Ch 19: Disorders Associated with the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  • Overreaction of the immune system to antigens, leading to damage
  • Requires sensitization (a prior exposure)
  • Allergies
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2
Q

How long after exposure to an antigen does each of the four types of hypersensitivity reactions occur?

A
  1. Anaphylactic → <30 mins
  2. Cytotoxic → 5-12 hours
  3. Immune complex → 3-8 hours
  4. Delayed cell-mediated/hypersensitivity → 24-48 hours
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3
Q

How do anaphylactic reactions begin?

A
  • IgE to allergen trigger mast cells and basophils
  • Mast cells and basophils release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandin
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4
Q

Where are mast cells located?

A

Connective tissue

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5
Q

Mast cells play a role in ____ (5)

A
  1. Wound healing
  2. Angiogenesis
  3. Immune tolerance
  4. Defense against pathogens
  5. Allergy and anaphylaxis
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6
Q

What are some examples of localized anaphylaxis? (3)

A
  1. Hives
  2. Hay fever
  3. Asthma
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7
Q

97% of food allergies are due to what 8 foods?

A
  1. Eggs
  2. Peanuts
  3. Tree nuts
  4. Milk
  5. Soy
  6. Fish
  7. Wheat
  8. Peas
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8
Q

Systemic anaphylaxis results from _____

A

Injection or ingestion

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9
Q

Cytotoxic reactions are caused by _______ and lead to _____

A
  • Complement activation
  • Cell lysis
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10
Q

Blood transfusion reactions are which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type II (cytotoxic)

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11
Q

How do antibodies against A and B blood group antigens arise?

A
  • Presumed to arise in response to microorganisms in ingested food
  • Have antigenic determinants very similar to blood groups (sugars)
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12
Q

Which blood type is more susceptible to cholera?

A

Type O

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13
Q

Populations with low type ____ blood type(s) may be more susceptible in smallpox epidemics

A

Type A and AB

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14
Q

Which blood type is less severely affected by malaria?

A

Type O

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15
Q

In hemolytic disease of a newborn (HDNB), what are the blood types of mother vs fetus?

A
  • Mother Rh-
  • Fetus Rh+
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16
Q

In HDNB, what drug is given to pregnant women to bind fetal RBCs and keep them from mounting an immune response to Rh

A

RhoGAM (antibodies to Rh antigen)

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17
Q

In drug-induced cytotoxic reactions, upon second exposure the drug binds to the surfaces of platelets, granulocytes, and RBCs. What do they each causing ____(3).

A
  1. Platelets → thrombocytopenic purpura
  2. Granulocytes → agranulocytosis
  3. RBCs → hemolytic anemia
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18
Q

Explain type III hypersensitivity reactions.

A
  • IgG antibodies and antigens for immune complexes
  • Lodge at basement membrane
  • Attracts neutrophils which release enzymes that cause damage
19
Q

Type IV hypersensitivities are delayed due to?

A

T-cell and macrophage infiltration takes time

20
Q

What are some examples of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A
  1. Allergic contact dermatitis
  2. Hives
21
Q

True or false. Having autoantibodies guarantees autoimmune disease.

A

False. Only certain disease of the immune system generate significant amounts of autoantibodies

22
Q

Cytotoxic autoimmune diseases are caused by?

A
  • Antibodies reacting with cell-surface antigens
  • (Ex: Graves’ disease & myasthenia gravis)
23
Q

_____ is caused by autoantibodies that stimulate thyroid gland receptors, thus increasing levels of thyroid hormone.

A

Graves disease

24
Q

____ is caused by autoantibodies that bind acetylcholine receptors, making muscles effectively weaker.

A

Myasthenia gravis

25
\_\_\_\_ is caused by immune complex deposition in the kidney.
Systemic lupus erythematosus
26
\_\_\_\_\_ is caused by immune complex deposition in the joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is caused by a T-cell mediated attack on myelin in the CNS
Multiple sclerosis
28
Organ transplant requires matching \_\_\_\_\_\_
HLA types
29
Where are the “privileged sites” for transplants? (4)
1. Cornea - no circulation 2. Brain - blood brain barrier 3. Heart valve - xenografts are successful 4. Fetus - in part, due to placent's HLA molecules
30
What does “pluripotent” mean?
Describes a cell that can differentiate into any cell type
31
What is an isograft?
Use of an identical twin's tissue
32
What is an allograft?
Use of tissue from another person
33
What is a xenograft?
Use of nonhuman tissue
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can result from transplanted bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells.
Graft-versus-host disease
35
Immunosuppression involves suppression of what cytokine? Why?
* IL-2 * Major growth factor for T-cells
36
\_\_\_\_\_ is a drug that is used to down-regulate the expression of IL-2 in T-cells
Cyclosporine
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells lyse abnormal cells, such as cancer cells.
CTL (activated TC)
38
What is Coley's toxin?
* Endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria that cause typhoid fever * Stimulates TNF-production of macrophages * Potential immunotherapy for cancer
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is caused by a deletion on chromosome location 22q11.2, which results in patients missing a thymus gland
DiGeorge syndrome
40
Nude mice lack \_\_\_\_\_\_, a transcription factor needed for development of many organs, including the thymus and hair follicles
FOXN1
41
HIV primarily infects ______ cells
CD4+ T-cells
42
Which surface protein on HIV allows it to enter a cell?
gp120
43
Explain the 3 phases of HIV infection.
1. Asymptomatic or chronic lymphadenopathy (~3 years) 2. Symptomatic; early indication of immune failure 3. AIDS indicator conditions; extremely low T-cells
44
What is HAART therapy?
* Highly active antiretroviral therapy * Combinations of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor plus * Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor OR * Protease inhibitor