Ch. 4 (Protein)

Question 1

There are twenty common amino acids that make up proteins.

What kind of amino acid cannot be made by the body and must be supplied through the diet?

Answer 1

essential or indispensable amino acids

(9 essential)

Question 2

There are twenty common amino acids that make up proteins.

What kind of amino acid can be made by cells, as needed, through the process of transamination?

Answer 2

nonessential or dispensable amino acids

(11 nonessential)

Question 3

What are the main functions of protein in the body?

Answer 3

• body structure and framework
• enzymes
• body secretions and fluids (made from amino acids)
• fluid balance (regulate fluid balance due to hydrophillic property)
• acid-base balance (can act as acid or base)
• transport molecules

Question 4

What describes how well a protein is digested to make amino acids available for protein synthesis?

Answer 4

protein digestibility

Question 5

Where does the majority of protein digestion occur in the body?

Answer 5

the small intestine

Question 6

What process quickly assembles amino acids provided through food or released from the breakdown of existing body proteins into proteins the body needs, such as those required for growth and development or lost through normal wear and tear?

Answer 6

protein synthesis (anabolism)

Question 7

When the body does not have a sufficient amount of carbohydrate and fat for energy use, what process is used?

Answer 7

protein catabolism

Question 8

What process includes dietary and body proteins to be sacrificed to provide amino acids that can be burned for energy when the body has an insufficient amoutn fo carbohydrate and fat available for energy use?

Answer 8

protein catabolism

Question 9

What reflects the state of balance between protein breakdown (catabolism) and protein synthesis (anabolism)?

Answer 9

nitrogen balance

Question 10

Nitrogen balance is determined by what?

Answer 10

comparing nitrogen intake vs nitrogen excretion (over a 24 hr period)

Question 11

What are some examples where nitrogen balance is positive (protein synthesis exceeds protein breakdown)?

Answer 11

• growth
• pregnancy
• recovery from injury

Question 12

What are some examples where nitrogen balance is negative (protein catabolism is occurring faster than protein synthesis)?

Answer 12

• starvation
• catabolic phase after injury

Question 13

What are some conditions that increase the need for protein in the body?

Answer 13

• calorie intake is inadequate (resulting in protein being used for energy)
• body needs to heal itself
• excessive protein losses need replacement
• periods of normal tissue growth

Question 14

What type of nutrients are required by the body in large amounts?

Answer 14

macronutrients

Question 15

What type of nutrients are required by the body in small amounts?

Answer 15

micronutrients

Question 15

What type of vegetarian diet excludes eggs, dairy products and may exclude honey?

Answer 15

vegan

Question 16

What type of diet excludes meat, fish, and poultry?

Answer 16

vegetarian

Question 17

What is the RDA for protein in adults?

Answer 17

0.8 g/day

Question 18

What percentage of total calories consumed should be protein?

Answer 18

10-35%

Question 19

Protein is restricted in what kind of diseases/conditions?

Answer 19

liver and kidney diseases

excess amino acids put extra work on the liver/kidneys

Question 20

How many calories in a gram of protein?

(one gram of protein = how many calories)

Answer 20

four calories

Question 21

A twenty-one male client was in a motorcycle accident, sustaining a fractured femur and close head injury. The health care provider has requested a nitrogen balance determination. The record indicates a twenty-four hour protein intake of seventy grams. A twenty-four hour urinary urea nitrogen (UUN) collection result was 18.5 grams. The nurse recognizes that this client is in what process?

Answer 21

catabolic protein

Question 22

What elements make up proteins?

Answer 22

CHON

Question 23

What does the liver do when it is metabolizing proteins?

Answer 23

uses amino acids it needs and releases the excess

Question 24

Nitrogen balance can fall under neutral, positive or negative.

When protein synthesis (anabolism) exceeds protein breakdown (catabolism), where does the nitrogen balance fall?

Answer 24

positive nitrogen balance

Question 25

Nitrogen balance can fall under neutral, positive or negative

When protein breakdown (catabolism) exceeds protein synthesis (anabolism), where does the nitrogen balance fall?

Answer 25

negative nitrogen balance

Question 26

What kind of calorie deficit is due to a deficiency of all macronutrients-carbohydrates, protein and fat?

Answer 26

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) or protein-energy undernutrition (PEU)

Question 27

During digestion, what happens when the body has an excess of amino acids?

Answer 27

excess amino acids are burned for energy or converted to fat and stored (liver)

protein waste that needs to be removed is removed via kidneys

Question 28

What nitrogen balance state do healthy adults fall under?

Answer 28

neutral nitrogen balance

Question 29

What are some sources of complete protein?

Answer 29

• bread/rice/corn pudding
• cereal & milk
• macaroni & cheese
• french toast
• cheese sandwich
• vegetable quiche
• cheese enchilada

Question 30

What are some sources of two incomplete proteins?

Answer 30

• black beans & rice
• bean tacos
• pea soup w/toast
• lentils & rice curry
• falafel sandwich
• peanut butter sandwich
• pasta e fagioli
• hummus with crackers
• tofu lasagna

Question 31

What are some sources of lean protein?

Answer 31

• beef (90%), beef jerky
• pork loin, tenderloin, ham, canadian bacon
• skinless poultry
• tuna, shellfish
• egg whites
• beans, peas, lentils
• edamame
• light tofu

Question 32

What nutrients would a person engaging in a vegetarian diet most likely be deficient in?

Answer 32

• iron
• zinc
• calcium
• vitamin D
• omega 3-fatty acids
• vitamin b12
• iodine