
  • preformed vitamin A
  • provitamin A cartotenoids
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6
Q

What is defined as to add nutrients to a food that were either not originally present or were present in insignificant amounts?

A

fortified

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7
Q

What is defined as natural plant pigments found in deep-yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and most dark-green leafy vegetables?

A

carotenoids

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8
Q

What is the active form of vitamin A called?

A

preformed vitamin A

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9
Q

What is a major antioxidant in the body, which prompted researchers to study whether it can prevent heart disease and cancer?

A

beta carotene

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10
Q

What vitamin is known to be teratogenic at high doses for pregnant women?

A

vitamin A

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11
Q

What is defined as a nutrient that must be supplied by the diet because it is not synthesized in the body?

A

essential nutrient

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12
Q

The RDA bases vitamin D on what factor?

A

minimal or no sun exposure

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13
Q

What vitamin is a described as a group of at least eight structurally related, naturally occurring compounds?

A

vitamin E

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14
Q

Newborns are prone to having what vitamin deficiency?

A

vitamin K

transport across placenta is low, breast milk is low in vitamin K

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15
Q

What water soluble vitamin is a coenzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids, in addition to helping the nervous system function?

A

thiamin

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16
Q

What water soluble vitamin is an integral component of the coenzymes flavin advenin dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide that funciton to release energy from nutrients in all body cells?

A

riboflavin

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17
Q

What is defined as the amount of niacin available to the body, including that made form tryptophan?

A

niacin equivalents (NEs)

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18
Q

What water soluble vitamin can be converted to the active form, pyridoxal phosphate, which is involved in nearly hundred enzymatic reactions, mostly involving protein metabolism?

A

vitamin B6

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19
Q

What vitamin activates folate?

A

vitamin b12

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20
Q

What water soluble vitamin plays a part in DNA synthesis and cell divison and is helped by vitamin b12?

A

folate

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21
Q

What water soluble vitamin plays a part in maintaining the myelin sheath around nerves and aids in vital early treatment for nervous system damage?

A

vitamin B12

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22
Q

What kind of water soluble vitamin is part of coenzyme A (CoA), the coenzyme involved in the formation of acetyl-CoA and in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle?

A

pantothenic acid

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23
Q

What kind of water soluble vitamin is involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and chemical reactions that add or remove carbon dioxide from other compounds?

A

biotin

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24
Q

What kind of water soluble vitamin is an essential nutrient commonly categorized with the B vitamins and is required for structural integrity of cell membranes?

A

choline

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25
Q

What water soluble vitamin can lead to scurvy if the body does not receive an appropriate amount?

A

vitamin C

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26
Q

What is defined as bioactive, nonnutrient plant compounds associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases?

A

phytonutrients

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27
Q

Students in a nursing class understand that the body has the potential to make vitamin D with enough light exposure and if what organ is functioning normally?

A

kidney

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28
Q

A client understands that eating some oils is important to ensure adequate consumption of all nutrients. What nutrient is supplied by oils?

A

vitamin E

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29
Q

What vitamin also goes by the name, ascorbic acid?

A

vitamin C

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30
Q

The nurse is encouraging an older adult client to spend time outside in the sun to improve vitamin D intake. The nurse is explains to the client that vitamin D helps in what way?

A

maintaining blood calcium levels

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31
Q

A nurse educator is providing education to students about the differences between the two major categories of vitamins. The nurse correctly explains fat-soluble vitamins transported through the blood with the help of what?

A

attached to protein carriers

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32
Q

The nurse is concerned that a client eating a vegan diet is not consuming adequate amounts of some vitamins. What supplement is this client most likely to need?

A

vitamin B12

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33
Q

The functions of some vitamins are to protect other vitamins from damage. What vitamin does vitamin E protect?

A

vitamin E

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34
Q

What vitamin is the primary fat-soluble antioxidant?

A

vitamin E

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35
Q

What type of vitamins are absorbed directly into the bloodstream?

A

water-soluble

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36
Q

The class is discussing food labels. One student points out that a certain vitamin is listed as a “food coloring.” What vitamin is sometimes used to add color to food?

A

beta-carotene

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37
Q

What is the main function of vitamins?

A

catalyst for metabolic function and chemical reactions in the body

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38
Q

What are the deficiencies of vitamin A?

A
  • vision changes
  • xerophthalmia (dry eyes)
  • GI disturbances (mucus changes)
  • hyperkeratosis (thick skin)
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39
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A?

A
  • contributes to vision
  • reproduction
  • growth
  • immune system functioning
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40
Q

What are some sources for vitamin A?

A
  • orange/yellow fruits and vegetables
  • fatty fish
  • dairy
  • fortified foods
41
Q

What are symptoms of excess of vitamin A?

A
  • can be teratogenic (during pregnancy)
  • CNS changes
  • bone & skin changes
  • live abnormalities (reversible-fatal)
42
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D?

A
  • maintain normal blod concentrations of calcium & phosphorus
  • immune function
43
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of vitamin D?

A
  • poor calcium absorption
  • rickets in childern, osteomalacia in adults
44
Q

What are some sources of vitamin D?

A
  • sunlight
  • fish
  • fortified dairy
  • egg yolks
  • orange juice
45
Q

What are symptoms of excess of vitamin D?

A
  • hypercalcemia
  • hypercalciuria
46
Q

What are the functions of vitamin E?

A
  • primary fat-soluble antioxidant
  • preserves lung and red blood cell membranes
  • protects vitamin A and polysaturated fats from oxidation
47
Q

What are some of the sources of vitamin E?

A
  • vegetable oils
  • grains
  • nuts
  • dark geen vegetables
48
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency in vitamin E?

A
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • anemia
  • impaired vision and speech
  • edem/skin lesions in infants
49
Q

What are symptoms of excess in vitamin E?

A
  • can interfere with vitamin K action (blood clotting)
  • can interfere with effects of blood-thinning drugs
  • risk of hemorrhage
50
Q

What are the functions of vitamin K?

A
  • assists in blood-clotting and bone maintenance
  • coenzyme essential for the synthesis of prothrombin
51
Q

What are some sources of vitamin K?

A
  • green leafy vegetables
  • eggs
  • carrots
52
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of vitamin K?

A
  • increase in prothrombin time (how long it takes blood to clot)
53
Q

What are symptoms of excess of vitamin K?

A
  • decrease effectiveness of anticoagulant medications
  • increase risk of stroke
54
Q

What are the functions of B-complex vitamins?

A

energy, metabolism, and neurologic function

55
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C?

A
  • tissue building
  • metabolic reactions
56
Q

What are the functions of thiamin (B1)?

A
  • coenzyme in energy metabolism
  • nerve functioning related to muslce actions
57
Q

What are some sources of thiamin (B1)?

A
  • meats
  • grains
  • legumes
58
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of thiamin (B1)?

A
  • beriberi (ataxia, confusion, anorexia, tachycardia)
  • headache
  • weight loss
  • fatigue
59
Q

What are symptoms of excess of thiamin (B1)?

A

nontoxic

60
Q

What are functions of riboflavin (B2)?

A

coenzyme in energy release

61
Q

What are some sources of riboflavin (B2)?

A
  • milk
  • meats
  • dark green leafy vegetables
62
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of riboflavin (B2)?

A
  • cheilosis (scales/cracks on lips and corners of mouth)
  • glossitis (smooth/swollen tongue)
  • dermatitis of ears, nose and mouth
63
Q

What are symptoms of excess of riboflavin (B2)?

A

nontoxic

64
Q

What are functions of niacin (B3)?

A
  • metabolism of fats, glucose and alcohol
  • synthesis of steroid hormones, cholesterol and fatty acids
65
Q

What are some sources of niacin (B3)?

A
  • liver
  • meats
  • nuts
  • legumes
  • whole grains
  • enriched breads/cereals
66
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of niacin (B3)?

A

pellegra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia)

67
Q

What are symptoms of excess of niacin (B3)?

A
  • vasodilations
  • flushing
  • may lower total cholestrerol & LDL
  • may increase HDL
68
Q

What are functions of pyridoxine (B6)?

A
  • cellular function
  • synthesis of hemoglobin
  • neurotransmitters
  • niacin
69
Q

What are some sources of pyridoxine (B6)?

A
  • meats
  • grains
  • legumes
70
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of pyridoxine (B6)?

A
  • macrocytic anemia
  • CNS disturbances

rarely occurs without other B deficiencies

71
Q

What are symptoms of excess of pyridoxine (B6)?

A
  • neurological symptoms (sensory neuropathy) - only with high intake of supplements, in food = not a danger
72
Q

What is the function of folate (B9)?

A

coenzyme for synthesis of DNA

73
Q

What are some sources of folate (B9)?

A
  • green leafy veggies
  • dried peas & beans, seeds, liver
  • oragne juice
  • synthetic folic acid
74
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of folate (B9)?

A
  • impairs DNA synthesis & cell division
  • macrocytic anemia
  • neural tube defects (before/during first trimester)
75
Q

What is the symptom of excess of folate (B9)?

A

can mask vitamin b12 deficiency

76
Q

What vitamin can mask a deficiency in vitamin B12 when taken in excess?

A

folate (B9)

77
Q

What are the functions of cobalamin (B12)?

A
  • folate activation
  • red blood cell maturation
  • maintains myelin sheeths around nerve fibers
78
Q

What are some sources of cobalamin (B12)?

A
  • animal-derived foods (meat, fish/shellfish, dairy, eggs)
  • fortified foods
79
Q

What is the only water-soluble vitamin not found in plants?

A

cobalamin (B12)

80
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of cobalamin (B12)?

A
  • pernicious anemia (mostly in vegan diets)
  • neurologic impairments
81
Q

What is symptom of excess of cobalamin (B12)?

A

alleviation of anemia caused by B12 deficiency

82
Q

What is the function of pantothenic acid (b vitamin)?

A

coenzyme in energy metabolism

83
Q

What are some sources of pantothenic acid (b vitamin)?

A
  • meats
  • whole grains
  • dried peas
  • beans
84
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of pantothenic acid (b vitamin)?

A

rare, generalize body system failure

85
Q

What are the functions of biotin (b vitamin)?

A
  • coenzyme in synthesis of fatty acids, amino acid metabolism, formation of glucose
86
Q

What are some sources of biotin (b vitamin)?

A
  • eggs
  • milk
  • dark green veggies
87
Q

What are symptoms of deficiency of biotin (b vitamin)?

A
  • depression
  • fatigue
  • hair loss
  • scaly rash
88
Q

What is the function of choline (b vitamin)?

A

structural integrity of cell membranes

89
Q

What are some sources of choline (b vitamin)?

A
  • meats
  • liver
  • eggs
90
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C/ascorbic acid?

A
  • antioxidant
  • aids in wound healing, collagen formation
  • iron absorption
  • immune system function
91
Q

What are some sources of vitamin C/ascorbic acid?

A
  • citrus fruits & juices
  • strawberries
  • vegetables
92
Q

What is the symptom of deficiency of vitamin C/ascorbic acid?

A

scurvy

93
Q

What is the function of phytonutrients/phytochemicals?

A

plant chemicals work together with nutrients & fiber to promote health

94
Q

What are some sources of phytonutrients/phytochemicals?

A
  • fruits
  • veggies
  • green tea
  • legumes
  • whole grains
  • broccoli
95
Q

What are the functions of phytonutrients/phytochemicals?

A
  • function similarly to the immune system of plants (protection against virsues, bacteria, fungi)
  • detoxifies enzymes, regulating hormones
  • known to lower risk of chronic disease
96
Q

Waht are the known shortfall vitamins?

vitamins under-consumed by Americans

A
  • vitamin A
  • vitamin D
  • vitamin E
  • vitamin C
  • choline (b vitamin)
97
Q

How can food choices improve intake of shortfall vitamins?

A

consuming certain amounts of specific foods can increase the vitamins that fall under the shortfall vitamin list

98
Q

Why are vitamin supplements necessary?

A

can be used to bridge the gap in meeting those nutrient needs (but they are not a guarantee of good health)

Nutrition (NRSE-150) (21 decks)

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