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Psychology > Ch 6 > Flashcards

Ch 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Antecedents

A

Events that precede a response.

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2
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated itch new stimuli.

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3
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning based on the consequences of responding

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4
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (us)

A

A stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response

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5
Q

Unconditioned response (ur)

A

An innate reflex elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Neutral stimulus (ns)

A

A stimulus that does not evoke a response

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7
Q

Conditioned stimulus (cs)

A

A stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

Conditioned response (cr)

A

A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Acquisition

A

The period in conditioning during which a response is reinforced

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10
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

Classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning-that is, a conditioned stimulus is used as if it were a unconditioned stimulus.

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11
Q

Extinction

A

The weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement

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12
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.

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13
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Responding to similar stimuli as if they are the same thing.

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14
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Distinguishing between similar stimuli

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15
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

Reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed

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16
Q

Vicarious classical conditioning

A

Classical conditioning brought about by observing another person react to a particular stimulus.

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17
Q

Law of effect

A

If doing something makes a good thing happen do it again and if doing something else results in something bad happening don’t do it.

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18
Q

Operant conditioning chamber (Skinner box)

A

An apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals

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19
Q

Superstitious behavior

A

A behavior repeated because it seems to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary

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20
Q

Response chain

A

A series of actions that eventually lead to reinforcement

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21
Q

Shaping

A

Gradually molding response to a final desired pattern

22
Q

Operant extinction

A

The weakening or disappearance of a no reinforced operant response.

23
Q

Positive punishment

A

Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again; the process of suppressing a response

24
Q

Negative punishment (response cost)

A

Removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made

25
Q

Cognitive learning

A

Higher-learning involving thinking,knowing,understanding, and anticipation.

26
Q

Stimulus control

A

Stimuli present when operant response is acquired tend to control when and where the response is made

27
Q

Operant stimulus discrimination

A

The tendacy to make an operant response when stimulus previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimulus associated with non-reward are present.

28
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Stimuli that precede rewarded and non-rewarded responses in operant conditioning.

29
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Non-learned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological needs.

30
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

A learned reinforcer; often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer.

31
Q

Token reinforcer

A

A tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold Stars, poker, and the like.

32
Q

Social reinforcer

A

Reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person.

33
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

A pattern in which a reinforce follows every correct response.

34
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

A pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced.

35
Q

Partial reinforcement effect

A

More resistant to extinction

36
Q

Fixed ratio (fr) schedule

A

An arrangement where a set number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer.

37
Q

Variable ratio (vr) schedule

A

An arrangement where a varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer.

38
Q

Fixed interval (FI) schedule

A

an arrangement where a reinforcer is given only when a correct response is made after a set amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response.

39
Q

Variable interval (VI) schedule

A

An arrangement where a reinforcer is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed the since the last reinforced response.

40
Q

Escape stimulus

A

Learning to make a response in order to end an aversive stimulus.

41
Q

Avoidance learning

A

Learning to make a response in order to postpone or prevent discomfort.

42
Q

Knowledge of results (KR)

A

Informational feedback

43
Q

Programmed instruction

A

Any learning format that presents information in small amounts, gives immediate practice, and provides continuous feedback to learners.

44
Q

Cognitive map

A

Internal images or other mental respire sensations of an area (a maze, a city, and so forth) that underlie an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal.

45
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and that remains unexpressed until reinforcement is provided.

46
Q

Rote learning

A

Learning that takes place mechanically, through repetition and memorization, or by learning rules.

47
Q

Discovery learning

A

Learning based on insight and understanding

48
Q

Model (in learning )

A

A person who serves as an example in observational learning.

49
Q

Observational learning (modeling)

A

Learning achieved by watching and imitating the action of another or nothing the consequences of those actions.

50
Q

Premack principle

A

Any high-frequency response can be used to reinforce a low-frequency response

Psychology (12 decks)

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