Ch. 7: Contraception and Abortion Flashcards
1
Q
what does the combination pill contain?
A
estrogen + progestin (synthetic progesterone)
2
Q
how many days does one need to be on the combination pill?
A
on 21 days, off 7
3
Q
how does the combination pill work?
A
works by inhibiting ovulation because high levels of estrogen & progestin inhibits the rise of LH & FSH which are the hormones that trigger ovulation
4
Q
what are the back-up effects of the combination pill?
A
- thickens cervical mucus
- endometrium is inhospitable for sperm
5
Q
what are some drugs that may make the combination pill less effective
A
- St. John’s Wort
- some antibiotics
6
Q
what are some health risks of the pill?
A
- thromboembolic disorders (blood clots), especially women over 35 who smoke, women with family history of thromboembolic disorders (ex: stroke)
- increased risk of STIs from not using a condom and changes in PH that make vagina more susceptible to infection
7
Q
what are some health pros of the pill?
A
protects against endometrial & ovarian cancer
8
Q
how many days does one need to take the seasonal pill?
A
84 days of pills, 7 days off
9
Q
aside from the seasonal and combination pill, what other pill kinds exist?
A
progestin-only pill
10
Q
how often does one take the patch?
A
1 patch per week for 3 weeks, 1 week off
11
Q
what does the patch (ortho evra) contain?
A
estrogen + progestin
12
Q
what is one con about the patch?
A
lack of certainty about dosing
13
Q
how often does one use the ring (nuva ring)?
A
leave in 3 weeks, 1 week off (insert ring like diaphragm)
14
Q
how often do you need a new ring?
A
every 4 weeks
15
Q
what does the ring contain?
A
estrogen & progestin
16
Q
what does plan B contain?
A
high dose of progestin
17
Q
when is plan B most effective?
A
within 24 hours after intercourse (must be used within 120 hours )
18
Q
how does plan B prevent contraception?
A
- prevents ovulation
- inhibit sperm function
- prevent fertilization
- inhibit endometrium
19
Q
how is the ella pill different from plan B?
A
- needs prescription
- nonhormonal
- UPA (ulipristal acetate) drug
20
Q
aside from ella and plan B, what other method can prevent contraception?
A
insertion of an IUD within 5 days
21
Q
LARC
A
long-acting reversible contraceptives
22
Q
what are different kinds of LARCs?
A
- implants
- IUDs (intra-uterine device)
23
Q
what is a big pro of LARCs?
A
don’t rely on user, have low failure rates
24
Q
what does the DEPO-Provera injection and implants contain?
A
progestin only
25
how does the DEPO-Provera injection prevent conception?
- inhibits ovulation
- thickens cervical mucus
- inhibits growth of endometrium
26
how often does one take the DEPO injection?
injection every 3 months
27
is the depo injection a LARC?
no
28
which has a lower failure rate- the pill or the depo shot?
the depo shot
29
how long does nexplanon last?
4 years
30
what does nexplanon contain?
progestin only
31
what are the two different kinds of IUDs?
copper: Paragard
progestin: Mirena, Kylenna, Litelta, Skyla
32
how long does the progestin IUD last versus the copper?
progestin IUD lasts 3 years vs. copper IUD which lasts 12 years
33
how does an IUD protect against pregnancy?
changes uterine lining making it lethal to sperm & eggs
34
how does the copper and progestin IUD change the uterine lining?
copper IUD- changes enzymes in uterus so implantation is unlikely
progestin IUD- disrupts ovulation, reduces endometrium
35
what are some side effects of the IUD?
increased menstrual cramps
36
what are two kinds of barrier methods?
diaphram & cap
37
how do barrier methods protect against pregnancy?
mechanically blocks sperm from uterus & uses spermicide to kill sperm
38
how does one use a barrier method?
insert into vagina up to 6 hours before sex and then leave in place 6 hours after sex
39
how does a condom prevent pregnancy?
reservoir tip holds the sperm when ejaculation comes out
40
how does one remove a condom?
removes condom after intercourse and before erection is gone to prevent sperm from escaping
41
do condoms protect against STIs?
yes
42
what are the 3 materials that condoms can be made of?
- latex
- lambskin
- non-latex (polyurethane)
43
which is more effective? latex or lambskin condoms?
latex because lambskin condoms have pores that are too large which makes it less effective at preventing pregnancy or STIs
44
are spermicide-coated condoms effective?
not very much (can actually increase risk for pregnancy or STIs) because spermicide may irritate walls of vagina which makes it more susceptible to infection
45
when is a dental dam used?
during cunnilingus
46
how is a dental dam used?
the rectangle of latex is placed over the vagina to prevent transmission of STIs
47
what is a female condom?
a sheath that lines the vagina is made of 2 flexible rings that are covered by polyurethane
48
how is a female condom applied?
smaller ring goes over the cervix, polyurethane lines the vagina, larger ring sits outside and covers part of the vulva
49
does the female condom also protect against STIs?
yes
50
is spermicide effective in preventing pregnancy?
spermicide is not very effective in pregnancy prevention and can increase STI spread by irritating lining of the vagina
51
douching
flushing the vagina with water to eliminate sperm
52
is douching effective in preventing pregnancy?
no- it can actually push sperm into the uterus
53
withdrawal
when a man removes his penis before ejaculation
54
fertility awareness methods
determine when ovulation occurs, and abstain during those periods
55
what rhythm method is approved by the roman catholic church?
fertility awareness methods
56
calendar method
abstain 3 days before and 2 days after ovulation if woman has a very regular 28-day cycle
57
what does the calendar method assume?
assumes that the woman has a regular cycle and ovulation occurs on day 13-15
58
when would someone abstain using the calendar method?
abstain days 10-17
59
standard days method
assume most women have cycles 26-32 days and abstain days 8-19
60
basal body temperature (BBT) method
women should take her temperature every morning, first thing (temp should drop on the day after ovulation and rise after). info is used to estimate post-ovulation safe time, but not pre-ovulation safe time
61
cervical mucus method
- mucus changes within the cycle, people can train to understand their cervical mucus
- can help determine a couple of safe days before ovulation
62
sympto-thermal method
a combination of using the cervical mucus method and the basal body temp method
63
home ovulation test
not particularly accurate, used more when people are trying to get pregnant
64
vasectomy
sterilization procedure to slit vas deferens
65
vasovasostomy
reverse procedure of vasectomy
66
what happens to sperm after a vasectomy?
sperm is reabsorbed into the body and ejaculate does not have any sperm
67
tubal ligation
more invasive and serious sterilization procedure that cuts fallopian tubes so eggs cannot get down to be fertilized
68
what is the official term for tubal ligation?
minilaparotomy
69
does menopause still occur after a tubal ligation?
yes
70
failure rate
the percent of women (who are regularly having sex) who become pregnant if 100 women use the method for 1 year
71
perfect user of contraception
does everything perfectly (never misses pill, always uses condom)
72
when should one avoid the pill?
if person has a history of blood clots or an increased risk of strokes
73
how many teen pregnancies end in abortion in the US?
29%
74
how many teen pregnancies end in live births in the US?
57%
75
how many teen pregnancies end in miscarriages in the US?
14%
76
what percentage of women don't use contraception?
10%
77
when are medical abortions used?
within 10 weeks of conception
78
what combination of pills is used during a medical abortion?
mifepristone (antiprogesterone drug) and misoprostol (a prostaglandin drug)
79
what does mifepristone do?
sloughs off endometrium and embryos in the endometrium
80
what does misoprostol do?
causes contractions to force the uterine contents out
81
what is another combination of pills used in medical abortions?
methotrexate (sloughs endometrium off) and prostaglandin (forces uterine contents and embryo out)
82
what is misoprostol also used for?
used to treat ulcers
83
are medical abortions used often?
nope- occurs little in abortion clinics, more through drugs prescribed by physicians
84
how is a surgical abortion conducted?
vacuum aspiration
85
when can a surgical abortion occur?
can be used up to 14 weeks gestation
86
what are some side effects of a surgical abortion?
person would experience cramps
87
nesterone
progestin gel that messes up the HPG axis and inhibits sperm production
88
buffergel
gel that kills sperm and viruses (HIV) and bacteria
89
what are other contraception methods still in development?
- vaginal ring with anti-retroviral to protect against HIV
- pill for women that adds androgens to maintain sex drive
- sperm-binding beads
