Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYCH 453 > Ch. 5: Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation and the Menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

Ch. 5: Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation and the Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

(52 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is the typical prenatal sexual differentiation?

A

male: XY
female: XX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the gonads and hormones associates with female and male?

A

male: testes, testosterone
female: ovaries, estrogen & progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

for male and females, what is the genital and brain differentiation that occurs?

A

males:
genital- wolffian ducts (penis, scrotum)
brain- hypothalamus

females:
genital- mullerian ducts (clitoris, labia)
brain- hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do wolffian ducts turn into?

A

turns into the epididymis, the vas, and the testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the mullerian ducts turn into?

A

turns into the upper part of the vagina, fallopian tubes, uterus, fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SRY

A

sex-determining region, Y chromosome

leads to the development of testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

TDF

A

testis-determining factor which can differentiate gonad into testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

write out how a y chromosome leads to the secretion of AMH

A

y chromosome–> synthesis of TDF–> differentiate gonad–> testes–> testes secrete Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

AMH

A

Anti-Mullerian Hormone, also called Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the glans penis is homologous to…

A

the glans clitoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the scrotum is homologous to…

A

the outer lips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the testes are homologous to…

A

the ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when do the testes decend?

A

7 months post-conception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where are the testes located before they descend?

A

in the inguinal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why can’t sperm stay up inside the body?

A

because they cannot remain viable at the body temp of 98.6 (too warm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

inguinal hernia

A

intestines gets into the inguinal canal and is painful but treatable after surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)

A
  • genetic female, XX
  • hyperactive adrenal gland: oversecretes androgens prenatally which leads to ambiguous genitals (ex: large clit and lips)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

AIS (Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome)

A
  • genetic male: XY

- cells are insensitive to androgens which leads to ambiguous genitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did John Money’s Research and Treatment (1960s-1990s) contribute to the study of atypical prenatal sexual differentiation?

A
  • worked cases in which children were assigned a gender before 18 months of age through surgery to make their ambiguous genitals more typical
  • collected data on how well it worked
  • later, found negative cases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the intersex society of north america (ISNA) called now?

Study These Flashcards
A

Accord Alliance

22
Q

what was being intersex called in the past?

Study These Flashcards
A

“Disorder of Sex Development”

not a diagnosis in DSM-5 (Diagnostic & Statistical Manual-5th Edition)

23
Q

what is the current approach towards intersex individuals?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • tested to determine the cause of ambiguous genitals
  • concerns are rooted in gender binary
  • research informs what approach is best for the child
    ex: CAH, XX children do well raised as girls and can be fertile
24
Q

Endocrine disrupters

Study These Flashcards
A

chemicals found in the environment that affect the endocrine system and biological functioning of animals, including humans

25
how does atrazine disrupt endocrine production?
Atrazine inhibits binding to estrogen receptors
26
how does PCBs disrupt endocrine production?
PCBs (banned, but were in plastic, paint) are anti-estrogens and anti-androgens
27
prenatal period
time from conception to birth
28
androgens
group of sex hormones- one of which is testosterone
29
pituitary gland
small endocrine gland located on the lower side of the brain below the hypothalamus regulates levels of sex hormones
30
what is the feedback loop that regulates female sex hormone production?
hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad feedback loop (HPG axis) it is a neg. feedback loop
31
what does each component of the HPG axis produce?
Hypothalamus: GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) Pituitary: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), Prolactin (stimulates milk production, & Oxytocin (milk ejection & affectionate bonding) Gonads: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone & inhibin (provides neg feedback to FSH production)
32
Draw out the HPG axis for males
H--(GnRH)--> pituitary--(A: FSH or B: LH)--> A: spermatogenesis or B: testosterone secretion testosterone secretion provides feedback to spermatogenesis and hypothalamus (which also provides feedback on spermatogenesis) testes--(inhibin)--> pituitary
33
Draw out HPG axis for females
H--(GnRH)--> pituitary--(A: FSH or B: LH)--> A: follicle & ovum development or B: estrogen secretion--> H & P --> ovaries--> follicle & ovum development--(estrogen & progesterone)--> endometrium FSH & LH provide feedback to each other
34
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?
1- follicular 2-ovulation 3-luteal 4-(menstruation)
35
What are the phases of menstruation in the uterus?
- proliferative (follicular) - ovulation - secretory (luteal) - menstruation
36
what affects the length of a cycle and timing of ovulation?
- BBT (basal body temp) | - length of luteal phase
37
dysmenorrhea
painful menses because of prostaglandins
38
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
39
what causes amenorrhea?
- low percent body fat - running marathons - anorexia
40
endometriosis
growth of endometrium in places other than inside uterus- like fallopian tubes
41
Klinefelter's syndrome
XXY affect testicular growth, resulting in smaller than normal testicles, which can lead to lower production of testosterone
42
Guevedoces
term used in the DR for intersex children
43
undifferentiated state
stem cells are blank-slate cells that remain in an undifferentiated state, that is they have not yet started changing into specific cells, such as nerve or blood cells
44
GnRH
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
45
at how many weeks after conception does differentiation start?
7 weeks after conception
46
at how many weeks post-conception can you determine the sex of the fetus?
12 weeks
47
at how many weeks post-conception do the testes begin to descend?
10 weeks
48
how long after conception do the testes travel down into the scrotum?
7 months after conception
49
menarche
first menstruation
50
leptin
a hormone-related to the onset of puberty
51
kisspeptin
a hormone involved in the initiation of pubertal development
52
adrenarche
time of increasing secretion of adrenal androgens

PSYCH 453 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions