Ch 11: Prokaryotes: Domains, Bacteria, and Archaea Flashcards

1
Q

What phylum contains mostly chemoheterotrophic bacteria and is the largest taxonomic group of bacteria? Gram-positive or Gram-negative?

A
  • Proteobacteria
  • Gram-negative
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2
Q

What are the subclasses of proteobacteria?

A
  • Alpha-
  • Beta-
  • Gamma-
  • Delta-
  • Epsilon-
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3
Q

Identify the genus:

  • Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
  • One of the most abundant microbes on Earth (accounts for 25% of ocean bacteria)
  • Only one species (ubique) of this genus
  • 0.3 μm diameter
  • Simplest autonomously replicating cells (1,354 genes)
A

Pelagibacter (pel-aj’ē-bak-ter)

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4
Q

True or false. Pelagibacter contains no duplicate gene copies, viral genes, introns, or junk DNA.

A

True

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5
Q

How does Pelagibacter get its energy?

A
  • Respiring organic carbon
  • Using a light-driven proton pump (not photosynthesis)
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6
Q

Identify the genus

  • Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
  • Found in low-nutrient aquatic environments (i.e. lakes)
  • Produce prominent prostheca and has a dimorphic cycle
  • Replicate by budding at hyphal tips
A

Hyphomicrobium

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7
Q

Identify the genus

  • Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
  • Found in low-nutrient aquatic environments (i.e. lakes)
  • Produce prominent prostheca and has a dimorphic cycle
  • Produce stalks for anchoring to surfaces and increasing SA/Vol ratios
  • Replicate by binary fission
A

Caulobacter

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8
Q

Identify the genus:

  • Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
  • Nitrogen-fixing
  • Enter the roots of leguminous plants and form nodules
  • Endosymbiotic and cannot fix nitrogen independently from host plant
A

Rhizobium

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9
Q

Identify the genus:

  • Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
  • Nitrogen-fixing
  • Free-living on plant root surfaces commonly found on tropical grasses and sugarcane
  • Uses nutrients excreted by plants and fixes nitrogen in return
A

Azospirillum

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10
Q

Identify the genus

  • Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
  • Plant pathogen; invade plant cells but do not induce nodules or fix nitrogen
  • Species tumefaciens induces crown gall disease in plants
A

Agrobacterium

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11
Q

Identify the genus:

  • Phylum: Betaproteobacteria
  • Nitrogen-fixing: NH4+ → NO2-
  • Chemoautotroph (oxidize nitrogen for energy and fix CO2)
A

Nitrosomonas

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12
Q

Identify the genus

  • Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
  • Part of the nitrogen cycle: NO2- → NO3-
  • Chemoautogrph (oxidize nitrogen for energy and fix CO2)
A

Nitrobacter

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13
Q

What is a facultative intracellular parasite?

A

Microbe that can reproduce outside or inside of the cells

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14
Q

Identify the species

  • Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
  • Facultative intracellular parasite
  • 40% of cats carry it in their mouths or under their claws; acquired from infected fleas
  • Bacillus inhabits cat’s RBCs
  • Primary mode of transmission to humans is infected flea feces
  • “Cat-scratch fever”
A

Bartonella henselae

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15
Q

Identify the genus:

  • Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
  • Facultative intracellular parasite
  • Different species infect cattle, swine, goats, sheep, dogs, and humans
  • Spreads to humans by contact with animals or ingestion of undercooked meat or unpasteurized dairy products
  • Can survive in phagosomes of macrophages by blocking lysosomal fusion
  • Causes Brucellosis
A

Brucella

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16
Q

What is an obligate intracellular parasite?

A

Microbe that requires a host to reproduce

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17
Q

Identify the genus

  • Phylum: alphaproteobacteria
  • Obligate intracellular parasite
  • Pleomorphic (rods or coccobacilli)
  • Transmitted to humans by insect or tick bites
  • Prefers to infect endothelial cells lining blood vessels
  • Cause several diseases known as the spotted fever group
A

Rickettsia

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18
Q

What species of Rickettsia causes epidemic typhus? How is it transmitted?

A
  • R. prowazekii
  • Transmitted through lice
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19
Q

What species of Rickettsia causes endemic murine typhus? How is it transmitted?

A
  • R. typhi
  • Transmitted through rat fleas
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20
Q

What species of Rickettsia causes rocky mountain spotted fever? How is it transmitted?

A
  • R. rickettsii
  • Transmitted through ticks
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21
Q

Identify the genus:

  • Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
  • Obligate intracellular parasites
  • Rickettsia-like bacteria
  • Transmitted by ticks to humans and cause ehrlichiosis
  • Survive phagosomes after phagocytosis in macrophages
A

Ehrlichia

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22
Q

Identify the genus:

  • Phylum: Alphaproteobacteria
  • Endosymbiont; lives in cells of insects and other invertebrates
  • Not a human pathogen, but the most common infectious bacterial genus on Earth (infects over 1 million species)
  • 20-75% of all insects are infected
  • Complex interactions with hose; interfere with reproduction and egg development
A

Wolbachia

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23
Q

True or false. All betaproteobacteria are anaerobic

A

False. They are all aerobic

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24
Q

Identify the genus

  • Phylum: Betaproteobacteria
  • Relatively large cell bodies that twist like a spiral
  • Habitat: freshwater (with one species exception)
  • Motile due to bipolar tufts of flagella
A

Spirillum

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25
\_\_\_\_ is the largest species of *Spirillum* at 60 microns in length
*Spirillum volutans*
26
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Betaproteobacteria * Acidi-, Halo-, and Thermi- subtypes * Oxidize reduced sulfur for energy and fix CO2 (participate in sulfur cycle)
*Thiobacillus*
27
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Betaproteobacteria * Rod-shaped with single polar flagella or tuft of flagella * Found in soil
*Burholderia*
28
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Betaproteobacteria * First discovered as the cause of onion skin rot and then as a human pathogen * Opportunistic pathogen that metabolizes respiratory secretions in cystic fibrosis patients * Can grow in disinfectant
*Burkholderia cepacia*
29
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Betaproteobacteria * Cause of melioidosis, which is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia
*Burkholderia pseudomallei*
30
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Betproteobacteria * Pathogenic * Nonmotile rods/coccobacilli * Adhere to cilia of bronchial epithelium * Causative agent of pertussis (whooping cough)
*Bordetella pertussis*
31
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Betaproteobacteria * Diplococci * Use fimbriae to attach to mucous membranes in mammals * Species *meningitidis* causes meningococcal meningitis * Species *gonorrhoeae* causes gonorrhea
*Neisseria*
32
What is the largest subphylum of Proteobacteria?
Gammaproteobacteria
33
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Thiotrichales * Oxidizes H2S and causes elemental sulfur to accumulate * Largest known bacterium (100 - 300 micron diameter) * Found in seafloor sediments of coastal waters off Namibia
*Thiomargarita namibiensis*
34
**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pseudomonadales * Aerobic rods with polar flagella (single or tufts); common in soil * Opportunistic pathogen of urinary tract, burns, and wounds * Responsible for food spoilage (grow at refrigeration temps)
*Pseudomonas*
35
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pseduomondales * Aerobic nonmotile rods found in soil and water * Opportunistic pathogen found in hospital settings; primary respiratory but can infect skin, etc. * Rapidly becomes resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants * Survive on surfaces for weeks
*Acinetobacter baumanii*
36
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pseduomondales * Aerobic coccobacilli * One of several organisms that can cause conjunctivitis
*Moraxella lacunate*
37
**Identify the organism (2)** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Psudomondales * Large ovoid heavily capsulated bacteria * Free living in soil that fix nitrogen
*Azotobacter* and *Azomonas*
38
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Legionellales * Found in streams , warm-water pipes, HVAC cooling towers * Facultative intracellular parasites * Humans are accidental hosts by inhalation of contaminated water droplets
*Legionella*
39
What organism is responsible for Legionnaires disease (pneumonia)?
Legionella pneumophilia
40
**Identify the organism** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Legionellales * Highly infectious; transmitted to humans via inhalation of animal derived dusts, aerosols, or contaminated milk * Potential bioweapon * Causes flu-like pneumonia called Q fever * Highly resistant to environmental stresses
*Coxiella burnetti*
41
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Vibrionales * Facultative anaerobic curved rods * Mostly found in aquatic environments * Responsible for causing cholera through infected water
*Vibrio cholerae*
42
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Vibrionales * Facultative anaerobic curved rods * Mostly found in aquatic environments * Responsible for causing gastroenteritis from eating raw or uncooked shellfish
*Vibrio parahaemolyticus*
43
What is the only Family under the Order of Enterobacteriales?
Enterobacteriaceae
44
**Identify the order**: * Facultative anaerobic rods * Also called “enterics" * Ferment glucose and other sugars * Have peritrichous flagella (if motile) * Fimbriae to aid with adhesion * Sex pili for exchange of genetic material (especially antibiotic resistance)
*Enterobacteriales*
45
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * Common inhabitant of human intestinal tract, but not most abundant (0.1% of gut flora) * A great deal is known about its biochemistry and genetics * Some strains produce Shiga toxin or enterotoxins that act on intestinal wall * Presence in food indicates fecal contamination
*Escherichia coli*
46
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * 2 species identified: *enterica and bongori* * Can contaminate food under unsanitary conditions
*Salmonella*
47
**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * 4 known species; all responsible for shigellosis/bacillary dysentery (species *dysenterie* most extreme) * Only found in humans; no other natural reservoirs have been proven
*Shigella*
48
**Identify the genus**: * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * Common in soil and water * Many can siolate and fix nitrogen * *pneumoniae* species can cause pneumonia
*Klebsiella*
49
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * Destinguished by production of red pigment * Opportunistic pathogen; cause many hospital acquired urinary, respiratory, and wound infections
*Serratia marcescens*
50
**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * Opportunistic pathogen if they enter the urinary tract or wound * Multicellular behavior on agar (form concentric rings) * Motile on solid surfaces
*Proteus*
51
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * Causes plague (black death of medieval Europe) * Flea bits generally transmit bacteria from animals to humans as well as inhalation of respiratory droplets
*Yersinia pestis*
52
**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Enterobacteriales * Their presence in the intestinal tracts of animals results in their wide distribution in soil, water, and sewage * Pathogenic species can both cause urinary and hospital acquired infections
*Enterobacter*
53
What two species of *Enterobacter* are known to cause disease?
1. *E. cloacae* 2. *E. aerogenes*
54
**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pasteurellales * Primarily pathogens of domestic animals * *multocida* species can be transmitted to humans via dog and cat bites * Especially virulent present in Komodo dragon saliva
*Pasteurella*
55
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pasteurellales * Pathogens that inhabit mucus membranes of the upper respiratory tract, mouth, vagina, and intestinal wall * named for its blood requirement in culture media
*Haemophilus*
56
**Identify the species**: * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pasteurellales * Genus: *Haemophilus* * Mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza * Actually causes: meningitis, earaches, bronchitis, pneumonia, or septic arthritis
*H. influenzae*
57
**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pasteurellales * Genus: *Haemophilus* * Causes the STD chancroid
*H. ducreyi*
58
**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Gammaproteobacteria * Order: Pasteurellales * Genus: *Haemophilus* * Causes the STD chancroid
*H. ducreyi*
59
**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Deltaproteobacteria * Attach tightly to other gram-negative bacteria, penetrates the outer layer, and enters the periplasm * Breaks down host cell molecules to use elongate and form filaments
*Bdellovibrio*
60
Members of the order _______ are sulfur reducing bacteria that play a key role in the sulfur cycle.
Desulfovibrionales
61
**Identify the genus**: * Phylum: Deltaproteobacteria * Order: Desulfovibrionales * Obligate anaerobes found in sediments and intestinal tracts of humans and animals * Black color of sediments is due to H2S reacting with iron to form insoluble FeS
*Desulfovibrio*
62
Species of the order _____ are predatory upon other bacteria.
Myxococcales
63
Species of the order _____ are predatory upon other bacteria.
64
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Deltaproteobacteria * Order: Myxococcales * Vegetative cells move by gliding motility and leave slime trail obtaining nutrition from bacteria they encounter * Cooperative predation accomplished by secretion of antibiotics and lytic compounds to immobilize and degrade prey organism
*Myxococcus*
65
Members of the phylum _____ are slender rods that are helical or curved.
Epsilonproteobacteria
66
**Identify the organism** * Phylum: Epsilonproteobacteria * Microaerophilic * Moltile by single polar flagella * causes foodborne gastroenteritis
*Campylobacter jejuni*
67
**Identify the organism** * Phylum: Epsilonproteobacteria * Microaerophilic * Moltile by single polar flagella * Causes spontaneous abortion in domestic animals
*Campylobacter fetus*
68
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Epsilonproteobacteria * Multiple flagella * Infect the lining of the stomach; most common cause of peptic ulcurs * Associated with the development of stomach cancers
*Helicobacter pylori*
69
**Identify the phylum:** * Gram-negative * Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria; use chlorophyll * NOT eukaryotic algae * Believed to have generated most of Earth's atmospheric O2 millions of years ago * Unicellular divide by binary fission * Colonial have multiple visions * Filamentous divide by fragmentation
Cyanobacteria
70
Is the phylum “Plantomycetes” Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative?
Gram- Negative
71
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Planctomycetes * Acquadic budding bacteria * Produce stalks like *Caulobacter*
*Planctomyces*
72
**Identify the organism**: * Phylum: Planctomycetes * Model organism for the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus * Double internal membrane around DNA like a nuclear membrane (nucleoid)
*Gemmata obscuriglobus*
73
**Identify the phylum:** * Gram-negative * Remarkably diverse * Obligate intracellular parasites * Direct transmission: interpersonal contact or aerosols * Lab cultivation is difficult; requires lab animals, cell culture, or yolk of embryonated chicken eggs
Chlamydiae
74
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Chlamydiae * Different serovars are responsible for different diseases such as: * Trachoma (leading cause of blindness in developing countries) * Nongonococcal urethritis * Lymphogranuloma venerum
*Chlamydia trachomatis*
75
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Chlamydiae * Causes mild form of pneumonia
*Chlamydophila pneumoniae*
76
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Chlamydiae * Causes respiratory disease Psittacosis
*Chlamydophila psittaci*
77
**Identify the phylum:** * Name is derived from their coiled morphology * Motile by rotating axial filaments * May inhabit the muna oral and vaginal cavities
Spirochaetes
78
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Spirochaetes * Causative agent of Lyme disease * Transmitted from ticks or lice to humans
*Borrelia burgdorferi*
79
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Spirochaetes * Causes Leptospirosis * Transmitted from animals to humans through contaminated water
*Leptospira*
80
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Spirochaetes * Causative agent of Syphillis
*Treponema pallidum*
81
Is the phylum “Bacteroides” aerobic or anaerobic? Gram-Negative or Gram-Positive?
* Anaerobic * Gram-Negative
82
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Bacteroides * Rod-shaped, non-motile, non-endospore forming * Common inhabitant of GI tract * Some species found in gingival crevices * Cause infection at surgical sites, puncture wounds, and perforated bowels
*Bacteroides*
83
**Identify the phylum:** * Anaerobic * Gram-Negative * Often pleiomorphic, but may be spindle-shaped
Fusobacteria
84
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Fusobacteria * Primarily found in mouth and associated with dental diseases * Can be pathogenic to other parts of the body
*Fusobacterium*
85
Members of the phylum _______ appear to stain Gram-positive due to a thick cell wall, however they have an outer membrane so they are closer in structure to Gram-negative
Deinococcus-Thermus
86
**Identify the organism** * Phylum: Deinococcus-Thermus * More resistant to radiation than endospores (survive 1500x the lethal human dose) * Reistance is due to rapid repair of radiation damage, which also extends to chemical mutagens
*Deinococcus radiodurans*
87
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Deinococcus-Thermus * Was isolated from a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park * Source of Taq polymerase
*Thermus aquaticus*
88
Gram positive bacteria can be divided based on:
G/C content of their genetic material * Phylum Firmicutes: Low G/C * Phylum Tenericutes: Low G/C * Phylum Actinobacteria: High G/C
89
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Clostridium * common in soil * Form endospores * Obligate anaerobes * Rod-shaped
*Clostridium*
90
**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Clostridiales * Genus: Clostridium * Responsible for some GI tract infections
*C. difficile*
91
**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Clostridiales * Genus: Clostridium * Cause tetanus
*C. tetani*
92
**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Clostridiales * Genus: Clostridium * Cause food poisoning
*C. botulinum*
93
**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Clostridiales * Genus: Clostridium * Cause foodborne diarrhea
*C. perfringens*
94
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Clostridiales * Nutrionally symbiotic with gut of Red Sea sturgeon fish (Dory) * Can be seen with naked eye * Breaks the known rules of dize/diffusion limitations * Has tens of thousands of copies of its genome * Daughter cells burst cell wall of mother cell
*Epulopiscium*
95
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Bacillales * Endospore-forming rods * Obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes * Common in soil and form in chains in culture * Produce antibiotics * Only species are pathogenic to humans
*Bacillus*
96
**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Bacillales * Genus: *Bacillus* * Disease of cattle, sheep, and horses that can be transmitted to humans (linked with bioterrorism)
*B. anthracis*
97
**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Bacillales * Genus: *Bacillus* * *Agriculturally important insect pathogen used as a pssticide*
*B. thuringiensis*
98
**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Bacillales * Genus: *Bacillus* * *Associated with food poisoning, typically through infection of starchy foods*
*B. cereus*
99
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Bacillales * Cocci bacteria that arrange themselves in grape-like clusters * Considered part of our normal flora * Grow well in high osmotic pressure, low moisture conditions (nasal passages and skin)
*Staphylococcus*
100
**Identify the species:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Bacillales * Genus: *Staphylococcus* * Golden in color (may protect from antimicrobial effects of sunlight) * Produce many exotixins * Commonly infect surgical wounds * Quickly develop antibiotic resistance
*S. aureus*
101
*S. aureus* infections differ by anatomical region 1. Vaginal tract = ? 2. GI tract = ? 3. Respiratory tract = ?
1. Toxic shock syndrome 2. Food poisoning 3. Sinus infections
102
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Lactobacillales * Produce lactic acid * Commercially important in pickle, yogurt, sauerkraut, and buttermilk production * Aerotolerant anaerobes * In humans it can be found in the oral cavity, vaginal, and GI tracts
*Lactobacillus*
103
**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Lactobacillales * Cocci bacteria that typically grow in chains * Responsible for more illnesses and greater variety of diseases than any other genus * Express and secrete substances that aid in its pathogenicity
*Streptococcus*
104
What type of *Streptococci* is the most virulent? Alpha, Beta, or Gamma? Why?
* Beta * Express hemolysin that lyses RBCs
105
What is the causative agent of Scarlet and Rheumatic Fever?
*Streptococcus pyogenes*
106
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Lactobacillales * Part of our normal intestinal flora * Occasionally cause UTIs and sepsis * Adapted to nutrient rich, low oxygen body regions (GI, oral cavity, vagina) * Major cause of hospital-acquired infections * Persist on inanimate objects for long periods * High antibiotic resistance
*Enterococcus*
107
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Firmicutes * Order: Lactobacillales * Usual causative agent of food listerosis and spoilage * Most virulent foodborne pathogen (20-30% of clinical infections result in death) * Can survive phaocytosis * Pose risk for a developing fetus
*Listeria monocytogenes*
108
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Tenericutes * Order: Mycoplasmatales * Lack cell wall; pleomorphic * Produce filaments resembling those of fungi * Believed to be the smallest, self-replicating, free-living life forms (0.1 - 0.24 microns)
*Mycoplasmas*
109
**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Common soil isolate * Reproduce via asecual spores (conidiospores) * Strick aerobes * Produce gaseous compound geosmin that gives soil its musty odor * Produce most of our commercial antibiotics
*Streptomyces*
110
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Exhibit filamentous growth * Acid-fast staining; not Gram-positive * Resistant to environmental stressors like drying * Causative agent for tuberculosis
*Mycobacterium tuberculosis*
111
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Gram-negative * Exhibit filamentous growth * Acid-fast staining * Resistant to environmental stressors like drying * Causative agent for leprosy
*Mycobacterium leprae*
112
**Identify the genus** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Facultative anaerobes * Branched filaments that replicate by fragmentation * Common in soil and animal microbiota (mouth and throat of humans)
*Actinomyces*
113
What organism is the causative agent of actinomycosis? Symptoms?
* *Actinomyces israelii* * Destroys tissue of the head, neck, and lungs
114
**Identify the genus:** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Morphogically similar to Actinomyces * Aerobic * Acid-fast
*Nocardia*
115
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Pleomorphic; morphology changes with age * Causative agent of diphteria
*Corynebacterium diphtheriae*
116
**Identify the organism:** * Phylum: Actinobacteria * Named for its ability to form propionic acid * Commonly found on human skin and are the primary cause of acne
*Propionibacterium acnes*