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Microbiology > Ch 1: The Microbial World and You > Flashcards

Ch 1: The Microbial World and You Flashcards

1
Q

Approximately what percent of microbes are pathogenic?

A

<1%

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2
Q

Intestinal microbes ferment food you can’t digest and produce some of the _______?

A

B and K vitamins

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3
Q

What species of fungus is responsible for the fermentation of soy sauce?

A

Aspergillus

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4
Q

Do transient microbiota cause disease? Why or why not?

A

No.

  1. unable to compete with residents
  2. Eliminated by body’s immune system
  3. Physical or chemical properties that discourage their growth (ex: temp, pH, etc)
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5
Q

By what ratio do microbes outnumber human cells in the body?

A

10:1

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6
Q

Under what conditions can our normal microbiota cause disease? (3)

A
  1. When they escape their normal habitat
  2. Immunosuppression
  3. Overgrowth (due to antibiotics)
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7
Q

Who established the system of scientific nomenclature for organisms?

A

Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish botanist and zoologist)

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8
Q

Theodor Escherich discovered what bacterium? What is its normal habitat?

A

Escherichia coli
Colon

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9
Q

Break down the name “Staphylococcus aureus”

A

Staphylo = clustered

Coccus = spherical cells

Aureus = gold-colored colonies

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10
Q

What is the most common way for bacteria to reproduce?

A

Binary fission

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11
Q

What is the primary component of bacterial cell walls?

A

Peptidoglycan

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12
Q

True or false. Archaea gain energy from organic and inorganic chemicals as well as photosynthesis.

A

False. They cannot phosynthesize

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13
Q

What is a halophile?

A

A microorganism that thrives in high salt concentrations

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14
Q

What are methanogens?

A

Archaeans that convert hydrogen to methane

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15
Q

What is the primary component of fungi cell walls?

A

Chitin

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16
Q

Molds and mushrooms are _____ while yeasts are _____

A

Molds/mushrooms: multicellular

Yeasts: unicellular

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17
Q

Are most fungi molds or yeasts?

A

Molds

~1% are yeasts

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18
Q

Do protozoans reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

Either

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19
Q

Are protozoans prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

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20
Q

What is the primary component of cell walls in algae?

A

Cellulose

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21
Q

Who is credited with inventing the first compound microscope in 1595? What was its magnification?

A

Zacharias Jansen and Hans Lipperhey

3-9x magnification

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22
Q

Robert Hooke’s observation of cork under a primitive compound microscope led to the ________.

A

Cell theory

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23
Q

1673-1723: _____ was the first person to visualize live microorganisms. He is known as the “father of microbiology”

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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24
Q

What was the magnification of Leeuwenhoek’s simple microscope?

A

x300

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25
Describe the “spontaneous generation” theory
Prior to the 1850s, many scientists and philosophers hypothesized that some living organisms could arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life (i.e. maggots from decaying corpses, flies from manure)
26
In 1668, ______ performed the decaying meat experiment to test the spontaneous generation of maggots?
Francesco Redi
27
In 1861, _____ finally disproved the spontaneous generation theory by designing a flask to let air in but keep microbes out
Louis Pasteur
28
Describe Pasteurization
Application of heat for a short time to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage bacteria.
29
Describe the two primary methods of pasteurization
63 ºC for 30 minutes 72 ºC for 16 seconds
30
Why not boil liquids rather than pasteurize them?
It would evaporate ethanol in alcohol It would coagulate proteins
31
In 1876, _____ proved that a bacterium causes anthrax. Proved that specific microbes cause specific diseases
Robert Koch
32
In 1796, _____ inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then protected from smallpox.
Edward Jenner
33
What is the strict definition of antibiotics? Example?
Agents produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that act against other bacteria Ex: Penicillin
34
What is the broad definition of antibiotics? Example?
Drugs used to treat microbial infections Ex: silver
35
\_\_\_\_ occurs naturally in cinchona tree bark and was the first effective treatment for malaria.
Quinine
36
In 1910, ______ developed a synthetic arsenic drug, \_\_\_\_\_, to treat syphilis
Paul Ehrlich Salvarsan (Ehrlich 606)
37
In 1928, _____ accidentally discovered the first antibiotic \_\_\_\_\_.
Alexander Fleming Penicillin
38
Microorganisms are responsible for converting what elements into useful forms for plants and animals?
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur Phosphorus
39
Bioremediation refers to \_\_\_\_\_.
Any process that uses organisms or their enzymes to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes
40
\_\_\_\_ produces a crystal protein during sporulation that is toxic to the digestive system of insects, but harmless to plants and animals
*Bacillus thuringiensis*
41
What is a biofilm?
A complex aggregation of microorganisms growing on a solid surface
42
What are some benefits of biofilms?
1. Protect mucus membranes from harmful microbes 2. Foot for aquatic animals in lakes 3. Harnessed for constructive purposes
43
What are some harmful effects of biofilms?
1. Can clog water pipes 2. Can colonize medical implants and cause infections 3. Increased antibiotic resistance 4. Dental plaques can lead to tooth decay
44
What are some factors that can contribute to emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)?
1. Evolutionary changes in existing organisms (increase pathogenicity) 2. Changes in weather patterns 3. Ecological disasters 4. Inappropriate use of antibiotics 5. Interactions with animals and livestock 6. Urbanization 7. War/poverty 8. Animal habitat change 9. Ineffective or mistaken public health measures
45
What is H5N1?
Avian influenza A (bird flu)
46
H5N1 primarily infects \_\_\_\_\_.
Waterfowl and poultry Rare in humans (limited and sustained)
47
What is H1N1?
Swine flu
48
Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two surface proteins ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
Hemagglutinin (H) Neuraminidase (N)
49
What are the functions of hemagglutinin in Influenza A? (2)
1. Enables the virus to bind cells of the upper respiratory tract containing sialic acid on their membranes 2. Allow fusion of the viral envelope with the endosome membrane
50
What are the functions of neuraminidase in Influenza A?
1. Cleaves sialic acid side groups 2. Essential for release of progeny virus particles from the surface of infected cells
51
When a bacteria that is generally harmless finds a route for infection (cut, wound, etc) it is described as \_\_\_\_\_.
Opportunistic
52
What is the difference between HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA
HA: healthcare-associated CA: community-associated
53
What bacterium causes Tuberculosis?
*Mycobacterium tuberculosis*
54
How does the antibiotic isoniazid function?
Blocks peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis
55
How does the antibiotic rifampin function?
Blocks bacterial DNA polymerase
56
True or false. *M. tuberculosis* is susceptible to isoniazid and rifampin.
False. It is resistant to them
57
What bacteria is the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections?
*Clostridium difficile*
58
What are the symptoms of the Ebola virus?
Fever Hemorrhaging Blood clotting
59
What is the death rate of Ebola?
50-90%
60
How is Ebola transmitted?
Blood and bodily fluids
61
\_\_\_ is currently the only FDA-approved vaccine to prevent Ebola Virus disease.
Ervebo
62
What virus has a similar clinical presentation to Ebola?
Marburg Virus
63
How is Marburg virus transmitted?
Bodily fluids Handling ill or dead infected green monkeys and fruit bats
64
What are the symptoms of Zika virus disease?
Mild However, in pregnant women, it is linked to miscarriage, stillbirth, and birth defects
65
How is the Zika virus spread?
Infected mosquitoes, specifically the *Aedes* species
66
What is MERS?
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (Camel flu)
67
What virus is responsible for causing MERS?
MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

Microbiology (19 decks)

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