Ch 7 Flashcards
Storage
Holding information in memory for later use.
Retrieval
Recovering information from storage in memory
Sensory memory
The first bit of memory you get when you memorize. It holds it for just a few seconds allowing it to be ingrained in other parts of memory
Ionic memory
Mental image or visual representation
Echoic memory
A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard.
Short-term memory
STM-small amounts of memory held in our conscious awareness for about a dozen seconds.
Working memory
Another term for shot term memory as used with thinking and problem solving.
Long term memory
LTM
Maintenance rehearsal
Mentally reviewing information via reputation (held in short term memory)
Rote rehearsal (rote learning)
Learning by simple repetition
Elaborative processing
Making memories more meaningful through processing that encodes links between new information and existing memories and knowledge, either at the time of the original encoding or on subsequent retrievals.
Information bits
Meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters, words, or phrases.
Encoding
Converting information into a form in which it will be retained in memory.
Information chunks
Information bits grouped into larger units.
Source confusion (of memory)
Occurs when the source of a memory is miss remembered
Network model (of memory)
A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information.
Retrieval cue
Any information which can prompt or trigger the retrieval of particular memories. Retrieval cues usually enhance memory.
Red-integration
Process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories.
Cognitive interview
Use ovaries cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitness.
Procedural memory
Long-term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills.
Declarative memory
That part of long-term memory containing specific factual information.
Semantic memory
Serves as a mental dictionary or encyclopedia of basic knowledge.
Episodic memory
Allows us to mentally travel back in time and recall when and what
Recall
To remember something without difficulty
Serial position effect
The tendency to make the most errors in remembering the middle items of an ordered list.
Recognition
Correctly Identify previously learned info
Explicit memory
A past memory that is consciously brought to mind
Implicit memory
We Are unaware that a memory exists
Encoding failure
Not learning the information in the first place
Memory traces
Damages in nerve cells or brain that course memory damage over time
Memory decay
The fading or weakening of memories assumed to occur when memory traces become weaker.
Disuse (in memory)
Theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved
State-dependent elearning
Memory associated with physical state such as thirst or hunger results in recollection of other times when you where thirsty, hungry ext…
Interference
The tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories, and the reverse.
Positive transfer
One skill helps you to perform another
Negative transfer
Mastering one skill conflict with another skill that you try to learn.
Repression
Unconsciously pushing unwanted memories out of awareness
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory before injury or trauma occurred
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of memory about events after injury or trauma. Cannot form new memory’s
Consolidation
Process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain.
Hippocampus
A brain structure associated with emotion and the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
Flashbulb memory
Especially vivid memory created at a time of high emotion.
Long-term potentiation
Brain mechanism used to form lasting memories by strengthening the connection between neurons that become more active at the same time.
Eidetic imagery
The ability to retain a “projected” mental images long enough to use it as a source of information
Spaced practice
A practice schedule that alternates study periods with brief rests.
Massed practice
A practice schedule in which studying continues for long periods, without interruption.
Mnemonic
Any kind of memory system or aid (examples, pictures or tables that help you learn)
Keyword method
As an aid to memory, using a familiar word or image to link two items.
