CH 7: Principles of Pathology Flashcards
________ blood returns to the right side of the heart.
Deoxygenated
What is the type of metabolism that occurs when energy is created with a balance of adequate oxygen and nutrients?
Aerobic
Injuries to the brain and spinal cord, sepsis, and systemic allergic reactions can cause what similar cardiovascular problem?
loss of tone
You are on the scene at a local park where a 51-year-old male is reported to be confused and having difficulty walking. Your partner notes that the patient is wearing a bracelet indicating he is diabetic. Upon questioning, the patient is able to report that he has not eaten in 8 hours. Your knowledge of pathophysiology suggests that the patient may be suffering from a diabetic emergency. Glucose is a building block for what form of energy in the cell?
ATP
When a person has an exaggerated response to a body invader, the person is said to have:
Hypersensitivity
Certain blood vessels that contain specialized sensors that detect the level of internal pressure and transmit messages to the nervous system, which then triggers the smooth muscle in the vessel walls to make any needed size adjustments. These sensors are called:
stretch receptors
What is the best description of the chest’s mechanical functions?
The chest is a closed space with only one opening; the trachea, to inspire air; the diaphragm contracts down and the intercostal muscles expand the ribs, causing a negative pressure that fills the lungs with air.
The cellular structure that is responsible for synthesizing proteins is the:
endoplasmic reticulum.
The seat of respiratory control is found in the:
medulla oblongata.
An infection of the protective covering for the brain and spinal cord is called:
meningitis.
In Type 1 diabetes, which gland does not secret enough of the hormone insulin?
the pancreas
Stroke volume depends on a series of factors: one is the force the myocardial muscle exerts to move the blood. This is known as:
contractility.
What substances, when dissolved, separate into charged particles?
Electrolytes
Not all inspired air reaches the alveoli; 150 mL is stopped in the airway leading to the alveoli. This is called:
dead air space
Which of the following statements provides reasons for the disruption of respiratory control?
Stroke, infection, brain trauma, toxins and drugs, and neurologic disorders can interrupt this control.
Digestive disorders can seriously impact nutrient transfer and:
hydration levels
If a hole is created in the chest wall, air could escape or be drawn in, or if bleeding develops within the chest, air and blood can accumulate in the pleural space. This would force the lung to:
collapse
Your patient is an 86-year-old male with congestive heart failure. He called for help tonight because he cannot breathe and feels like he is “drowning in his own lungs.” The patient has had several heart attacks in the past and he tells you his “heart is shot.” What is not a likely reason the patient’s cardiac output is diminished?
Chemoreceptors are signaling that he has high levels of carbon dioxide in his bloodstream.
The pressure that is created within the blood vessels when the heart beats is called:
hydrostatic pressure
Shock occurs as a result of which of the following?
Inadequate perfusion
The respiratory system moves air in and out; however, to ________ cells, the air that is inhaled must meet up with the circulatory system
perfuse
What is the correct order of air flow from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs?
Nose, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
Which of the following best defines adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
It is the form of energy produced in the mitochondria and is the cell’s internally created fuel responsible for powering all cell function.
Which of the following is an indicator that a patient’s nervous system has been impaired?
Hearing disturbances
Changes in pupil dilation
General weakness
When the body’s water moves from the bloodstream into the interstitial space, this can often be seen as:
edema
The basic nutrient of the cell and the building block for energy is:
glucose
The volume of air that is moved in and out of the chest in a normal breath cycle is called:
tidal volume
The process by which glucose and other nutrients are converted into energy is called:
Metabolism
What is FiO2
The concentration of oxygen in our inhaled air, which is referred to as the fraction of inspired oxygen
The balance between oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure is critical to regulating:
blood pressure and cell hydration.
The sympathetic nervous response causes which of the following to occur?
Breathing becomes faster and deeper, blood vessels constrict, heart beats stronger and faster, skin sweats, pupils dilate, and skin becomes pale.
The most vulnerable part of the cell is the:
membrane
The metabolism that creates large amounts of carbon dioxide and lactic acid but generates little energy is called:
anaerobic.
A 19-year-old male is reported to have taken too many narcotic pain pills that were prescribed for his recent knee surgery. He is extremely sleepy with very shallow breathing. His color is pale and his SpO Subscript 2 reading is 84 percent. His body is probably attempting to compensate for his poor level of ventilatory effort by stimulating the respiratory system to increase rate and tidal volume. Normally, respiratory drive is triggered by changing levels of:
carbon dioxide
Daniel has been performing landscaping on a hot, humid summer day when he suddenly becomes dizzy and feels like he might faint. This disruption of fluid balance is most likely caused by:
dehydration
An infection of the brain is called:
encephalitis
Janie is having difficulty breathing. Her current tidal volume is 350 mL, and she is breathing at 28 times per minute. What would be her minute volume?
9,800 mL
Graves’ disease is an example of a condition caused by:
too many hormones
A 12-year-old female patient is having an asthma attack after participating in some strenuous activity during recess at school. She’s taken several doses of her own bronchodilator with little relief. Your partner immediately administers oxygen. Providing supplemental oxygen will increase the amount of oxygen molecules carried by the ________ in her blood, helping oxygenate critical organs like the brain.
hemoglobin
Carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs via:
plasma
You and your EMT partner respond to a local shipping warehouse for a worker who was hit by a falling crate. Upon arrival, you find the man lying on the concrete floor of the facility, alert and oriented but unable to move or even feel his legs below the waist. Based on the mechanism of injury and the symptoms, which of the patient’s body systems would you suspect has been impaired?
nervous system
The human body is made up of ________ percent water.
60
In the normal drive to breathe, chemoreceptors are stimulated by:
high carbon dioxide
Plasma oncotic pressure is created by the movement of which of the following?
Large proteins
The potential space between the lung and chest wall is called the:
pleural space
What do chemoreceptors found in the body and vascular system measure?
Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide
In normal exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax to contract the chest, which creates a positive pressure. This is what type of process?
passive
A patient breathing in room air should be receiving ________ percent oxygen.
21
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common ________ disorders.
digestive
Production of energy occurs in what part of the cell?
mitochondria
Water that is found in the space between cells and blood vessels is called:
interstitial.
Your patient is a 22-year-old female who accidentally ate some shellfish and is now having a severe reaction. She tells you that the last time she ate shellfish, “They had to put a breathing tube in my throat and I almost died.” Her face is starting to swell up and you can hear audible wheezing when she breathes. The chemical that produces edema and narrowing of the airways during hypersensitivity reactions like this is called:
histamine
The movement of ions across the cell membrane is needed to accomplish repolarization. What cell structure is used to prepare for depolarization?
Sodium potassium pump
When carbon dioxide is not exchanged, the net result is high carbon dioxide, a condition called ________, within the body.
hypercapnia
Damage to the electrical system of the heart can cause it to beat too fast, a condition called:
tachycardia
You are caring for a 25-year-old male patient who has been shot once in the head. The patient is in extremis (near the point of death) with a noticeable breathing pattern that alternates between no breathing and fast breathing. Your understanding of pathophysiology leads you to believe the breathing pattern may be due to damage to the section of his brain responsible for respiratory control, also known as the:
medulla oblongata
You respond to a patient who is choking on a foreign object. This would indicate that the problem is most likely in the ________ airway.
upper
A 59-year-old male has suffered a severe laceration from a circular saw while cutting wood in his garage. Upon your arrival, you find the patient sitting on the floor in a pool of blood. He is extremely pale. Based on your knowledge of pathophysiology, you would expect his body to try to compensate for the blood loss in all of the following ways, except:
constricted pupils
