Ch 6: Microbial Growth Flashcards
1
Q
What unites are used to measure growth rate?
A
Generations / unit time
(doubling)
2
Q
What is the approximate temperature range for the growth of a given organism?
A
30 ℃
3
Q
What is a strict psychrophile? Where are they typically found?
A
A microbe with an optimal growth temperature around 15 ℃, with some as low as -20 ℃
Typically found in arctic soils, glaciers, and deep ocean environments
4
Q
Do strict psychrophiles cause food problems?
A
No
5
Q
What is a psychrotroph?
A
A microbe with an optimal growth temperature around 25 ℃
6
Q
Do psychrotrophs cause food spoilage?
A
Yes
7
Q
What are some examples of psychrotrophs that commonly cause food spoilage in the fridge?
A
- Listeria monogenes*
- Clostridium botulinum*
8
Q
What is a mesophile?
A
A microbe with an optimal growth temperature range of 25-40 ℃
9
Q
Are mesophiles responsible for food spoilage?
A
Yes. Room temperature food spoilage
10
Q
What is the optimum growth temperature for thermophiles?
A
50-60 ℃
11
Q
Are thermophiles pathogenic?
A
Not particularly
12
Q
What is the optimum growth temperature of hyper/extreme thermophiles?
A
>80℃
13
Q
What type of microbe is Thermus aquaticus? Why is it commercially important?
A
Hyperthermophile
Used for its DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase) for lab use (i.e. PCR)
14
Q
Most bacteria grow in what pH range?
A
6.5 - 7.5
15
Q
Most molds and yeasts grow in what pH range?
A
5 - 6
16
Q
In hypertonic environments, an increase in sugar causes what to happen to a cell?
A
Plasmolysis
17
Q
Halophiles survive in what type of environment?
A
High salt concentrates
18
Q
What salt concentration can most ocean microbes survive in?
A
~3.5%
Slight halophiles
19
Q
Facultative halophiles can survive at what salt concentration?
A
2% - 15 %
20
Q
Extreme or obligate halophiles require what salt concentrations to survive?
A
10 - 30% (dead sea)
21
Q
What concentration of salt inhibits most bacteria?
A
2%
22
Q
What are the main chemical requirements for the growth of a microbe?
A
Carbon
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Potassium Magnesium
Calcium
Trace elements
Organic growth factors
23
Q
About 50% of the dry weight of a typical cell is _____
A
carbon
24
Q
8% of the dry weight of E. coli is _____
A
Hydrogen
25
14% of the dry weight of a typical cell is ____ and \_\_\_\_
Amino acids and bases
26
What are some potential nitrogen sources for microbes?
1. Decomposition of proteins
2. NH4+
3. NO3-
4. N2 (nitrogen-fixing bacteria)
27
What is the primary source of phosphorus in microbes?
Decomposition of organic sources of PO4-3 directly
28
What are the primary sources of sulfur for microbes?
1. SO4-2 directly
2. H2S
3. Decomposed proteins (cysteine and methionine)
29
4% of the dry weight of a typical cell is \_\_\_\_\_
Combined sulfur and phosphorus
30
What type of microbe is depicted here? Explain.
Obligate aerobe
Requires O2
31
What type of microbe is depicted here? Explain
Facultative anaerobe
Can grow with or without O2
32
What type of microbe is depicted here? Explain
Obligate anaerobe
Cannot tolerate O2
33
What type of microbe is depicted here? Explain.
Aerotolerant anaerobe
Doesn't require oxygen but does not care if it's around
34
What type of microbe is depicted here? Explain.
Microaerophile
has a narrow range of tolerable oxygen levels
35
\_\_\_\_ constitutes 20% of the dry weight of *E. coli*
Oxygen
36
37
What are the toxic intermediates produced in the reduction of O2 to H2O? What are they known as?
**Reactive oxygen species (ROS)**
1. Superoxide (O2-)
2. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
3. Hydroxyl radical (OH•)
38
What causes production of ROS? (3)
1. Leakage of electrions from the main path of the ETC and directly reduce O2 to O2-
2. Some are necessary intermediates in enzymatic reactions
3. Ionizing radiation
39
How does ionizing radiation generate ROS?
Splites water into H+ and OH-
40
What is singlet oxygen (1O2)?
An extremely reactive form of molecular oxygen in which one of the electrons jumps to a higher orbital following energy absorption
\*In an excited state, NOT a free radical
41
How is singlet oxygen produced?
Byproduct of photosynthesis
42
What enzyme catalyzes the following reaction:
O2- + O2- + 2 H+ → H2O2 + O2
Superoxide dismutase
43
Which reaction is catalyzed by catalase and which is catalyzed by peroxidase?
1. H2O2 + 2 H+ → 2 H2O
2. 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2
1. Peroxidase
2. Catalase
44
True or false, a bacteria can switch back and forth between using catalase vs. peroxidase depending on the conditions.
False. A bacteria only has the gene for one or the other, not both
45
Which type of microbe(s) utilizes superoxide disumuase and catalase?
Obligate aerobe
Facultative anaerobe
46
What type of microbe(s) do not have any enzymes to eliminate ROS?
Obligate anaerobes
47
Which type of microbe(s) utilizes superoxide dismutase and peroxidase?
Aerotolerant anaerobes
48
Which type of microbe(s) utilizes superoxide dismutase and sometimes catalase?
Microaerophiles
49
What are organic growth factors?
Essential organic compounds an organism can't synthesize and must be obtained from the environment
Ex: vitamins, amino acides, purines, pyrimidines
50
Why are hyperthermophiles that grow at temperatures above 100 ℃ seemingly limited to oceanic depths?
More shallow water will evaporate at that temperature. Increased pressure at the ocean floor allows the temperature to increase without boiling (like an autoclave)
51
What is quorum sensing?
The ability of bacteria to coordinate gene expression with other bacteria via signaling molecules
Respond to local population density
52
What are the functions of a biofilm?
1. Anchoring surface for microbes
2. Facilitate transfer of genetic information
3. Shelter bacteria from harmful factors (dessication, antibiotics, immune system)
53
What are some strategies used to prevent biofilm formation?
1. Incorporate antimicrobials (i.e. heavy metals) into surfaces biofilms might form
2. Block quorum sensing (ongoing research)
3. Lactoferrin used to deplete iron to stimulate surface motility and prevent biofilm formation
54
What is agar?
A complex polysaccharide extracted from algae/seaweed that is combined with liquid media (broth) to creat a solid culture media
55
What concentration of agar will produce a completely solid medium?
1.5-2%
56
What concentration of agar will produce a soft agar medium?
\<1%
57
What important properties make agar ideal for culturing microbes?
1. Melts between 80-90 ℃
2. Once melted, it doesn't solidify until 40 ℃
3. Cannot be degraded by most bacteria
58
How would you test the motility of a microbe in culture?
Inject culture into soft agar in a test tube and see how far they travel
59
What is a chemically defined media?
A nutrient material for culture media whose exact chemical composition is known down to moles
60
What is a fastidious organism? Example?
One that hsa a complex nutritional requirements (i.e. many growth factors)
Ex: gonorrhea
61
What is a complex media?
Nutrient material whose exact chemical composition is not known
62
When would you use a complex media over a chemically defined media?
When culturing heterotrophic bacteria and fungi?
63
What are complex medias derived from?
Made from protein hydrolysates or meat/yeast extracts
64
How do you remove oxygen for an anaerobic culture?
1. Liquid media can be heated/autoclaved to drive-off dissolved O2 then tightly sealed
2. Reducing media (sodium thiogycolate, cysteine, or glutathione) to reduce O2 to water
65
What methods can be used to incubate plates oxygen free?
1. Anaerobic jar with palladium catalyst to reduce O2 to water
2. Oxyplates
3. Anaerobic chamber
66
How does an anaerobic jar work?
A bag container with CO2 and H2 gasses react with a palladium catalyst to reduce O2 to H2O
67
How does an oxyplate create an oxygen-free environment?
Culture medium contains oxyrase which catalyzes the following reaction
Lactic acid + O2 → H2O + Pyruvate
68
What gases are present in an anaerobic chamber?
90% N2
5+ H2
+/- 5% CO2
69
*Mycobacterium leprae* (leprosy) cannot be grown in artificial media. it is instead propagated in \_\_\_\_\_\_
Armadillos (natural reservoir)
70
Nonpathogenic strains of *Treponema pallidum* (syphilis) can be grown in synthetic media. The pathogenic strains can only be grown in \_\_\_\_
Rabbit testicles
71
What are Capnophiles?
Bacteria that grow best at high CO2 concentrations
72
What is significant about Saboraud's Dextrose Agar?
It has a pH of 5.6 that discourages bacterial growth and can be used to isolate fungi
73
What is blood agar?
A differential media used to distinguish bacteria that destroy red blood cells (hemolysis)
74
What type of media would you use to culture *Streptacoccus pyogenes*?
Blood agar
75
What is mannitol salt agar?
A differential and selective media used to distinguish *Staphylococcus aureus*
76
What is MacConkey agar
A differential and selective media used to distinguish and select gram-negative cells that ferment lactose
77
What is a bismuth sulfite agar? How does it work?
A highly selective medium used to isolate *Salmonella* species (specifically *S. typhi*)
Inhibits most gram-positive and most gram-negative commensal bacteria except for *Salmonella*
78
What is an enrichment culture used for?
Preliminary isolation that favors the growth of a particular organism to bring them up to detectable levels.
79
What is the most common method used to isolate an individual organism in a culture (pure culture)?
Streak plating (dilutes cells)
80
What two methods are used for long term storage of bacterial cultures?
1. Deep freezing to -80 ℃
2. Lyophilization (freeze-drying) and then vacuum sealed in an ampule
81
What are the alternative methods for bacterial division aside from binary fission?
Budding
Conidiospores
Fragmentation
82
In what phyla of organisms is budding observed?
Planctomycetes
Cyanobacteria
Firmicutes
83
What type of bacteria produce conidiospores?
Filamentous bacteria
84
How often do *E. coli* divide?
Every 20 minutes
85
How often do most bacteria divide?
Every 1-3 hours
86
You start with 2x105 cells/mL. How many cells will there be after 5 doublings?
6.4 x 106
87
What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth?
1. Lag phase
2. Log phase
3. Stationary phase
4. Death or decline phase
88
Direct microscopic counts are measured in units of \_\_\_\_
Number of cells counter / volume of area counted
