Ch 11: Prokaryotes: Domains, Bacteria, and Archaea Flashcards by Noah Wenger

What phylum contains mostly chemoheterotrophic bacteria and is the largest taxonomic group of bacteria? Gram-positive or Gram-negative?

Proteobacteria
Gram-negative

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What are the subclasses of proteobacteria?

Alpha-
Beta-
Gamma-
Delta-
Epsilon-

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Identify the genus:

Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
One of the most abundant microbes on Earth (accounts for 25% of ocean bacteria)
Only one species (ubique) of this genus
0.3 μm diameter
Simplest autonomously replicating cells (1,354 genes)

Pelagibacter (pel-aj’ē-bak-ter)

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True or false. Pelagibacter contains no duplicate gene copies, viral genes, introns, or junk DNA.

True

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How does Pelagibacter get its energy?

Respiring organic carbon
Using a light-driven proton pump (not photosynthesis)

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Identify the genus

Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
Found in low-nutrient aquatic environments (i.e. lakes)
Produce prominent prostheca and has a dimorphic cycle
Replicate by budding at hyphal tips

Hyphomicrobium

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Identify the genus

Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
Found in low-nutrient aquatic environments (i.e. lakes)
Produce prominent prostheca and has a dimorphic cycle
Produce stalks for anchoring to surfaces and increasing SA/Vol ratios
Replicate by binary fission

Caulobacter

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Identify the genus:

Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
Nitrogen-fixing
Enter the roots of leguminous plants and form nodules
Endosymbiotic and cannot fix nitrogen independently from host plant

Rhizobium

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Identify the genus:

Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
Nitrogen-fixing
Free-living on plant root surfaces commonly found on tropical grasses and sugarcane
Uses nutrients excreted by plants and fixes nitrogen in return

Azospirillum

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Identify the genus

Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
Plant pathogen; invade plant cells but do not induce nodules or fix nitrogen
Species tumefaciens induces crown gall disease in plants

Agrobacterium

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Identify the genus:

Phylum: Betaproteobacteria
Nitrogen-fixing: NH₄⁺ → NO₂^-
Chemoautotroph (oxidize nitrogen for energy and fix CO₂)

Nitrosomonas

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Identify the genus

Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
Part of the nitrogen cycle: NO₂^- → NO₃^-
Chemoautogrph (oxidize nitrogen for energy and fix CO₂)

Nitrobacter

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What is a facultative intracellular parasite?

Microbe that can reproduce outside or inside of the cells

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Identify the species

Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
Facultative intracellular parasite
40% of cats carry it in their mouths or under their claws; acquired from infected fleas
Bacillus inhabits cat’s RBCs
Primary mode of transmission to humans is infected flea feces
“Cat-scratch fever”

Bartonella henselae

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Identify the genus:

Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
Facultative intracellular parasite
Different species infect cattle, swine, goats, sheep, dogs, and humans
Spreads to humans by contact with animals or ingestion of undercooked meat or unpasteurized dairy products
Can survive in phagosomes of macrophages by blocking lysosomal fusion
Causes Brucellosis

Brucella

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What is an obligate intracellular parasite?

Microbe that requires a host to reproduce

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Identify the genus

Phylum: alphaproteobacteria
Obligate intracellular parasite
Pleomorphic (rods or coccobacilli)
Transmitted to humans by insect or tick bites
Prefers to infect endothelial cells lining blood vessels
Cause several diseases known as the spotted fever group

Rickettsia

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What species of Rickettsia causes epidemic typhus? How is it transmitted?

R. prowazekii
Transmitted through lice

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What species of Rickettsia causes endemic murine typhus? How is it transmitted?

R. typhi
Transmitted through rat fleas

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What species of Rickettsia causes rocky mountain spotted fever? How is it transmitted?

R. rickettsii
Transmitted through ticks

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Identify the genus:

Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
Obligate intracellular parasites
Rickettsia-like bacteria
Transmitted by ticks to humans and cause ehrlichiosis
Survive phagosomes after phagocytosis in macrophages

Ehrlichia

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Identify the genus:

Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
Endosymbiont; lives in cells of insects and other invertebrates
Not a human pathogen, but the most common infectious bacterial genus on Earth (infects over 1 million species)
20-75% of all insects are infected
Complex interactions with hose; interfere with reproduction and egg development

Wolbachia

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True or false. All betaproteobacteria are anaerobic

False. They are all aerobic

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Identify the genus

Phylum: Betaproteobacteria
Relatively large cell bodies that twist like a spiral
Habitat: freshwater (with one species exception)
Motile due to bipolar tufts of flagella

Spirillum

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\_\_\_\_ is the largest species of *Spirillum* at 60 microns in length

*Spirillum volutans*

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Betaproteobacteria * Acidi-, Halo-, and Thermi- subtypes * Oxidize reduced sulfur for energy and fix CO2 (participate in sulfur cycle)

*Thiobacillus*

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Betaproteobacteria * Rod-shaped with single polar flagella or tuft of flagella * Found in soil

*Burholderia*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Betaproteobacteria * First discovered as the cause of onion skin rot and then as a human pathogen * Opportunistic pathogen that metabolizes respiratory secretions in cystic fibrosis patients * Can grow in disinfectant

*Burkholderia cepacia*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Betaproteobacteria * Cause of melioidosis, which is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia

*Burkholderia pseudomallei*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Betproteobacteria * Pathogenic * Nonmotile rods/coccobacilli * Adhere to cilia of bronchial epithelium * Causative agent of pertussis (whooping cough)

*Bordetella pertussis*

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Betaproteobacteria * Diplococci * Use fimbriae to attach to mucous membranes in mammals * Species *meningitidis* causes meningococcal meningitis * Species *gonorrhoeae* causes gonorrhea

*Neisseria*

What is the largest subphylum of Proteobacteria?

Gammaproteobacteria

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Thiotrichales * Oxidizes H₂S and causes elemental sulfur to accumulate * Largest known bacterium (100 - 300 micron diameter) * Found in seafloor sediments of coastal waters off Namibia

*Thiomargarita namibiensis*

**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pseudomonadales * Aerobic rods with polar flagella (single or tufts); common in soil * Opportunistic pathogen of urinary tract, burns, and wounds * Responsible for food spoilage (grow at refrigeration temps)

*Pseudomonas*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pseduomondales * Aerobic nonmotile rods found in soil and water * Opportunistic pathogen found in hospital settings; primary respiratory but can infect skin, etc. * Rapidly becomes resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants * Survive on surfaces for weeks

*Acinetobacter baumanii*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pseduomondales * Aerobic coccobacilli * One of several organisms that can cause conjunctivitis

*Moraxella lacunate*

**Identify the organism (2)** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Psudomondales * Large ovoid heavily capsulated bacteria * Free living in soil that fix nitrogen

*Azotobacter* and *Azomonas*

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Legionellales * Found in streams , warm-water pipes, HVAC cooling towers * Facultative intracellular parasites * Humans are accidental hosts by inhalation of contaminated water droplets

*Legionella*

What organism is responsible for Legionnaires disease (pneumonia)?

Legionella pneumophilia

**Identify the organism** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Legionellales * Highly infectious; transmitted to humans via inhalation of animal derived dusts, aerosols, or contaminated milk * Potential bioweapon * Causes flu-like pneumonia called Q fever * Highly resistant to environmental stresses

*Coxiella burnetti*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Vibrionales * Facultative anaerobic curved rods * Mostly found in aquatic environments * Responsible for causing cholera through infected water

*Vibrio cholerae*

*Vibrio parahaemolyticus*

What is the only Family under the Order of Enterobacteriales?

Enterobacteriaceae

**Identify the order**: * Facultative anaerobic rods * Also called “enterics" * Ferment glucose and other sugars * Have peritrichous flagella (if motile) * Fimbriae to aid with adhesion * Sex pili for exchange of genetic material (especially antibiotic resistance)

*Enterobacteriales*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * Common inhabitant of human intestinal tract, but not most abundant (0.1% of gut flora) * A great deal is known about its biochemistry and genetics * Some strains produce Shiga toxin or enterotoxins that act on intestinal wall * Presence in food indicates fecal contamination

*Escherichia coli*

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * 2 species identified: *enterica and bongori* * Can contaminate food under unsanitary conditions

*Salmonella*

**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * 4 known species; all responsible for shigellosis/bacillary dysentery (species *dysenterie* most extreme) * Only found in humans; no other natural reservoirs have been proven

*Shigella*

**Identify the genus**: * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * Common in soil and water * Many can siolate and fix nitrogen * *pneumoniae* species can cause pneumonia

*Klebsiella*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * Destinguished by production of red pigment * Opportunistic pathogen; cause many hospital acquired urinary, respiratory, and wound infections

*Serratia marcescens*

**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * Opportunistic pathogen if they enter the urinary tract or wound * Multicellular behavior on agar (form concentric rings) * Motile on solid surfaces

*Proteus*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * Causes plague (black death of medieval Europe) * Flea bits generally transmit bacteria from animals to humans as well as inhalation of respiratory droplets

*Yersinia pestis*

**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * Their presence in the intestinal tracts of animals results in their wide distribution in soil, water, and sewage * Pathogenic species can both cause urinary and hospital acquired infections

*Enterobacter*

What two species of *Enterobacter* are known to cause disease?

1. *E. cloacae* 2. *E. aerogenes*

**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pasteurellales * Primarily pathogens of domestic animals * *multocida* species can be transmitted to humans via dog and cat bites * Especially virulent present in Komodo dragon saliva

*Pasteurella*

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pasteurellales * Pathogens that inhabit mucus membranes of the upper respiratory tract, mouth, vagina, and intestinal wall * named for its blood requirement in culture media

*Haemophilus*

**Identify the species**: * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pasteurellales * Genus: *Haemophilus* * Mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza * Actually causes: meningitis, earaches, bronchitis, pneumonia, or septic arthritis

*H. influenzae*

**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pasteurellales * Genus: *Haemophilus* * Causes the STD chancroid

*H. ducreyi*

**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pasteurellales * Genus: *Haemophilus* * Causes the STD chancroid

*H. ducreyi*

**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Deltaproteobacteria * Attach tightly to other gram-negative bacteria, penetrates the outer layer, and enters the periplasm * Breaks down host cell molecules to use elongate and form filaments

*Bdellovibrio*

Members of the order _______ are sulfur reducing bacteria that play a key role in the sulfur cycle.

Desulfovibrionales

**Identify the genus**: * Phylum: Deltaproteobacteria * Order: Desulfovibrionales * Obligate anaerobes found in sediments and intestinal tracts of humans and animals * Black color of sediments is due to H₂S reacting with iron to form insoluble FeS

*Desulfovibrio*

Species of the order _____ are predatory upon other bacteria.

Myxococcales

Species of the order _____ are predatory upon other bacteria.

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Deltaproteobacteria * Order: Myxococcales * Vegetative cells move by gliding motility and leave slime trail obtaining nutrition from bacteria they encounter * Cooperative predation accomplished by secretion of antibiotics and lytic compounds to immobilize and degrade prey organism

*Myxococcus*

Members of the phylum _____ are slender rods that are helical or curved.

Epsilonproteobacteria

**Identify the organism** * Phylum: Epsilonproteobacteria * Microaerophilic * Moltile by single polar flagella * causes foodborne gastroenteritis

*Campylobacter jejuni*

**Identify the organism** * Phylum: Epsilonproteobacteria * Microaerophilic * Moltile by single polar flagella * Causes spontaneous abortion in domestic animals

*Campylobacter fetus*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Epsilonproteobacteria * Multiple flagella * Infect the lining of the stomach; most common cause of peptic ulcurs * Associated with the development of stomach cancers

*Helicobacter pylori*

**Identify the phylum:** * Gram-negative * Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria; use chlorophyll * NOT eukaryotic algae * Believed to have generated most of Earth's atmospheric O₂ millions of years ago * Unicellular divide by binary fission * Colonial have multiple visions * Filamentous divide by fragmentation

Cyanobacteria

Is the phylum “Plantomycetes” Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative?

Gram- Negative

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Planctomycetes * Acquadic budding bacteria * Produce stalks like *Caulobacter*

*Planctomyces*

**Identify the organism**: * Phylum: Planctomycetes * Model organism for the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus * Double internal membrane around DNA like a nuclear membrane (nucleoid)

*Gemmata obscuriglobus*

**Identify the phylum:** * Gram-negative * Remarkably diverse * Obligate intracellular parasites * Direct transmission: interpersonal contact or aerosols * Lab cultivation is difficult; requires lab animals, cell culture, or yolk of embryonated chicken eggs

Chlamydiae

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Chlamydiae * Different serovars are responsible for different diseases such as: * Trachoma (leading cause of blindness in developing countries) * Nongonococcal urethritis * Lymphogranuloma venerum

*Chlamydia trachomatis*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Chlamydiae * Causes mild form of pneumonia

*Chlamydophila pneumoniae*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Chlamydiae * Causes respiratory disease Psittacosis

*Chlamydophila psittaci*

**Identify the phylum:** * Name is derived from their coiled morphology * Motile by rotating axial filaments * May inhabit the muna oral and vaginal cavities

Spirochaetes

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Spirochaetes * Causative agent of Lyme disease * Transmitted from ticks or lice to humans

*Borrelia burgdorferi*

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Spirochaetes * Causes Leptospirosis * Transmitted from animals to humans through contaminated water

*Leptospira*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Spirochaetes * Causative agent of Syphillis

*Treponema pallidum*

Is the phylum “Bacteroides” aerobic or anaerobic? Gram-Negative or Gram-Positive?

* Anaerobic * Gram-Negative

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Bacteroides * Rod-shaped, non-motile, non-endospore forming * Common inhabitant of GI tract * Some species found in gingival crevices * Cause infection at surgical sites, puncture wounds, and perforated bowels

*Bacteroides*

**Identify the phylum:** * Anaerobic * Gram-Negative * Often pleiomorphic, but may be spindle-shaped

Fusobacteria

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Fusobacteria * Primarily found in mouth and associated with dental diseases * Can be pathogenic to other parts of the body

*Fusobacterium*

Members of the phylum _______ appear to stain Gram-positive due to a thick cell wall, however they have an outer membrane so they are closer in structure to Gram-negative

Deinococcus-Thermus

**Identify the organism** * Phylum: Deinococcus-Thermus * More resistant to radiation than endospores (survive 1500x the lethal human dose) * Reistance is due to rapid repair of radiation damage, which also extends to chemical mutagens

*Deinococcus radiodurans*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Deinococcus-Thermus * Was isolated from a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park * Source of Taq polymerase

*Thermus aquaticus*

Gram positive bacteria can be divided based on:

G/C content of their genetic material * Phylum Firmicutes: Low G/C * Phylum Tenericutes: Low G/C * Phylum Actinobacteria: High G/C

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Clostridium * common in soil * Form endospores * Obligate anaerobes * Rod-shaped

*Clostridium*

**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Clostridiales * Genus: Clostridium * Responsible for some GI tract infections

*C. difficile*

**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Clostridiales * Genus: Clostridium * Cause tetanus

*C. tetani*

**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Clostridiales * Genus: Clostridium * Cause food poisoning

*C. botulinum*

**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Clostridiales * Genus: Clostridium * Cause foodborne diarrhea

*C. perfringens*

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Clostridiales * Nutrionally symbiotic with gut of Red Sea sturgeon fish (Dory) * Can be seen with naked eye * Breaks the known rules of dize/diffusion limitations * Has tens of thousands of copies of its genome * Daughter cells burst cell wall of mother cell

*Epulopiscium*

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Bacillales * Endospore-forming rods * Obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes * Common in soil and form in chains in culture * Produce antibiotics * Only species are pathogenic to humans

*Bacillus*

**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Bacillales * Genus: *Bacillus* * Disease of cattle, sheep, and horses that can be transmitted to humans (linked with bioterrorism)

*B. anthracis*

**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Bacillales * Genus: *Bacillus* * *Agriculturally important insect pathogen used as a pssticide*

*B. thuringiensis*

**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Bacillales * Genus: *Bacillus* * *Associated with food poisoning, typically through infection of starchy foods*

*B. cereus*

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Bacillales * Cocci bacteria that arrange themselves in grape-like clusters * Considered part of our normal flora * Grow well in high osmotic pressure, low moisture conditions (nasal passages and skin)

*Staphylococcus*

**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Bacillales * Genus: *Staphylococcus* * Golden in color (may protect from antimicrobial effects of sunlight) * Produce many exotixins * Commonly infect surgical wounds * Quickly develop antibiotic resistance

*S. aureus*

*S. aureus* infections differ by anatomical region 1. Vaginal tract = ? 2. GI tract = ? 3. Respiratory tract = ?

1. Toxic shock syndrome 2. Food poisoning 3. Sinus infections

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Lactobacillales * Produce lactic acid * Commercially important in pickle, yogurt, sauerkraut, and buttermilk production * Aerotolerant anaerobes * In humans it can be found in the oral cavity, vaginal, and GI tracts

*Lactobacillus*

**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Lactobacillales * Cocci bacteria that typically grow in chains * Responsible for more illnesses and greater variety of diseases than any other genus * Express and secrete substances that aid in its pathogenicity

*Streptococcus*

What type of *Streptococci* is the most virulent? Alpha, Beta, or Gamma? Why?

* Beta * Express hemolysin that lyses RBCs

What is the causative agent of Scarlet and Rheumatic Fever?

*Streptococcus pyogenes*

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Lactobacillales * Part of our normal intestinal flora * Occasionally cause UTIs and sepsis * Adapted to nutrient rich, low oxygen body regions (GI, oral cavity, vagina) * Major cause of hospital-acquired infections * Persist on inanimate objects for long periods * High antibiotic resistance

*Enterococcus*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Lactobacillales * Usual causative agent of food listerosis and spoilage * Most virulent foodborne pathogen (20-30% of clinical infections result in death) * Can survive phaocytosis * Pose risk for a developing fetus

*Listeria monocytogenes*

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Tenericutes * Order: Mycoplasmatales * Lack cell wall; pleomorphic * Produce filaments resembling those of fungi * Believed to be the smallest, self-replicating, free-living life forms (0.1 - 0.24 microns)

*Mycoplasmas*

**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Common soil isolate * Reproduce via asecual spores (conidiospores) * Strick aerobes * Produce gaseous compound geosmin that gives soil its musty odor * Produce most of our commercial antibiotics

*Streptomyces*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Exhibit filamentous growth * Acid-fast staining; not Gram-positive * Resistant to environmental stressors like drying * Causative agent for tuberculosis

*Mycobacterium tuberculosis*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Gram-negative * Exhibit filamentous growth * Acid-fast staining * Resistant to environmental stressors like drying * Causative agent for leprosy

*Mycobacterium leprae*

**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Facultative anaerobes * Branched filaments that replicate by fragmentation * Common in soil and animal microbiota (mouth and throat of humans)

*Actinomyces*

What organism is the causative agent of actinomycosis? Symptoms?

* *Actinomyces israelii* * Destroys tissue of the head, neck, and lungs

**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Morphogically similar to Actinomyces * Aerobic * Acid-fast

*Nocardia*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Pleomorphic; morphology changes with age * Causative agent of diphteria

*Corynebacterium diphtheriae*

**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Named for its ability to form propionic acid * Commonly found on human skin and are the primary cause of acne

*Propionibacterium acnes*

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Ch 11: Prokaryotes: Domains, Bacteria, and Archaea Flashcards

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