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PSYCH 105 > Ch. 5 - Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Social Construct 3 D’s

A

Used to judge whether someone’s behaviour is abnormal
-Distressing
-Dysfunctional
-Deviant

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2
Q

Abnormal Behaviour

A

Behaviour that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional, and/or so culturally deviate that people say it is inappropriate or maladaptive

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3
Q

Vulnerability-Stress Model

A

Everyone has vulnerability for a disorder given sufficient stress

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4
Q

What 3 factors are necessary for someone to develop an anxiety disorder?

A

Predisposition
Vulnerability
Stressor

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5
Q

Comorbidity

A

Overlap in psych disorders. Influenced by p-factor

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6
Q

p-factor

A

Measure of psychopathology in all types of disorders. p-factor does not change throughout one’s life

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7
Q

What are the components of anxiety responses?

A

Emotional Symptoms
Cognitive Symptoms
Physiological Sysmptoms
Behavioural Symptoms

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8
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

Persistent and excessive ‘free-floating’ anxiety that is not tied to specific situations.

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9
Q

Phobic Disorder

A

Strong, irrational fears of objects or situations that usually do not go away on their own

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10
Q

What are some common reactions to phobias?

A

Fast heart rate
Sweating
Crying
Hyperventilating
Passing out
Avoidance of phobia

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11
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

Person has unwanted and reoccurring thoughts/images (obsessions) and/or behaviours (compulsions) they feel the urge to repeat.

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12
Q

Compulsions

A

Repeatable, repetitive counterproductive behaviours used to reduce anxiety in response to obsessions

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13
Q

Pure Obsession

A

Obsessive thoughts without compulsions

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14
Q

DSM-5

A

Groups disorders based on systems to help ensure validity & reliability. Most used diagnostic classification system

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15
Q

What are some issues with labelling people with a disorder?

A

Description of a disorder is NOT a description of an individual
People may behave in ways to fit their label
Clinicians look for evidence associated with label rather than describing what they see

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16
Q

Internalizing Disorder

A

Characterized by negative emotions

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17
Q

Externalizing Disorder

A

Characterized by impulsivity & out of control behaviours

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18
Q

Emotional Symptoms of Anxiety

A

Feelings of tension
Apprehension

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19
Q

Cognitive Symptoms of Anxiety

A

Worry
Thoughts about inability to cope

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20
Q

Physiological Symptoms of Anxiety

A

Increased heart rate
Muscle tension
Other autonomic arousal symptoms

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21
Q

Behavioural Symptoms of Anxiety

A

Avoidance of feared situations
Decreased task performance
Increased startle response

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22
Q

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders

A

Biological Factors
Females exhibit more anxiety disorders than males
Sex-linked biological disposition
Evolutionary Factors
Psychological Factors

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23
Q

Biological Factors in Anxiety Disorders

A

Genetics
Lower GABA production

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24
Q

Evolutionary Factors in Anxiety Disorders

A

Some phobias are beneficial for survival
Disposition to be more aware of certain stimuli

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25
Q

Psychological Factors in Anxiety Disorders

A

Neurotic Anxiety
Maladaptive thoughts & beliefs
Appraising things catastrophically

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26
Q

Neurotic Anxiety

A

Feelings of not being in control of oneself or one’s circumstances

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27
Q

Objectification Theory

A

Cultural emphasis on viewing one’s body as an object

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28
Q

Eating disorders

A

Abnormal eating behaviours that negatively affect a person’s physical or mental health

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29
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Severely reduced food intake due to an intense fear of being fat. The result is that a person becomes severely underweight

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30
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Eating a lot of food and purging it through vomiting or laxatives. People have typical body weight

31
Q

Cause of Anorexia

A

High achievement standards

32
Q

Cause of Bulimia

A

Depression and anxiety

33
Q

Clinical Depression

A

More than just ‘having a bad day’. Frequency, intensity, & duration of symptoms is out of proportion to situation.

34
Q

True or False: People who are depressed feel bad all the time

A

False. People who are depressed don’t necessarily feel bad all the time. However, shortly after positive events, they slip back to a negative state

35
Q

Major Depression

A

Occurs after a person experiences a major depressive episode. Characterized by a lower interest in life for at least 2 weeks

36
Q

Persistent Depression Disorder

A

Less intense symptoms than major depression, but it lasts longer (i.e. at least 5 years)

37
Q

What symptoms add to feelings of depression

A

Emotional Symptoms
Cognitive Symptoms
Motivational Symptoms
Somatic Symptoms

38
Q

Emotional Symptoms of Depression

A

Sadness
Hopelessness
Anxiety
Misery
Inability to enjoy life

39
Q

Cognitive Symptoms of Depression

A

Negative cognitions about self, world, and future
Difficulty concentrating

40
Q

Motivational Symptoms of Depression

A

Loss of interest
Lack of drive
Difficulty starting anything

41
Q

Somatic Symptoms of Depression

A

Loss of appetite
Lack of energy
Sleep difficulties
Weight loss/gain

42
Q

Bipolar I Disorder

A

Extreme manic episodes & depressive episodes

43
Q

Bipolar II Disorder

A

Mildly elevated moods (Hypomania) & depressive episodes

44
Q

Manic State

A

Characterized by:
Euphoric mood
Hyperactive or no sleep
Rapid speech
Lasts at least 1 week

45
Q

Causal Factors of Depression

A

Genetic Factors (concordance in twins)
Underactivity of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
Environmental Factors

46
Q

Causal Factors of Bipolar Disorder

A

Stronger genetic component than unipolar depression
Concordance in twins

47
Q

Depressive Cognitive Triad

A

Negative thoughts concerning: the world, oneself, the future

48
Q

Cultural Variation

A

A factor of mood disorders. Mood disorders are more prevalent in Western cultures. Feelings of guilt and inadequacy tend to be more personal in Western cultures.

49
Q

Glove anesthesia

A

Loss of all sensation beyond the wrist (not physically possible). Caused by psychological factors

50
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Selective memory loss following trauma

51
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

Loss of all personal identity caused by stressful traumatic events

52
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

2 or more seperate personalities (a host and 1 or more alters)

53
Q

Trauma-dissociation Theory

A

Dissociative identity disorder generally caused by severe traumatic experience in early childhood

54
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Alterations in thought, perception, and consciousness. Disconnect from reality (psychosis).

55
Q

Type I Schizophrenia

A

Positive symptoms (present in schizophrenia, but not in typical behaviour). Examples include: delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech.

56
Q

Type II Schizophrenia

A

Negative symptoms (missing in schizophrenia, but present in typical behaviour). Examples include lack of emotion, expression, withdrawal, neglected hygiene.

57
Q

Which of these symptoms is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
A. Lack of expression
B. Lack of emotion
C. Neglected Hygiene
D. Disordered speech
E. Withdrawal

A

D. Disordered speech

58
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs about reality. Persist even when given evidence against beliefs

59
Q

Hallucinations

A

Can be auditory (i.e. voices in head) or tactile. Can lead to dangerous behaviours

60
Q

Biological Factors of Schizophrenia

A

Higher concordance rate between twins
Neurodegenerative Hypothesis
Atrophy & Destruction of Neural Tissue
Dopamine Hypothesis

61
Q

Environmental Factors of Schizophrenia

A

Stressful life events
Family dynamics
High expressed emotion

62
Q

Sociocultural Factors of Schizophrenia

A

Social Causation Hypothesis
Social Drift Hypothesis

63
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Lack of conscience
Lack of concern for others
Disregard laws/rules
Exhibit little anxiety or guilt
Highly manipulative

64
Q

Why is punishment ineffective to discipline people with Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

People with antisocial personality disorder experience little anxiety and disregard rules (can rationalize their actions to themselves)

65
Q

Causal Factors of Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Biological Factors
Psychological/Environmental Factors
No conditioned fear responses when punished
Exposure to deviant peers

66
Q

Biological Factors of Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Genetic Predisposition
Dysfunction in brain structures that govern self-control & emotional arousal (eg. amygdala, prefrontal cortex)

67
Q

Psychological/Environmental Factors of Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Lack of a superego (moralizing part of personality). Often the result of not having a psychologically present adult figure in life.

68
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

A

Instability in behaviour, emotion, identity, relationships, and/or goals. Characterized by emotional dysregulation, intense and unstable personal relationships, impulsive behaviour, and self-destructive behaviour

69
Q

Emotional Dysregulation

A

Chronic anger, loneliness, feelings of emptiness present in BPD

70
Q

Causal Factors of Borderline Personality Disorders

A

Chaotic personal histories (abuse, inconsistent parenting, negative memories)
Treated malevolently (leads to lower self-esteem)
Biological Factors

71
Q

Social Causation Hypothesis

A

Higher levels of stress among people with lower income

72
Q

Social Drift Hypothesis

A

As functioning deteriorates, people drift down the socio-economic ladder

73
Q

Neurodegenerative Hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia is caused by the degeneration of the brain

74
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

Overactivity of dopamine system in individuals with schizophrenia. Too much dopamine is the cause of positive symptoms.

PSYCH 105 (11 decks)

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