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PSYCH 453 > Ch. 7: Contraception and Abortion > Flashcards

Ch. 7: Contraception and Abortion Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the combination pill contain?

A

estrogen + progestin (synthetic progesterone)

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2
Q

how many days does one need to be on the combination pill?

A

on 21 days, off 7

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3
Q

how does the combination pill work?

A

works by inhibiting ovulation because high levels of estrogen & progestin inhibits the rise of LH & FSH which are the hormones that trigger ovulation

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4
Q

what are the back-up effects of the combination pill?

A
  • thickens cervical mucus

- endometrium is inhospitable for sperm

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5
Q

what are some drugs that may make the combination pill less effective

A
  • St. John’s Wort

- some antibiotics

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6
Q

what are some health risks of the pill?

A
  • thromboembolic disorders (blood clots), especially women over 35 who smoke, women with family history of thromboembolic disorders (ex: stroke)
  • increased risk of STIs from not using a condom and changes in PH that make vagina more susceptible to infection
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7
Q

what are some health pros of the pill?

A

protects against endometrial & ovarian cancer

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8
Q

how many days does one need to take the seasonal pill?

A

84 days of pills, 7 days off

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9
Q

aside from the seasonal and combination pill, what other pill kinds exist?

A

progestin-only pill

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10
Q

how often does one take the patch?

A

1 patch per week for 3 weeks, 1 week off

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11
Q

what does the patch (ortho evra) contain?

A

estrogen + progestin

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12
Q

what is one con about the patch?

A

lack of certainty about dosing

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13
Q

how often does one use the ring (nuva ring)?

A

leave in 3 weeks, 1 week off (insert ring like diaphragm)

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14
Q

how often do you need a new ring?

A

every 4 weeks

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15
Q

what does the ring contain?

A

estrogen & progestin

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16
Q

what does plan B contain?

A

high dose of progestin

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17
Q

when is plan B most effective?

A

within 24 hours after intercourse (must be used within 120 hours )

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18
Q

how does plan B prevent contraception?

A
  • prevents ovulation
  • inhibit sperm function
  • prevent fertilization
  • inhibit endometrium
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19
Q

how is the ella pill different from plan B?

A
  • needs prescription
  • nonhormonal
  • UPA (ulipristal acetate) drug
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20
Q

aside from ella and plan B, what other method can prevent contraception?

A

insertion of an IUD within 5 days

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21
Q

LARC

A

long-acting reversible contraceptives

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22
Q

what are different kinds of LARCs?

A
  • implants

- IUDs (intra-uterine device)

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23
Q

what is a big pro of LARCs?

A

don’t rely on user, have low failure rates

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24
Q

what does the DEPO-Provera injection and implants contain?

A

progestin only

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25
Q

how does the DEPO-Provera injection prevent conception?

A
  • inhibits ovulation
  • thickens cervical mucus
  • inhibits growth of endometrium
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26
Q

how often does one take the DEPO injection?

A

injection every 3 months

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27
Q

is the depo injection a LARC?

A

no

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28
Q

which has a lower failure rate- the pill or the depo shot?

A

the depo shot

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29
Q

how long does nexplanon last?

A

4 years

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30
Q

what does nexplanon contain?

A

progestin only

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31
Q

what are the two different kinds of IUDs?

A

copper: Paragard
progestin: Mirena, Kylenna, Litelta, Skyla

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32
Q

how long does the progestin IUD last versus the copper?

A

progestin IUD lasts 3 years vs. copper IUD which lasts 12 years

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33
Q

how does an IUD protect against pregnancy?

A

changes uterine lining making it lethal to sperm & eggs

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34
Q

how does the copper and progestin IUD change the uterine lining?

A

copper IUD- changes enzymes in uterus so implantation is unlikely

progestin IUD- disrupts ovulation, reduces endometrium

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35
Q

what are some side effects of the IUD?

A

increased menstrual cramps

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36
Q

what are two kinds of barrier methods?

A

diaphram & cap

37
Q

how do barrier methods protect against pregnancy?

A

mechanically blocks sperm from uterus & uses spermicide to kill sperm

38
Q

how does one use a barrier method?

A

insert into vagina up to 6 hours before sex and then leave in place 6 hours after sex

39
Q

how does a condom prevent pregnancy?

A

reservoir tip holds the sperm when ejaculation comes out

40
Q

how does one remove a condom?

A

removes condom after intercourse and before erection is gone to prevent sperm from escaping

41
Q

do condoms protect against STIs?

A

yes

42
Q

what are the 3 materials that condoms can be made of?

A
  • latex
  • lambskin
  • non-latex (polyurethane)
43
Q

which is more effective? latex or lambskin condoms?

A

latex because lambskin condoms have pores that are too large which makes it less effective at preventing pregnancy or STIs

44
Q

are spermicide-coated condoms effective?

A

not very much (can actually increase risk for pregnancy or STIs) because spermicide may irritate walls of vagina which makes it more susceptible to infection

45
Q

when is a dental dam used?

A

during cunnilingus

46
Q

how is a dental dam used?

A

the rectangle of latex is placed over the vagina to prevent transmission of STIs

47
Q

what is a female condom?

A

a sheath that lines the vagina is made of 2 flexible rings that are covered by polyurethane

48
Q

how is a female condom applied?

A

smaller ring goes over the cervix, polyurethane lines the vagina, larger ring sits outside and covers part of the vulva

49
Q

does the female condom also protect against STIs?

A

yes

50
Q

is spermicide effective in preventing pregnancy?

A

spermicide is not very effective in pregnancy prevention and can increase STI spread by irritating lining of the vagina

51
Q

douching

A

flushing the vagina with water to eliminate sperm

52
Q

is douching effective in preventing pregnancy?

A

no- it can actually push sperm into the uterus

53
Q

withdrawal

A

when a man removes his penis before ejaculation

54
Q

fertility awareness methods

A

determine when ovulation occurs, and abstain during those periods

55
Q

what rhythm method is approved by the roman catholic church?

A

fertility awareness methods

56
Q

calendar method

A

abstain 3 days before and 2 days after ovulation if woman has a very regular 28-day cycle

57
Q

what does the calendar method assume?

A

assumes that the woman has a regular cycle and ovulation occurs on day 13-15

58
Q

when would someone abstain using the calendar method?

A

abstain days 10-17

59
Q

standard days method

A

assume most women have cycles 26-32 days and abstain days 8-19

60
Q

basal body temperature (BBT) method

A

women should take her temperature every morning, first thing (temp should drop on the day after ovulation and rise after). info is used to estimate post-ovulation safe time, but not pre-ovulation safe time

61
Q

cervical mucus method

A
  • mucus changes within the cycle, people can train to understand their cervical mucus
  • can help determine a couple of safe days before ovulation
62
Q

sympto-thermal method

A

a combination of using the cervical mucus method and the basal body temp method

63
Q

home ovulation test

A

not particularly accurate, used more when people are trying to get pregnant

64
Q

vasectomy

A

sterilization procedure to slit vas deferens

65
Q

vasovasostomy

A

reverse procedure of vasectomy

66
Q

what happens to sperm after a vasectomy?

A

sperm is reabsorbed into the body and ejaculate does not have any sperm

67
Q

tubal ligation

A

more invasive and serious sterilization procedure that cuts fallopian tubes so eggs cannot get down to be fertilized

68
Q

what is the official term for tubal ligation?

A

minilaparotomy

69
Q

does menopause still occur after a tubal ligation?

A

yes

70
Q

failure rate

A

the percent of women (who are regularly having sex) who become pregnant if 100 women use the method for 1 year

71
Q

perfect user of contraception

A

does everything perfectly (never misses pill, always uses condom)

72
Q

when should one avoid the pill?

A

if person has a history of blood clots or an increased risk of strokes

73
Q

how many teen pregnancies end in abortion in the US?

A

29%

74
Q

how many teen pregnancies end in live births in the US?

A

57%

75
Q

how many teen pregnancies end in miscarriages in the US?

A

14%

76
Q

what percentage of women don’t use contraception?

A

10%

77
Q

when are medical abortions used?

A

within 10 weeks of conception

78
Q

what combination of pills is used during a medical abortion?

A

mifepristone (antiprogesterone drug) and misoprostol (a prostaglandin drug)

79
Q

what does mifepristone do?

A

sloughs off endometrium and embryos in the endometrium

80
Q

what does misoprostol do?

A

causes contractions to force the uterine contents out

81
Q

what is another combination of pills used in medical abortions?

A

methotrexate (sloughs endometrium off) and prostaglandin (forces uterine contents and embryo out)

82
Q

what is misoprostol also used for?

A

used to treat ulcers

83
Q

are medical abortions used often?

A

nope- occurs little in abortion clinics, more through drugs prescribed by physicians

84
Q

how is a surgical abortion conducted?

A

vacuum aspiration

85
Q

when can a surgical abortion occur?

A

can be used up to 14 weeks gestation

86
Q

what are some side effects of a surgical abortion?

A

person would experience cramps

87
Q

nesterone

A

progestin gel that messes up the HPG axis and inhibits sperm production

88
Q

buffergel

A

gel that kills sperm and viruses (HIV) and bacteria

89
Q

what are other contraception methods still in development?

A
  • vaginal ring with anti-retroviral to protect against HIV
  • pill for women that adds androgens to maintain sex drive
  • sperm-binding beads

PSYCH 453 (23 decks)

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