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Microbiology > Ch 18: Practical Application of Immunology > Flashcards

Ch 18: Practical Application of Immunology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who is credited for performing the first vaccinations using cowpox inoculations to prevent smallpox?

A

Edward Jenner

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2
Q

What type of virus is measles virus?

A
  • Paramyxovirus
  • (-)stranded, unsegmented, enveloped
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3
Q

What are some potential complications of measles?

A
  1. Blindness
  2. Inflammation of the brain
  3. Pneumonia
  4. Death
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4
Q

What percentage of people who aren’t vaccinated will get infected with measles if directly exposed?

A

90%

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5
Q

What percentage of people need to be vaccinated in a community to prevent measles spread (herd immunity)

A

92%

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6
Q

How many cases of measles are there annually worldwide?

A

70 million

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7
Q

It is estimated that as many as ___% of people would need to be immune to disrupt the rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2

A

94%

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8
Q

What class of vaccines contain living pathogens?

A
  • Attenuated whole-agent vaccines
  • Ex: MMR, oral polio (OPV)
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9
Q

What class of vaccines contain killed pathogens?

A
  • Inactivated whole-agent vaccines
  • Ex: inactivated polio (IPV)
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10
Q

What class of vaccines contain inactivated toxins?

A
  • Toxoids
  • Ex: Tetanus
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11
Q

What class of vaccines contain antigenic proteins or fractions?

A
  • Subunit vaccines
  • Ex: Acellular pertussis, recombinant HepB, SARS-CoV-2
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12
Q

What class of vaccines contain antigens that are linked to another immunogenic molecule?

A
  • Conjugated vaccines
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13
Q

What vaccinations are recommended for persons aged 0-6 years? (11)

A
  1. HepB
  2. Rotavirus
  3. DPT
  4. Haemophilus influenzae b
  5. Pneucoccal
  6. Inactivated poliovirus
  7. Influenza
  8. MMR
  9. Varicella
  10. HepA
  11. Meningococcal
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14
Q

Which types of HPV cause 90% of genital warts cases?

A

HPV types 6 and 11

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15
Q

Which types of HPV cause 70% of cervical cancers?

A

HPV types 16 and 18

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16
Q

The Cervarix vaccine protects against HPV types ____ while the Gardasil vaccine protects against types ____

A
  • Cervarix - 16 and 18
  • Gardasil - 6, 11, 16, and 18
17
Q

What class of vaccine is the H influenza type B (Hib) vaccine?

A

Conjugated vaccine (polysaccharide + protein)

18
Q

What year was smallpox considered eradicated?

A

1980

19
Q

What are adjuvants?

A
  • Chemicals added to vaccines to make immune response stronger
  • Increase inflammation, transport, and uptake by APCs
20
Q

What are some advantages of oral vaccines?

A
  1. Easy to administer
  2. Effective for protecting mucous membranes
21
Q

____% of polio cases are symptomatic

A

1%

22
Q

True or false. An antibody can help differentiate very recent infection from a much earlier one.

A

False. They cannot differentiate recent or old infections

23
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced for commercial purposes?

A
  • Grown in a hybridoma - an immortal cancerous B-cell fused with an antibody0producing normal B cell
24
Q

What does the suffix -mab refer to in a drug name?

A
  • Monoclonal antibody
  • Ex: Muromonab, Trastuzumab, etc
25
Q

What are chimeric monoclonal antibodies?

A

Genetically modified mice that produce antibodies with a human constant region and mouse variable region

26
Q

What are humanized monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen (used for binding)

27
Q

Describe a preciptitation reaction

A

Using antibodies to cause soluble antigens to fall out of solution

28
Q

Describe agglutination reaction

A
  • Particulate antigens either on a cell (direct) or bound to latex beads (indirect)
  • Uses IgM to stick antigen
29
Q

True or false. The higher the antibody titer, the greater the amount of antibody (i.e. 1:20 is a low titer and 1:640 is a high titer)

A

True

Microbiology (19 decks)

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