CH 7: Principles of Pathology

Question 1

​________ blood returns to the right side of the heart.

Answer 1

Deoxygenated

Question 2

What is the type of metabolism that occurs when energy is created with a balance of adequate oxygen and​ nutrients?

Answer 2

Aerobic

Question 3

Injuries to the brain and spinal​ cord, sepsis, and systemic allergic reactions can cause what similar cardiovascular​ problem?

Answer 3

loss of tone

Question 4

You are on the scene at a local park where a​ 51-year-old male is reported to be confused and having difficulty walking. Your partner notes that the patient is wearing a bracelet indicating he is diabetic. Upon​ questioning, the patient is able to report that he has not eaten in 8 hours. Your knowledge of pathophysiology suggests that the patient may be suffering from a diabetic emergency. Glucose is a building block for what form of energy in the​ cell?

Answer 4

ATP

Question 5

When a person has an exaggerated response to a body​ invader, the person is said to​ have:

Answer 5

Hypersensitivity

Question 6

Certain blood vessels that contain specialized sensors that detect the level of internal pressure and transmit messages to the nervous​ system, which then triggers the smooth muscle in the vessel walls to make any needed size adjustments. These sensors are​ called:

Answer 6

stretch receptors

Question 7

What is the best description of the​ chest’s mechanical​ functions?

Answer 7

The chest is a closed space with only one​ opening; the​ trachea, to inspire​ air; the diaphragm contracts down and the intercostal muscles expand the​ ribs, causing a negative pressure that fills the lungs with air.

Question 8

The cellular structure that is responsible for synthesizing proteins is​ the:

Answer 8

endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 9

The seat of respiratory control is found in​ the:

Answer 9

medulla oblongata.

Question 10

An infection of the protective covering for the brain and spinal cord is​ called:

Answer 10

meningitis.

Question 11

In Type 1​ diabetes, which gland does not secret enough of the hormone​ insulin?

Answer 11

the pancreas

Question 12

Stroke volume depends on a series of​ factors: one is the force the myocardial muscle exerts to move the blood. This is known​ as:

Answer 12

contractility.

Question 13

What​ substances, when​ dissolved, separate into charged​ particles?

Answer 13

Electrolytes

Question 14

Not all inspired air reaches the​ alveoli; 150 mL is stopped in the airway leading to the alveoli. This is​ called:

Answer 14

dead air space

Question 15

Which of the following statements provides reasons for the disruption of respiratory​ control?

Answer 15

​Stroke, infection, brain​ trauma, toxins and​ drugs, and neurologic disorders can interrupt this control.

Question 16

Digestive disorders can seriously impact nutrient transfer​ and:

Answer 16

hydration levels

Question 17

If a hole is created in the chest​ wall, air could escape or be drawn​ in, or if bleeding develops within the​ chest, air and blood can accumulate in the pleural space. This would force the lung​ to:

Answer 17

collapse

Question 18

Your patient is an​ 86-year-old male with congestive heart failure. He called for help tonight because he cannot breathe and feels like he is​ “drowning in his own​ lungs.” The patient has had several heart attacks in the past and he tells you his​ “heart is​ shot.” What is not a likely reason the​ patient’s cardiac output is​ diminished?

Answer 18

Chemoreceptors are signaling that he has high levels of carbon dioxide in his bloodstream.

Question 19

The pressure that is created within the blood vessels when the heart beats is​ called:

Answer 19

hydrostatic pressure

Question 20

Shock occurs as a result of which of the​ following?

Answer 20

Inadequate perfusion

Question 21

The respiratory system moves air in and​ out; however, to​ ________ cells, the air that is inhaled must meet up with the circulatory system

Answer 21

perfuse

Question 22

What is the correct order of air flow from the nose to the alveoli in the​ lungs?

Answer 22

​Nose, nasopharynx,​ hypopharynx, larynx,​ trachea, bronchi, alveoli

Question 23

Which of the following best defines adenosine triphosphate​ (ATP)?

Answer 23

It is the form of energy produced in the mitochondria and is the​ cell’s internally created fuel responsible for powering all cell function.

Question 24

Which of the following is an indicator that a​ patient’s nervous system has been​ impaired?

Answer 24

Hearing disturbances

Changes in pupil dilation

General weakness

Question 25

When the​ body’s water moves from the bloodstream into the interstitial​ space, this can often be seen​ as:

Answer 25

edema

Question 26

The basic nutrient of the cell and the building block for energy​ is:

Answer 26

glucose

Question 27

The volume of air that is moved in and out of the chest in a normal breath cycle is​ called:

Answer 27

tidal volume

Question 28

The process by which glucose and other nutrients are converted into energy is​ called:

Answer 28

Metabolism

Question 29

What is FiO2​

Answer 29

The concentration of oxygen in our inhaled​ air, which is referred to as the fraction of inspired oxygen

Question 30

The balance between oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure is critical to​ regulating:

Answer 30

blood pressure and cell hydration.

Question 31

The sympathetic nervous response causes which of the following to​ occur?

Answer 31

Breathing becomes faster and​ deeper, blood vessels​ constrict, heart beats stronger and​ faster, skin​ sweats, pupils​ dilate, and skin becomes pale.

Question 32

The most vulnerable part of the cell is​ the:

Answer 32

membrane

Question 33

The metabolism that creates large amounts of carbon dioxide and lactic acid but generates little energy is​ called:

Answer 33

anaerobic.

Question 34

A​ 19-year-old male is reported to have taken too many narcotic pain pills that were prescribed for his recent knee surgery. He is extremely sleepy with very shallow breathing. His color is pale and his SpO Subscript 2 reading is 84 percent. His body is probably attempting to compensate for his poor level of ventilatory effort by stimulating the respiratory system to increase rate and tidal volume.​ Normally, respiratory drive is triggered by changing levels​ of:

Answer 34

carbon dioxide

Question 35

Daniel has been performing landscaping on a​ hot, humid summer day when he suddenly becomes dizzy and feels like he might faint. This disruption of fluid balance is most likely caused​ by:

Answer 35

dehydration

Question 36

An infection of the brain is​ called:

Answer 36

encephalitis

Question 37

Janie is having difficulty breathing. Her current tidal volume is 350​ mL, and she is breathing at 28 times per minute. What would be her minute​ volume?

Answer 37

​9,800 mL

Question 38

Graves’ disease is an example of a condition caused​ by:

Answer 38

too many hormones

Question 39

A​ 12-year-old female patient is having an asthma attack after participating in some strenuous activity during recess at school.​ She’s taken several doses of her own bronchodilator with little relief. Your partner immediately administers oxygen. Providing supplemental oxygen will increase the amount of oxygen molecules carried by the​ ________ in her​ blood, helping oxygenate critical organs like the brain.

Answer 39

hemoglobin

Question 40

Carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs​ via:

Answer 40

plasma

Question 41

You and your EMT partner respond to a local shipping warehouse for a worker who was hit by a falling crate. Upon​ arrival, you find the man lying on the concrete floor of the​ facility, alert and oriented but unable to move or even feel his legs below the waist. Based on the mechanism of injury and the​ symptoms, which of the​ patient’s body systems would you suspect has been​ impaired?

Answer 41

nervous system

Question 42

The human body is made up of​ ________ percent water.

Answer 42

60

Question 43

In the normal drive to​ breathe, chemoreceptors are stimulated​ by:

Answer 43

high carbon dioxide

Question 44

Plasma oncotic pressure is created by the movement of which of the​ following?

Answer 44

Large proteins

Question 45

The potential space between the lung and chest wall is called​ the:

Answer 45

pleural space

Question 46

What do chemoreceptors found in the body and vascular system​ measure?

Answer 46

Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide

Question 47

In normal​ exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax to contract the​ chest, which creates a positive pressure. This is what type of​ process?

Answer 47

passive

Question 48

A patient breathing in room air should be receiving​ ________ percent oxygen.

Answer 48

21

Question 49

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common​ ________ disorders.

Answer 49

digestive

Question 50

Production of energy occurs in what part of the​ cell?

Answer 50

mitochondria

Question 51

Water that is found in the space between cells and blood vessels is​ called:

Answer 51

interstitial.

Question 52

Your patient is a​ 22-year-old female who accidentally ate some shellfish and is now having a severe reaction. She tells you that the last time she ate​ shellfish, “They had to put a breathing tube in my throat and I almost​ died.” Her face is starting to swell up and you can hear audible wheezing when she breathes. The chemical that produces edema and narrowing of the airways during hypersensitivity reactions like this is​ called:

Answer 52

histamine

Question 53

The movement of ions across the cell membrane is needed to accomplish repolarization. What cell structure is used to prepare for​ depolarization?

Answer 53

Sodium potassium pump

Question 54

When carbon dioxide is not​ exchanged, the net result is high carbon​ dioxide, a condition called​ ________, within the body.

Answer 54

hypercapnia