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PSYCH 105 > Ch. 2 - Language & Thinking > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Language & Thinking Flashcards

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1
Q

Grammar

A

The set of rules for how symbols can be combined into communication.

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2
Q

Here is a sequence of symbols: Dhvsfjzld

Why is this grammatically incorrect in English?

A

9 consonants cannot be put together without a vowel in the English language (a rule in English)

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3
Q

Semantics

A

The meaning of words and sentences.

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4
Q

Why are semantics necessary?

A

Symbols by themselves have no meaning. Semantics give symbols (which form words) meaning.

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5
Q

Generativity

A

Symbols can be combined in different ways to generate infinite messages.

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6
Q

Displacement

A

Language can be used to communicate about things that are not physically present (past, future, imaginary).

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7
Q

Name the properties of language (6)

A

-Symbolic
-Structured
-Grammar
-Semantics
-Generativity
-Displacement

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8
Q

Surface Structure of Language

A

Ways symbols are combined (the syntax of language)

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9
Q

Deep Structure of Language

A

The underlying meaning of combined symbols (semantics provide the rules for connecting symbols).

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10
Q

Name a similarity & a difference between these 2 sentences:
“The cat chased the rat”
“The rat was chased by the cat”

A

-Same deep structure
-Different surface structures

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11
Q

Morphemes

A

Combinations of phonemes which are the smallest units of meaning

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12
Q

Phonemes

A

Smallest units of separable sound

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13
Q

Are there more morphemes or phonemes in the English language?

A

Morphemes! There are over 100 000 morphemes, but only about 44 phonemes in the English language.

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14
Q

Pragmatics

A

Knowledge of the practical aspects of using language. Best practice is for people to change their clarity and tone depending on their audience.

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15
Q

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

A

Coined by Noam Chomsky - Universal grammar shared by all humans. All languages have a common deep structure.

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16
Q

At what age range can humans vocalize the entire range of phonemes?

A

1-3 Months Old

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17
Q

At what age range can humans discriminate sounds specific to their native language

A

6-12 Months Old

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18
Q

What are the 4 stages children go through before they can speak in sentences?

A

-Cooing
-Babbling
-Single Words (first words)
-Telegraphic Speech

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19
Q

Cooing

A

Typically occurs in children 0-4 months of age. Includes crying, laughing, heavy breathing

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20
Q

Babbling

A

Typically occurs in children 5-12 months of age. Repeating syllables, but not yet producing any recognizable words.

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21
Q

Broca’s Area

A

In the frontal lobe of the brain. Associated with speech formation.

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22
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Impairment in the production of speech

23
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

In the temporal lobe of the brain. Associated with interpreting what spoken words mean.

24
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Impairment in the comprehension of language.

25
Q

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

A

Language determines what we are able to think about.

26
Q

Why is the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis flawed?

A

Some languages don’t have words for certain concepts. But we can still understand concepts without specific words.

27
Q

Waggle Dance

A

An example of animal communication (non-verbal). When a bee finds food, they return to other bees to communicate the direction, distance, and quality of food.

28
Q

Hockett’s Design Features

A

Features that separate human language from animal communication.
-Vocal Auditory Channel
-Displacement
-Learnability

29
Q

Vocal Auditory Channel

A

Language is produced through the vocal tract and transmitted as sound. Language is perceived through the auditory channel.

30
Q

Learnability

A

Users of one language can learn to use another language.

31
Q

Analogical Representations

A

Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of what they represent. Examples: map, clock, drawing

32
Q

Symbolic Representation

A

Mental representations that do not correspond to the physical features of objects or ideas. Examples: words, peace symbol, etc.)

33
Q

Propositional Thought

A

Verbal sentences we say or hear in our minds. It expresses a proposition or statement.

34
Q

Imaginal Thought

A

Images that we can see, hear, or feel in our mind.

35
Q

Motoric Thought

A

Mental representations of motor movements (eg. throwing an object)

36
Q

What are the 3 modes of thinking?

A

-Propositional Thought
-Imaginal Thought
-Motoric Thought

37
Q

Concepts

A

Basic units of semantic memory. Can be acquired through explicit instruction or through our own observations of similarities and differences among various objects and events.

38
Q

Prototypes

A

-The most typical and familiar members of a category or class
-They only note similarities among objects
-Children’s early concepts are based on prototypes

39
Q

What is an issue of using prototypes?

A

They differ as a result of personal experience. There is considerable arbitrariness and room for individual differences. For instance, one person’s terrorist can be another person’s freedom fighter.

40
Q

Exemplars

A

-Considers all examples of a concept you have ever seen
-New examples are compared to all other examples
-An exemplar can change every time a new example is encountered (experiences matter)

41
Q

Schema

A

An organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world. They help you build a mental framework of your perspective of the world. It is possible to oversimplify a concept (stereotype). Example: Easy vs Hard exams.

42
Q

Script

A

Mental framework concerning the sequence of events that usually unfolds in a particular order. They provide knowledge to guide and interpret actions. Example: The implications of going to a movie theatre.

43
Q

Stages of Problem Solving

A
  1. Interpret/Understand the problem
  2. Generate hypothesis or possible solutions
  3. Test the hypothesis/solutions seeking to disconfirm one or more of them
  4. Evaluate results, revise (repeat 1-3) if necessary
44
Q

Mental Set

A

Tendency to stick to solutions that have worked in the past. Can result in less effective problem solving if a more efficient solution exists (often the case).

45
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects. Can hinder problem solving due to ideas using objects in an unorthodox way not being considered

46
Q

Algorithms

A

Formulas and procedures that automatically generate correct solutions if followed correctly (eg. cooking recipe).

47
Q

Heuristic

A

General problem solving strategies we apply to certain classes of situations. Attempt to solve a problem using known facts.

48
Q

Means-ends Analysis

A

Identify differences between the present situation and the desired state and make changes to reduce those differences.

49
Q

Subgoal Analysis

A

Formulating subgoals/intermediate steps toward a solution.

50
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Base judgements and decisions based on the availability of information in memory.

51
Q

What is the problem with the availability heuristic?

A

If something comes to mind easily, we may exaggerate the likelihood that it could occur. See the “word with r” example in slides.

52
Q

What is the best way to test our ideas?

A

Try to find evidence that disconfirms your ideas rather than evidence that supports your ideas.

53
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Peoples’ tendency to look for evidence that confirms their beliefs while ignoring evidence that could disconfirm their beliefs knowingly or unknowingly.

54
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate one’s correctness in factual knowledge, beliefs, and decisions. A reason why people don’t challenge their beliefs.

PSYCH 105 (11 decks)

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