Ch 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

How wide is a typical prokaryote?

A

0.2 - 2 μm

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2
Q

How long is a typical prokaryote?

A

2 - 8 μm

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3
Q

What is the diameter of a typical Eukaryotic cell?

A

10-100 μm

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4
Q

Bacillus = ____

A

Rod-shaped

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5
Q

Coccus = ____

A

Spherical

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6
Q

Vibrio = _____

A

Single twist

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7
Q

Spirillum = _____

A

Thicker spiral with proper flagella

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8
Q

Spirochete = _____

A

Thinner spiral with endoflagella (axial filaments)

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9
Q

Stella = ____

A

Star-shaped

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10
Q

Diplo = _____

A

Pairs

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11
Q

Staphylo = ____

A

Grapelike cluster

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12
Q

Strepto = _____

A

Chains/twisted

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13
Q

What is a glycocalyx? Examples?

A

General term for a viscous polymer composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both on the cell surface

Ex: capsule & slime layer

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14
Q

What are the differences between a capsule and a slime layer?

A

Capsule: organized and firmly attached to the cell

Slime layer: unorganized, diffuse, and easily removed

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15
Q

What are some of the functions of a glycocalyx?

A
  1. Attachment to the environment and each other (biofilms)
  2. Contribute to virulence (capsules mainly)
  3. Increased resistance to trying and inhibition of nutrient loss
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16
Q

How can capsules contribute to virulence?

A

Prevent phagocytosis

Facilitate attachment

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17
Q

What capsulated bacteria are resistant to phagocytosis?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumonia*
  • Klebsiella pneumonia*
  • Bacillus anthracis*
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18
Q

Where does K. pneumonia typically attach itself?

A

Respiratory tract

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19
Q

Where does Streptococcus mutans typically attach itself?

A

Teeth

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20
Q

Where does Vibrio cholera typically attach itself?

A

Small intestine

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21
Q

Label the following flagella types:

Lophotrichous, Amphitrichous, Pertrichous, Monotricous, Atrichous, Cephalotrichous

A
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22
Q

True or false. Archae flagella are evolutionarily and structurally different from bacterial and eukaryotic flagella.

A

True

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23
Q

What direction do flagella rotate to move forward?

A

Counterclockwise

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24
Q

What direction do flagella rotate to tumble?

A

Clockwise

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25
Taxis- refers to?
Bacterial movement toward or away from a stimulus
26
*Treponema pallidum* is a spirohete that causes \_\_\_\_\_
Syphilis
27
*Borriella burgdorferi* is a spirochete responsible for causing \_\_\_\_\_
Lyme disease
28
Where are endoflagella located?
Between the cell wall and outer membrane
29
How do endoflagella function?
Anchored at one pole of the cell and wrapped around Filament bundles rotate to produce movement of the outer sheath to propel the cell forward in a corkscrew motion
30
What are the similarities between fimbriae and pili?
Hairlike appendages that are both 1. shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella 2. Comprised of pilin arranged helically around a central core 3. Present in most gram-negative bacteria
31
Where do fimbriae typically occur?
At the poles or evenly distributed
32
What is the role of fimbriae?
Allow bacteria to adhere to each other and to surfaces
33
How are pili different from fimbriae?
Pili are longer THere are only one or two pili per cell
34
What are the functions of pili? (2)
1. Bring two cells together to allow for conjugation (sex pili) 2. Surface motility (twitching)
35
In what bacteria are you most likely to observe twitching motility?
* Pseudomonas aeruginosa* * Neisseria gonorrhoeae* Some *E. coli* strains
36
What is gliding motility?
The ability of certain rod-shaped bacteria to translocate on surfaces without aid of external appendages such as flagella, cilia, or pili Thought to involve microtubules, but still not well understood
37
What are the functions of the cell wall in bacteria? (3)
1. Determines cell shape 2. Prevents osmotic lysis 3. Anchors flagella
38
Peptidoglycan is composed of?
1. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) 2. N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
39
Chitin is composed of?
N-acetylglucosamine
40
Describe the structure of peptidoglycan.
Linear glycan chains (10-65) linked by polypeptide cross-bridges and side chains
41
What is the mode of action of Penicillin?
Inhibits enzymes that connect cross bridges and side chains in peptidoglycan synthesis
42
Describe a gram-positive cell wall?
Many layers of peptidoglycan One cell membrane
43
What are some advantages of a gram-positive cell wall?
1. Provide rigidity 2. Due to their negative charge, they sequester cations (Ca2+ and Mg2) for their eventual transport into the cell
44
Describe a gram-negative cell wall
Contains only one or a few layers of peptidoglycan bonded to lipoproteins Bacteria have outer cell membranes
45
Gram-negative bacteria have a strong negative charge, which is beneficial against \_\_\_\_\_
Phagocytosis and complementation
46
The outer membrane of gram-negative cells provides a barrier against \_\_\_\_\_\_, but not against \_\_\_\_\_
Barrier: Antibiotics, lysozymes, etc. Not against: small metabolites (due to porins)
47
Are lipopolysaccharides found on gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria?
Gram-negative
48
What are the three primary parts of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Lipid A Core polysaccharide O polysaccharide
49
Which part of the LPS has the greatest variation and can be used to distinguish species?
O polysaccharide at least 20 different sugars known
50
Lipid A can be released from gram-negative bacteria when they die, which then act as \_\_\_\_\_
Endotoxins
51
What is the function of the core polysaccharide in LPS?
Contains unusual sugars that provide stability and structural support
52
Describe an acid-fast cell wall.
Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
53
True or false. Acid-fast cell walls cannot be visualized with a Gram stain
True
54
*Mycoplasma* do not have cell walls, rather they have ____ in their plasma membranes
Sterols
55
Archaea can be wall-less or have walls composed of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Pseudomurein
56
What are the differences between pseudomurein and peptidoglycan?
1. N-acetyltalosaminuric acid instead of NAM 2. Cross-links lack D-amino acids
57
The cell wall of protoplasts can be \_\_\_\_\_\_
Entirely removed (i.e. lysozyme digestion of gram-positive cells)
58
The cell wall of spheroplasts can be \_\_\_\_\_
only partially removed (i.e. lysozyme digestion of gram-negative cell walls)
59
What type of bacteria are susceptible to osmotic lysis?
Protoplasts and spheroplasts
60
What are L-forms?
A different form of a cell that is “cell wall-deficient” but is able to grow as a spheroplast or protoplast
61
What causes the development of L-forms of bacteria?
1. Could be spontaneous 2. In response to penicillin or lysozyme
62
Are mycoplasma considered L-forms?
No. They are not derived from bacteria that normally do have cell walls
63
What are some functions of the plasma membrane? (3)
1. Selectively permeable barrier 2. Contain ATP producing enzymes 3. Can contain photosynthetic pigments (chromatophores)
64
Plasmids contain ___ to ____ genes and are associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_.
5-100 genes Plasma membrane proteins
65
True or false. Plasmid genes are crucial for the survival of a bacterium.
False. Not crucial for survival under normal conditions
66
How long can endospores remain dormant for?
Thousands of years
67
True endospores are only found in _____ bacteria
Gram-positive
68
What makes the gram-negative bacteria *Coxiella burnetti* significant?
It produces endospores
69
What is sporulation?
Endospore formation
70
What is germination?
Return to vegetative state
71
When are vegetative cells triggered to sporulate?
When key nutrients such as carbon or nitrogen sources become scarce or unavailable
72
Under what conditions will endospore germination occur?
1. When more favorable growth conditions are present 2. Triggered by heat 3. Triggered by small triggering molecules (i.e. alaninie and inosine)
73
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella differ in regard to their movement?
Eukaroyotic flagella move in wavelike pattern Prokaryotic flagella rotate