Ch. 4 - Developmental Psychology (PART 3) Flashcards
What are the 4 styles of parenting?
-Authoritative
-Authoritarian
-Indulgent
-Neglectful
Authoritative Parents
Restrictive but warm. Set rules and expect compliance. Reward compliance with warmth and affection.
Authoritarian Parents
Restrictive and rejecting. Exert control but are cold, unresponsive, and/or rejecting
Indulgent Parents
Permissive and warm. These parents don’t provide guidance or discipline. Children of indulgent parents need to learn responsibility and empathy from others
Neglectful Parents
Permissive but rejecting. These parents are not present in their child’s life
Which parenting style is associated with the most positive developmental outcomes?
Authoritative Parents. Associated with higher self esteem, higher grades in school, fewer conduct problems
Which parenting style is associated with the most negative developmental outcomes?
Neglectful parents. Associated with insecure attachment, low achievement motivation, distant relationships, impulsiveness, and aggression
Gender Identity
Develops around 2-3 years of age. Gender (masculinity/femininity) becomes part of a child’s personal identity
Gender Constancy
Understanding that gender is permanent. Happens when children are around 6-7 years old
Sex-typing
Treating other differently based on gender. From infancy onward, girls and boys are viewed and treated differently.
Heinz’s Dilemma
An ethical problem where the reader must decide whether Heinz should steal a drug to cure his mother from cancer.
Kohlberg’s Stage Theory
Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning (Stages 1 & 2)
Level 2: Conventional Reasoning (Stages 3 & 4)
Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning (Stages 5 & 6)
Preconventional Thinking
Judgement based on actual or anticipated punishments & reward rather than internalized moral values.
Stage 1: Punishment/obedience orientation
Stage 2: Instrumental/hedonistic orientation
Conventional Thinking
Moral judgement based on conformity to expectations of social groups
Stage 3: Good child orientation
Stage 4: Law & order orientation
Postconventional Reasoning
Moral judgements based on general principles (following one’s conscience)
Stage 5: Social contract orientation
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles
In Kohlberg’s Stage Theory, what happens to preconventional reasoning as one ages?
Decreases as one ages (conventional reasoning takes precedence)
Which level of reasoning in Kohlberg’s Stage Theory is most precedent in adults?
Conventional Reasoning
Preconventional reasoning decreases as one ages and postconventional reasoning increase as one ages but is not common even in adult years.
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Kohlberg’s stage theory?
A. Ecological Validity
B. Children cannot give an informed response
C. Western Cultural Bias
D. Response to hypothetical situation different from real response
E. Moral Reasoning != Moral Behaviour
B. Children cannot give an informed response
Internal Regulatory Mechanism
Restrains individuals from acting in destructive/anti-social ways when not monitored
What influences internal regulatory mechanism (conscience)?
Internalizing societal values from parents
Temperament
Learning
Attachment
Emotional Regulation
Temperament
Individual differences in behaviour that are biologically based (not based on learning & experiences)
Adolescence
Period of gradual change between childhood and adulthood
Psychological Outcomes of Physical Changes in Puberty
Effects on mood and behaviour
Early maturation generally more positive for boys than girls
Timing & perception of whether maturation is early or late is important
Why do girls often react negatively to puberty
Girls are impacted by weight gain, negative body image, and earlier exposure to social/sexual pressure they may not be ready to handle yet
True or False: Brain growth during adolescence is faster than childhood.
False.
Brain growth is actually slower in adolescence than in childhood.
What parts of the brain show the greatest loss of brain tissue in mid to late adulthood?
Frontal & Parietal lobes (loss is less intense in adults with active lifestyles and good nutrition)
