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Microbiology > Ch 16: Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Ch 16: Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between “resistance” and “immunity”

A
  • Resistance: unable to allow for productive infection
  • Immunity: active process to prevent progression of infection
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2
Q

What is the first line of defense of the immune system? (3)

A
  1. Physical barrier (intact skin)
  2. Chemical factors (mucous membrane secretions)
  3. Normal microbiota
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3
Q

What is the second line of defense of the immune system? (4)

A

Nonspecific physiologic processes:

  1. Inflammation
  2. Fever
  3. Antimicrobial substance production
  4. Phagocyte infiltration (neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages)
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4
Q

The ciliary escalator of the respiratory tract moves the mucus blanket at a rate of ______.

A

1-3 cm/hr

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5
Q

What properties of the epidermis make it a good physical barrier for the immune system? (3)

A
  1. Dryness inhibits microbes
  2. Water-tightness blocks microbes
  3. Shedding removes microbes
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6
Q

What glands produce sebum?

A

Sebaceous glands

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7
Q

What is sebum?

A
  • Complex mixture of fatty acids and triglycerides that have anti-microbial activity
  • Acidic
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8
Q

A pH of ____ inhibits bacteria and fungi

A

6 or lower

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9
Q

True or false. Urea can be bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal

A

True

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10
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

Small enzyme that attacks the peptidoglycan chains in the cell walls of bacteria, causing the cells to burst.

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11
Q

Who discovered lysozyme as an antibiotic?

A

Alexander Flemming (also discovered penicillin)

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12
Q

Does sebum contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

Acid and antibacterial substances

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13
Q

Does sweat contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

Lysozyme and antibacterial substances

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14
Q

Do tears contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

Lysozyme

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15
Q

Does saliva contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

ALL

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16
Q

Does gastric juice contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

Acid

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17
Q

Does urine contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

Acid and antibacterial substances

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18
Q

Do vaginal secretions contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

Acid

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19
Q

____ discovered the causative agent of peptic ulcers was H. pylori by drinking a solution of the bacterium and treating himself with antibiotics

A

Barry Marshall

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20
Q

What cell type gives rise to all other blood cell types?

A

Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells

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21
Q

Which white blood cells produce histamine?

A

Basophils

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22
Q

Which white blood cells are responsible for killing parasites?

A

Eosinophils

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23
Q

Which white blood cells are responsible for phagocytosis but are not antigen-presenting cells?

A

Neutrophils

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24
Q

Which white blood cells are responsible for phagocytosis and can act as antigen-present cells?

A

Monocytes (macrophages) and dendritic cells

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25
Which white blood cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
T-cells
26
Which white blood cells produce antibodies?
B-cells
27
Which white blood cells destroy target cells (infected or cancerous)
Natural killer cells
28
What is leukocytosis?
Increased WBCs
29
What is leukopenia?
Decreased WBCs
30
Where do the lymphatic ducts ultimately drain?
Left and right subclavian veins, ultimately back to the heart
31
Which type of phagocytic WBC isshort-lived and only predominate early infections?
Neutrophils
32
Which type of phagocytic WBC is can last for several months and predominate later infections?
Macrophages
33
Explain the phases of phagocytosis (7)
1. Chemotaxis and adherence of pseudopods 2. Ingestion of target 3. Formation of phagocytic vesicle or phagosome 4. Fuse with lysosome to form a phagolysosome 5. Enzymatic digestion of target 6. Formation of residual body 7. Discharge of indigestible material
34
What are toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
* Proteins on cell surfaces throughout the body * Provide adherence for macrophage pseudopods * Recognized pattern-recognition receptors
35
How are *Streptococcus pyogenes* and *S. pneumoniae* able to evade phagocytosis?
Their M proteins and capsules inhibit adherence
36
How is *Staphylococcus aureus* able to evade phagocytosis?
Produces leukocidins that kill phagocytes
37
How is *Listeria monocytogenes* able to evade phagocytosis?
Has a membrane attack complex that is able to lyse phagocytes
38
How are *Shigella* and *Rickettsia* able to evade phagocytosis?
They can escape the phagosome
39
How are HIV and *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* able to avoid phagocytosis?
Prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion
40
How is *Coxiella burnettii* able to evade phagocytosis?
Can survive inside the phagolysosome
41
What is the purpose of inflammation? (3)
1. Destroy and remove injurious agents 2. Limit the agent's effects by walling it off 3. Speed up damage repair
42
What is margination?
Near the site of infection, phagocytes gather and stick to endothelium (blood vessels)
43
What is diapedesis?
At the site of infection, phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells
44
Describe the process of inflammation (8)
1. Damaged cells release signaling molecules 2. Blood clot and abcess form 3. Vasodilation 4. Phagocytes migrate 5. Margination 6. Diapedesis 7. Phagocytosis 8. Tissue repair (epidermis and dermis regenerate)
45
What are the signaling molecules released by damaged cells during inflammation and what are their functions? (4)
1. Histamine - vasidilation, increased permability of blood vessels 2. Kinins - vasodilation, increased permability of blood vessels 3. Prostaglandins - intensify histamine and kinin effects; induce fever 4. Leukotrienes - increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment
46
Increased permeability of blood vessels results in ____ or \_\_\_\_\_
Edema or swelling
47
Gram(-) endotoxin causes phagocytes to release \_\_\_\_
IL-1
48
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a fever?
Adv: * Increases transferrins * Increases IL-1 activity * Produces interferon Dis: * Tachycardia * Acidosis * Dehydration * 44-46℃ (111 ℉) is fatal
49
What is the complement system?
* An enzyme cascade that: * Damages bacterial plasma membranes * Increases ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and debris * Promotes inflammation
50
In complement cascade activation, C1 is activated by \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Microbe-antibody complexes
51
In complement cascade activation, C1 splits \_\_\_\_\_, which then split \_\_\_\_\_.
* C1 → C2 and C4 * C2 → C2a and C2b * C4 → C4a and C4b
52
In complement cascade activation, ____ and ____ combine together and they split \_\_\_\_.
C2a and C4b → C3
53
In complement cascade activation C3 splits into _____ and _____ to initiate the complement cascade.
C3 → C3a and C3b
54
What is the function of C3b in the complement cascade? (2)
1. Bind to microbes and enhance phagocytosis (opsonization) 2. Splits C5
55
What is the membrane attack complex?
* C5b, C6, C7, C8, and multiple C9 fragments * Punches holes in microbes causing lysis
56
In the complement cascade _____ and ____ bind to mast cells which release histamine and other signaling molecules
C3a and C5a
57
In the complement cascade ____ is a chemotactic factor, which attracts phagocytes to the site of infection
C5a
58
What are siderophores?
Secreted bacterial proteinst that sequester iron from their environment and allow for microbes to more easily take it up
59
What are transferrins?
Iron binding protein in animals that trasport and store iron
60
How large are antimicrobial peptides?
12-15 amino acids long
61
What are interferons (IFNs)?
Cytokines that cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication (alpha and beta) or cause neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria (gamma)

Microbiology (19 decks)

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