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PSYCH 105 > Ch. 4 - Developmental Psychology (PART 1) > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Developmental Psychology (PART 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Longitudinal Research Design

A

Testing the same cohort at different times. eg. Studying one person as they age

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2
Q

Cross-Sectional Research Design

A

Comparing people in different cohorts (usually by age) at the same time.

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3
Q

Sequential Research Design

A

Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal design. Test several.cohorts as they age

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4
Q

Which research design is the most comprehensive?

A

Sequential Design

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5
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Changes in biological, physical, psychological, & behavioural processes

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6
Q

Critical Period

A

Age where experiences must occur (for a person to develop normally)

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7
Q

Sensitive Period

A

Optimal age range for an experience to occur. Example: Can learn a 2nd language after age 12, but it will be more difficult

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8
Q

What are some issues with cross-sectional research designs?

A

Each cohort has different experiences, cultural changes, and environmental changes

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9
Q

What are some issues with longitudinal research designs?

A

-Expensive & Time Consuming
-People drop out of research studies (no other cohorts)
-Results are not very generalizable

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10
Q

Do babies have normal vision at birth?

A

No, the visual system is poorly developed at birth (very nearsighted). It gets progressively better as babies age

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11
Q

Preferential Looking Procedure

A

Measure how long an infant looks at a stimulus (infants look longer at stimuli they find interesting)

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12
Q

Habituation Procedure

A

Present a stimulus over and over again until infants become “habituated” (response to stimulus declines). Used for auditory cues where we cannot test using the preferential looking procedure

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13
Q

Imitation

A

Infants imitate adult facial expressions. This helps infants recognize people & engage with them

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14
Q

True or False: Babies are passive, disorganized, and have an empty mind.

A

False
Given our knowledge of prenatal sensory-motor development; the tactile, auditory, and chemical perceptual systems have been stimulated and are operating at birth (i.e. babies can interpret the world around them).

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15
Q

What are some environmental influences on fetal development?

A

Teratogens
Maternal malnutrition
Maternal stress (stress hormones)
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Nicotine
Drugs

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16
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental agents that may cause abnormal fetal development

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17
Q

Maternal Malnutrition

A

Miscarriage
Premature birth
Stillbirth
Impaired brain development

18
Q

Maternal Stress (stress hormones)

A

Premature birth
Infant irritability
Attentional deficits

19
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

A

Produce brain damage, blindness, and/or deafness depending on the disease

20
Q

Nicotine

A

Increase the risk of miscarriage, premature birth, and low birth weight

21
Q

Drugs

A

Mothers who use heroin or cocaine are often born addicted and experience withdrawal symptoms after birth

22
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Disorder within the spectrum involving a cluster of severe developmental abnormalities

23
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

A

Cognitive, behavioural, and physical deficits caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol

24
Q

Which chromosome pair determines a child’s gender?

A

23rd chromosome pair
Females = XX
Males = XY

25
Q

Testis Determining Factor (TDF)

A

Y chromosome contains TDF. TDF initiates development of testes. Testes secrete androgens which direct male organ development.

26
Q

What happens when there is insufficient androgen activity?

A

Female organ development occurs

27
Q

Prenatal Development Stages

A

Germinal (Weeks 0-1)
Embryonic (Weeks 2-8)
Fetal (Week 9 up to birth)

28
Q

At what age can a fetus survive outside of a mother’s womb?

A

28 weeks (fetus can survive outside of womb in cases of premature birth)

29
Q

Germinal Stage

A

Zygote attaches to uterine wall

30
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

Bodily organs/systems begin to form. Placenta & umbilical cord develop (enable nutrients/oxygen to transfer from mother to embryo and waste to transfer from embryo to mother).

31
Q

Fetal Stage

A

Muscles become stronger and bodily systems continue to develop until eventually the fetus can survive outside of the womb

32
Q

Why do newborns tend to orient themselves towards their mother’s face, voice, and smell?

A

Staying near their mother optimizes their access to food, warmth, and social stimulation. This optimization increases their chances of survival

33
Q

Sound Localization

A

Ability to localize sounds. Disappears at 4 months of age and reappears at 6 months of age

34
Q

Why does sound localization disappear in babies then reappear after a couple months?

A

Lack of practice
Interest in visual targets (does not use auditory senses)
Change in how behaviour is controlled

35
Q

Phoneme Discrimination

A

Ability to detect changes in speech sounds. Newborns have better phoneme discrimination than adults, ability disappears by 1 year of age

36
Q

Maturation

A

Genetically programmed biological process that governs our growth

37
Q

Cephalocaudal Principle

A

Development is from head to foot (head -> torso -> legs -> feet)

38
Q

Proximodistal Principle

A

Development is from innermost to outer (shoulders -> arms -> hands -> fingers)

39
Q

Stage-like development

A

Age of acquiring skills differs, but the sequence is the same

40
Q

Stepping Reflex

A

Involuntary stepping movement (first appears @ 1-2 months of age, then reappears @ 12 months of age in time to learn how to walk)

41
Q

Influences on Physical Development

A

Diet (i.e. consistent breastfeeding)
Enriched environments
Physical Touch

PSYCH 105 (11 decks)

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