Ch. 4 - Developmental Psychology (PART 3)

Question 1

What are the 4 styles of parenting?

Answer 1

-Authoritative
-Authoritarian
-Indulgent
-Neglectful

Question 2

Authoritative Parents

Answer 2

Restrictive but warm. Set rules and expect compliance. Reward compliance with warmth and affection.

Question 3

Authoritarian Parents

Answer 3

Restrictive and rejecting. Exert control but are cold, unresponsive, and/or rejecting

Question 4

Indulgent Parents

Answer 4

Permissive and warm. These parents don’t provide guidance or discipline. Children of indulgent parents need to learn responsibility and empathy from others

Question 5

Neglectful Parents

Answer 5

Permissive but rejecting. These parents are not present in their child’s life

Question 6

Which parenting style is associated with the most positive developmental outcomes?

Answer 6

Authoritative Parents. Associated with higher self esteem, higher grades in school, fewer conduct problems

Question 7

Which parenting style is associated with the most negative developmental outcomes?

Answer 7

Neglectful parents. Associated with insecure attachment, low achievement motivation, distant relationships, impulsiveness, and aggression

Question 8

Gender Identity

Answer 8

Develops around 2-3 years of age. Gender (masculinity/femininity) becomes part of a child’s personal identity

Question 9

Gender Constancy

Answer 9

Understanding that gender is permanent. Happens when children are around 6-7 years old

Question 10

Sex-typing

Answer 10

Treating other differently based on gender. From infancy onward, girls and boys are viewed and treated differently.

Question 11

Heinz’s Dilemma

Answer 11

An ethical problem where the reader must decide whether Heinz should steal a drug to cure his mother from cancer.

Question 12

Kohlberg’s Stage Theory

Answer 12

Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning (Stages 1 & 2)
Level 2: Conventional Reasoning (Stages 3 & 4)
Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning (Stages 5 & 6)

Question 13

Preconventional Thinking

Answer 13

Judgement based on actual or anticipated punishments & reward rather than internalized moral values.
Stage 1: Punishment/obedience orientation
Stage 2: Instrumental/hedonistic orientation

Question 14

Conventional Thinking

Answer 14

Moral judgement based on conformity to expectations of social groups
Stage 3: Good child orientation
Stage 4: Law & order orientation

Question 15

Postconventional Reasoning

Answer 15

Moral judgements based on general principles (following one’s conscience)
Stage 5: Social contract orientation
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles

Question 16

In Kohlberg’s Stage Theory, what happens to preconventional reasoning as one ages?

Answer 16

Decreases as one ages (conventional reasoning takes precedence)

Question 17

Which level of reasoning in Kohlberg’s Stage Theory is most precedent in adults?

Answer 17

Conventional Reasoning
Preconventional reasoning decreases as one ages and postconventional reasoning increase as one ages but is not common even in adult years.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Kohlberg’s stage theory?
A. Ecological Validity
B. Children cannot give an informed response
C. Western Cultural Bias
D. Response to hypothetical situation different from real response
E. Moral Reasoning != Moral Behaviour

Answer 18

B. Children cannot give an informed response

Question 19

Internal Regulatory Mechanism

Answer 19

Restrains individuals from acting in destructive/anti-social ways when not monitored

Question 20

What influences internal regulatory mechanism (conscience)?

Answer 20

Internalizing societal values from parents
Temperament
Learning
Attachment
Emotional Regulation

Question 21

Temperament

Answer 21

Individual differences in behaviour that are biologically based (not based on learning & experiences)

Question 22

Adolescence

Answer 22

Period of gradual change between childhood and adulthood

Question 23

Psychological Outcomes of Physical Changes in Puberty

Answer 23

Effects on mood and behaviour
Early maturation generally more positive for boys than girls
Timing & perception of whether maturation is early or late is important

Question 24

Why do girls often react negatively to puberty

Answer 24

Girls are impacted by weight gain, negative body image, and earlier exposure to social/sexual pressure they may not be ready to handle yet

Question 25

True or False: Brain growth during adolescence is faster than childhood.

Answer 25

False.
Brain growth is actually slower in adolescence than in childhood.

Question 26

What parts of the brain show the greatest loss of brain tissue in mid to late adulthood?

Answer 26

Frontal & Parietal lobes (loss is less intense in adults with active lifestyles and good nutrition)