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PSYCH 105 > Ch. 7 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Ch. 7 - Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are humans social creatures?

A

Thought to be because of our big brains. Humans also have a need for social connection.

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2
Q

In groups

A

Groups that people belong to

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3
Q

Out groups

A

Groups that people do not belong to

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4
Q

How are groups formed?

A

Group membership is based on:
Reciprocity
Transitivity

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5
Q

Reciprocity

A

People will treat others the same way others treat them

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6
Q

Transitivity

A

Example: Given a = b and b = c, can conclude a = c

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7
Q

Balance Theory

A

People are motivated to have harmony in their relationships

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8
Q

Prejudice

A

Attitudes about people based on the group they belong to

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9
Q

Discrimination

A

Behaviours towards people based on the group they belong to. Refers to treating people unfairly

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10
Q

“Us-them” thinking

A

People’s tendency to view the world in terms of an in-group (us) and an out-group (them)

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11
Q

Out-group homogeneity bias

A

Tendency to see less variation among people in an out-group compared to their in-group

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12
Q

In-group favoritism

A

Attribute positive qualities to in-group members compared to out-group members. In-group members are given preferential treatment

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13
Q

Out-group derogation

A

Attribute negative qualities to out-group members

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14
Q

Why do people tend to categorize into in-groups and out-groups (“us-them” thinking)?

A

People categorize others to organize their view of the world. This categorization helps us react to our environments quickly and predict other people’s behaviours.

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15
Q

What are the dangers of “us-them” thinking?

A

“Us-them” thinking can lead to prejudice and discrimination

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16
Q

Realistic Conflict Theory

A

Competition for limited resources fosters prejudice. Hostility towards out-group increases since people feel threatened by out-groups

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17
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

Prejudice stems from a need to enhance self-esteem. People tend to express more prejudice when their in-group is threatened

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18
Q

Stereotype

A

Schema that makes processing easy, based on membership to certain group

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19
Q

Subtyping

A

People often rationalize a person that does not fit into a stereotype as an exception rather than evidence that disconfirms a stereotype.
Eg. an Asian person that is not good at math

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20
Q

Implicit Bias Test

A

Used to measure attitudes/stereotypes that affect us unconsciously

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21
Q

What is the biggest issue with the implicit bias test?

A

The test infers one’s underlying attitudes from a physical response (how quickly you respond to a word/face)

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22
Q

Shooter Bias Effect

A

People perceive objects people of colour hold as guns even when they are not

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23
Q

Can dogs be racist?

A

They can be if their owner has negative prejudice towards other ethnicities

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24
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Stereotypes create self-consciousness and change in behaviour (since people are worried that they will live up to a stereotype)

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25
Q

How can we reduce stereotype threat?

A

Education (inform people that stereotype threat exists)
Self-affirmation

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26
Q

Attributions

A

Judgements about causes of our or other people’s behaviour and outcomes

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27
Q

Personal Attribution

A

Belief that behaviour is caused by characteristics (internal factors)

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28
Q

Situational Attribution

A

Belief that situations (external factors) cause behaviours

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29
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

People’s tendency to attribute other people’s behaviours to personality rather than their situation (underestimate situational factors and overestimate personal factors)

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30
Q

How does culture affect people’s attributions?

A

Individualistic cultures (eg. Canada, USA) tend to make more personal attributions (vulnerable to fundamental attribution error)

Collectivist cultures (eg. Japan, China) tend to consider situational attributions while also accounting for personal information (more balanced approach)

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31
Q

Why do people make attributions?

A

Humans like order. We like to believe that there is a reason why things occur.

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32
Q

Nonverbal behaviour

A

Facial expressions, gestures, and movements. It influences the attributions we make upon others and tells us about what an individual is thinking about.

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33
Q

Slices of behaviour

A

Can interpret what someone is conveying with their nonverbal behaviour within a short period of time (eg. a few seconds)

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34
Q

Why do we affiliate with others?

A

Obtain positive stimulation
Receive emotional support
Gain attention
Social comparison

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35
Q

What factors impact people’s need for social relations?

A

High need for affiliation
Sense of community
Fear inducing situations

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36
Q

What factors influence attraction (both romantic and platonic) to other people?

A

Physical proximity
Mere exposure effect
Similarity
Personal characteristics (reliable and competent)

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37
Q

Mere exposure effect (Relationships)

A

Repeated exposure to a stimulus typically increase how much we like the stimulus

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38
Q

What is beautiful is good stereotype

A

We assume people who are physically attractive are talented

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39
Q

The matching effect

A

People are most likely to have partners who are equally attractive to themselves

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40
Q

Passionate Love

A

Intense desire for a partner (infatuation and sexual desire). Present early in romantic relationships

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41
Q

Companionate Love

A

Strong feelings of intimacy and commitment to being with a partner. Fades slower than passionate love

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42
Q

Triangular Theory of Love

A

Love can be described through three key qualities:
Intimacy
Passion
Commitment

43
Q

What are the 7 types of love?

A

Liking
Romantic Love
Infatuation
Fatuous Love
Empty Love
Companionate Love
Consummate Love (“ultimate love”)

44
Q

What are the 4 different attachment styles of love?

A

Secure attachment
Anxious-preoccupied
Dismissive Avoidant
Fearful Avoidant

45
Q

Characteristics of secure attachment style of love

A

High EQ, Good problem solving, Highly resilient

46
Q

Characteristics of anxious-preoccupied style of love

A

Romanticize love, obsessive, clingy, insecure, low self-esteem

47
Q

Characteristics of dismissive avoidant style of love

A

Distant from others, closed emotions, few close relationships

48
Q

Characteristics of fearful avoidant style of love

A

Fear being too close or too far away from their partner, have few close relationships

49
Q

Social Loafing

A

Occurs when people put in less effort when working in a group compared to working on their own

50
Q

Collective effort model

A

Social loafing is more likely to occur when:
1. Individual performance is not being monitored
2. Goal or task has little value
3. Group is less important to a person
4. Task is simple and a person’s individual effort is redundant

51
Q

Group Polarization

A

Average opinion of group becomes more extreme than each individual member’s opinion

52
Q

What are the causes of group polarization?

A

Normative Social Influence
Informational Social Influence

53
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Individuals who are attracted to a group adopt the group’s position on an issue to gain approval from the group (even if they think the group is wrong)

54
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

People look to the group for how to respond since they are uncertain about their position. When faced with uncertainty, people believe that the group has knowledge they do not have

55
Q

Groupthink

A

When a group ignores critical thinking when seeking agreement. Leads to poor decision-making as important information can be ignored due to pressure to conform with the group

56
Q

What are the causes of groupthink?

A

High stress to make a decision
Insulation from outside input
Directive leader who promotes their personal agenda
High group cohesion

57
Q

How can groups prevent groupthink?

A

Group members should remain impartial
Groups should encourage critical thinking (think about outside perspectives)

58
Q

Conformity

A

The adjustment of behaviours, attitudes, beliefs to a group standard

59
Q

What factors affect conformity?

A

Group size (larger groups result in greater conformity up to a limit)
Presence of a dissenter (reduces conformity)
Type of culture (individualist/collectivist)
Minority influence

60
Q

Minority Influence

A

A minority group can influence the group’s behaviour. For this to happen:
The minority needs to be committed to POV
Minority is independent in the face of pressure from the majority
Minority group POV is consistent
Minority needs to be open-minded to alternative explanations

61
Q

Milgram Study

A

Studied people’s willingness to obey an authority figure. The authority figure instructed participants to perform actions that conflicted with their personal conscious

62
Q

What factors influence a person’s obedience to an authority figure?

A

Remoteness of victim (greater when learner is out of sight)
Closeness & legitimacy of authority figure
If someone else does the work (“cog in a wheel”)

63
Q

Compliance

A

Tendency to agree to do things that people ask of you

64
Q

Compliance Techniques

A

Strategies that manipulate you to accept a request you would have otherwise declined:
Norm of Reciprocity
Door-in-the-face-technique
Foot-in-the-door-technique

65
Q

Norm of Reciprocity

A

Expectation that when others treat us well, we should respond in kind

66
Q

Door-in-the-face-technique

A

Start with a large request expecting the person to decline then making a smaller request (person feels guilty and feels a need to compromise)

67
Q

Foot-in-the-door-technique

A

Start with a small request to get someone interested, then build up to a bigger request. Person is more likely to comply since they accepted your small request

68
Q

Cult

A

A group/movement with a shared commitment to an extreme ideology that’s typically embodied in a charismatic leader

69
Q

Attitudes

A

Positive or negative evaluative reactions toward a stimulus (eg. person, action, object, events)

70
Q

What makes up our attitudes towards a specific stimulus?

A

Beliefs and values make up our attitudes

71
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

Mental conflict that occurs when a person has two inconsistent cognitions.
Result: lack of harmony

72
Q

Counter attitudinal behaviour

A

Behaviours are inconsistent with one’s attitude. Produces dissonance if freely chosen (rather than being coerced)

73
Q

Hazing

A

Performing tasks you normally would not do (particularly embarrassing/uncomfortable tasks) to be part of a group

74
Q

Persuasion

A

Active and conscious effort to change an attitude or behaviour through the transmission of a message. Includes communicator, message, and audience

75
Q

Communicator Credibility

A

How believable a communicator is and how attractive/likeable they are. Influenced by:
Similarity to audience
Celebrities
Expertise and trustworthiness

76
Q

What factors impact the effectiveness of a communicator’s message?

A

Use of emotions
Mere exposure effect
One-sided VS two-sided messages

77
Q

Mere Exposure Effect (Persuasion)

A

Listening to the same message over and over again increases persuasiveness

78
Q

When is using a two-sided message better than using a one-sided message?

A

When the audience knows both sides of the argument or they disagree with the communicator’s perspective

79
Q

When is using a one-sided message effective?

A

When the audience agrees with the communicator’s perspective

80
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

2 ways that a message can lead to attitude changes in an audience:
Central route to persuasion
Peripheral route to persuasion

81
Q

Central route to persuasion

A

Occurs when people think carefully about message and find arguments compelling
Predicts audience’s future behaviour more successfully
Effective for attentive listeners

82
Q

Peripheral route to persuasion

A

Occurs when people are not thinking critically about the message (mostly influenced by other factors such as speaker attractiveness and emotional appeal)
Better for people who are unmotivated

83
Q

The Mere Presence of Others

A

Can enhance or hinder performance (depending upon the task). Presence of others increases arousal (simple tasks become easier while new/complex tasks become more difficult)

84
Q

Eusocial

A

Displayed by bees and ants. Characterized by:
Living in groups
Cooperative care of youth
Multiple generations live together
Labour is divided amongst group
Show self-sacrificing behaviour for greater good

85
Q

Aggression

A

Any behaviour that involves intention to harm another. Aggression can be learned from living in an environment filled with aggression

86
Q

True or False: Physical aggression is very common among adults when we get angry

A

False. Adults are more likely to engage in emotional harm and verbal aggression

87
Q

Crowding (with respect to aggression)

A

Crowds can make people feel greater stress due to a perceived lack of control

88
Q

What is the connection between heat and aggression?

A

During the summer months (hot weather), there is an increase in assaults, riots, etc. There appears to be a positive correlation between outdoor temperature and aggression

89
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

The idea that frustration leads to aggression and aggression is the result of frustration

90
Q

Why is the frustration-aggression hypothesis flawed?

A

People do not always respond to frustration with aggression (eg. may respond with sadness). Aggression is NOT always the result of frustration (can be the result of other aversive stimuli)

91
Q

What psychological factors factor into aggression?

A

Self-justification
Attribution of intentionality
Degree of empathy

92
Q

Self-justification

A

People minimize their own actions while reasoning that the other person’s actions are worse

93
Q

Attribution of intentionality

A

If we perceive another’s actions as intentional, we are likely to respond with aggression

94
Q

Degree of empathy

A

Likelihood we forgive someone depends on how well we understand someone else’s perspective

95
Q

What biological factors influence aggression?

A

Testosterone (small connection)
Serotonin (regulation of aggressive behaviour)
MAOA gene

96
Q

MAOA (monoamine oxidase) gene

A

Enzyme that regulates activity of neurotransmitters
Involved in aggression/violence

97
Q

Prosocial Behaviour

A

Behaviours performed with the intent of helping others

98
Q

Why do people engage in prosocial behaviours?

A

Social Learning & Cultural Influences
Norm of Reciprocity
Norm of Social Responsibility

99
Q

Norm of Social Responsibility

A

People should try to help each other to contribute to the welfare of society even without the expectation of a reward

100
Q

Social Learning & Cultural Influences on Prosocial Behaviour

A

Praise/reinforcement from others encourages people to engage in prosocial behaviours
Prosocial behaviours are maintained through feelings of pride and internal reinforcement

101
Q

What factors influence a person’s decision to help another person?

A

Similarity to other person
Gender (males are more likely to help women)
Whether they perceive the other person as a victim (situation is out of other person’s control)

102
Q

Just-world Hypothesis

A

“People get what they deserve”
People want to view the world as fair
Reduces feelings of responsibility to help those who got what they deserve

103
Q

How can we increase prosocial behaviour?

A

Volunteerism (person must find work fulfilling)
Prosocial models
Education about prosocial behaviour

PSYCH 105 (11 decks)

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