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PSYCH 453 > Ch. 5: Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation and the Menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

Ch. 5: Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation and the Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the typical prenatal sexual differentiation?

A

male: XY
female: XX

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2
Q

what are the gonads and hormones associates with female and male?

A

male: testes, testosterone
female: ovaries, estrogen & progesterone

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3
Q

for male and females, what is the genital and brain differentiation that occurs?

A

males:
genital- wolffian ducts (penis, scrotum)
brain- hypothalamus

females:
genital- mullerian ducts (clitoris, labia)
brain- hypothalamus

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4
Q

what do wolffian ducts turn into?

A

turns into the epididymis, the vas, and the testes

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5
Q

what does the mullerian ducts turn into?

A

turns into the upper part of the vagina, fallopian tubes, uterus, fimbriae

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6
Q

SRY

A

sex-determining region, Y chromosome

leads to the development of testes

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7
Q

TDF

A

testis-determining factor which can differentiate gonad into testes

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8
Q

write out how a y chromosome leads to the secretion of AMH

A

y chromosome–> synthesis of TDF–> differentiate gonad–> testes–> testes secrete Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)

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9
Q

AMH

A

Anti-Mullerian Hormone, also called Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS)

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10
Q

the glans penis is homologous to…

A

the glans clitoris

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11
Q

the scrotum is homologous to…

A

the outer lips

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12
Q

the testes are homologous to…

A

the ovaries

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13
Q

when do the testes decend?

A

7 months post-conception

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14
Q

where are the testes located before they descend?

A

in the inguinal canal

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15
Q

why can’t sperm stay up inside the body?

A

because they cannot remain viable at the body temp of 98.6 (too warm)

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16
Q

cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes

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17
Q

inguinal hernia

A

intestines gets into the inguinal canal and is painful but treatable after surgery

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18
Q

CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)

A
  • genetic female, XX
  • hyperactive adrenal gland: oversecretes androgens prenatally which leads to ambiguous genitals (ex: large clit and lips)
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19
Q

AIS (Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome)

A
  • genetic male: XY

- cells are insensitive to androgens which leads to ambiguous genitals

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20
Q

What did John Money’s Research and Treatment (1960s-1990s) contribute to the study of atypical prenatal sexual differentiation?

A
  • worked cases in which children were assigned a gender before 18 months of age through surgery to make their ambiguous genitals more typical
  • collected data on how well it worked
  • later, found negative cases
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21
Q

what is the intersex society of north america (ISNA) called now?

A

Accord Alliance

22
Q

what was being intersex called in the past?

A

“Disorder of Sex Development”

not a diagnosis in DSM-5 (Diagnostic & Statistical Manual-5th Edition)

23
Q

what is the current approach towards intersex individuals?

A
  • tested to determine the cause of ambiguous genitals
  • concerns are rooted in gender binary
  • research informs what approach is best for the child
    ex: CAH, XX children do well raised as girls and can be fertile
24
Q

Endocrine disrupters

A

chemicals found in the environment that affect the endocrine system and biological functioning of animals, including humans

25
Q

how does atrazine disrupt endocrine production?

A

Atrazine inhibits binding to estrogen receptors

26
Q

how does PCBs disrupt endocrine production?

A

PCBs (banned, but were in plastic, paint) are anti-estrogens and anti-androgens

27
Q

prenatal period

A

time from conception to birth

28
Q

androgens

A

group of sex hormones- one of which is testosterone

29
Q

pituitary gland

A

small endocrine gland located on the lower side of the brain below the hypothalamus

regulates levels of sex hormones

30
Q

what is the feedback loop that regulates female sex hormone production?

A

hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad feedback loop (HPG axis)

it is a neg. feedback loop

31
Q

what does each component of the HPG axis produce?

A

Hypothalamus: GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)

Pituitary: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), Prolactin (stimulates milk production, & Oxytocin (milk ejection & affectionate bonding)

Gonads: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone & inhibin (provides neg feedback to FSH production)

32
Q

Draw out the HPG axis for males

A

H–(GnRH)–> pituitary–(A: FSH or B: LH)–> A: spermatogenesis or B: testosterone secretion

testosterone secretion provides feedback to spermatogenesis and hypothalamus (which also provides feedback on spermatogenesis)

testes–(inhibin)–> pituitary

33
Q

Draw out HPG axis for females

A

H–(GnRH)–> pituitary–(A: FSH or B: LH)–> A: follicle & ovum development or B: estrogen secretion–> H & P –> ovaries–> follicle & ovum development–(estrogen & progesterone)–> endometrium

FSH & LH provide feedback to each other

34
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

1- follicular
2-ovulation
3-luteal
4-(menstruation)

35
Q

What are the phases of menstruation in the uterus?

A
  • proliferative (follicular)
  • ovulation
  • secretory (luteal)
  • menstruation
36
Q

what affects the length of a cycle and timing of ovulation?

A
  • BBT (basal body temp)

- length of luteal phase

37
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menses because of prostaglandins

38
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation

39
Q

what causes amenorrhea?

A
  • low percent body fat
  • running marathons
  • anorexia
40
Q

endometriosis

A

growth of endometrium in places other than inside uterus- like fallopian tubes

41
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

XXY

affect testicular growth, resulting in smaller than normal testicles, which can lead to lower production of testosterone

42
Q

Guevedoces

A

term used in the DR for intersex children

43
Q

undifferentiated state

A

stem cells are blank-slate cells that remain in an undifferentiated state, that is they have not yet started changing into specific cells, such as nerve or blood cells

44
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

45
Q

at how many weeks after conception does differentiation start?

A

7 weeks after conception

46
Q

at how many weeks post-conception can you determine the sex of the fetus?

A

12 weeks

47
Q

at how many weeks post-conception do the testes begin to descend?

A

10 weeks

48
Q

how long after conception do the testes travel down into the scrotum?

A

7 months after conception

49
Q

menarche

A

first menstruation

50
Q

leptin

A

a hormone-related to the onset of puberty

51
Q

kisspeptin

A

a hormone involved in the initiation of pubertal development

52
Q

adrenarche

A

time of increasing secretion of adrenal androgens

PSYCH 453 (23 decks)

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