Ch 5; Lipid Flashcards
The three main types of lipids are ________, ________, and ________.
Triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols
________ is the most common lipid in food and the human body.
Triglycerides
Saturated fatty acids are ________ at room temperature because they have only single bonds.
Solid
Unsaturated fatty acids contain ________ bonds and are usually found in ________ and ________.
Double, plant oils, seafood
The two essential fatty acids are ________ (omega-3) and ________ (omega-6).
Alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid
________ is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats, creating trans fats.
Hydrogenation
________ is known as “bad cholesterol” because it delivers cholesterol to the body’s cells.
LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)
________ is known as “good cholesterol” because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the blood
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)
The ________ is the part of the cell membrane made up of phospholipids that controls what enters and exits the cell.
Lipid bilayer
Cholesterol is used to make ________, ________, and ________.
Bile acids, vitamin D, sex hormones
The process of ________ allows dietary lipids to be transported in the blood.
Emulsification
diet high in ________ fats and ________ fats increases the risk of heart disease.
Saturated, trans
The body stores excess energy as fat in ________ tissue.
Adipose
_______ is a condition where fatty deposits build up in the arteries, leading to heart disease.
Atherosclerosis
What are the main components of a triglyceride?
a) Glycerol and three fatty acids
b) Two phosphates and a lipid
c) A protein and a sugar
d) Cholesterol and water
a) Glycerol and three fatty acids
Which type of fat is liquid at room temperature?
a) Saturated fats
b) Trans fats
c) Unsaturated fats
d) Cholesterol
c) Unsaturated fats
Which lipoprotein is responsible for removing cholesterol from the blood?
a) LDL
b) VLDL
c) HDL
d) Triglycerides
c) HDL
Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids in the body?
a) Energy storage
b) Insulation
c) Production of bile acids
d) Formation of red blood cells
d) Formation of red blood cells
What process allows fats to mix with water?
a) Hydrogenation
b) Emulsification
c) Transamination
d) Fermentation
b) Emulsification
Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?
a) Stearic acid
b) Linoleic acid
c) Palmitic acid
d) Butyric acid
b) Linoleic acid
Which of these fats is considered the healthiest?
a) Trans fats
b) Saturated fats
c) Polyunsaturated fats
d) Hydrogenated fats
c) Polyunsaturated fats
What is the role of cholesterol in the body?
a) Acts as an energy source
b) Used to make bile acids and hormones
c) Converts glucose to glycogen
d) Builds muscle tissue
b) Used to make bile acids and hormones
Which dietary habit increases heart disease risk the most?
a) Eating a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids
b) Consuming a high amount of trans fats
c) Eating more fiber and vegetables
d) Drinking plenty of water
b) Consuming a high amount of trans fats
What are phospholipids used for in the body?
a) Energy storage
b) Forming cell membranes
c) Building proteins
d) Digesting carbohydrates
b) Forming cell membranes
What is the major function of lipoproteins?
a) Transporting lipids in the blood
b) Breaking down sugars
c) Storing excess fat
d) Producing enzymes
a) Transporting lipids in the blood
How are trans fats mainly created?
a) By frying foods at high temperatures
b) Through hydrogenation
c) By emulsification
d) Through bile production
b) Through hydrogenation
Which of the following is a good source of healthy fats?
a) Doughnuts
b) Butter
c) Avocados
d) Processed cheese
c) Avocados
Which of the following is NOT a lipid?
a) Cholesterol
b) Protein
c) Triglyceride
d) Phospholipid
Protein
What is the main function of triglycerides?
Energy storage
What type of fat is solid at room temperature?
Saturated fat
What are the two essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3)
What process creates trans fats?
Hydrogenation
What lipoprotein is called “bad cholesterol”?
LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)
What lipoprotein is called “good cholesterol”?
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)
What is cholesterol used to make?
Bile acids, vitamin D, sex hormones
What organ produces bile?
Liver
What percentage of daily calories should come from fat?
20-35%
What is the function of phospholipids?
Forming cell membranes
What food is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids?
Fish
What is atherosclerosis?
Buildup of fat in artery walls
What macronutrient is the most energy-dense?
Lipids (9 kcal/g)
What does bile do in fat digestion?
Emulsifies fats for digestion
Lipid meaning
group of organic
molecules, most of which do
not dissolve in water. They
include fatty acids, triglycerides,
phospholipids, and sterols.
The major form of lipid in food
and in the body. They consist of
three fatty acids attached to a
glycerol molecule
Triglyceride
Organic molecules
made up of a chain of carbons
linked to hydrogen atoms with an
acid group at one end.
Fatty acid
Types of
lipids containing phosphorous.
The most common are the
phosphoglycerides, which are
composed of a glycerol backbone
with two fatty acids and a
phosphate group attached.
Phospholipid
Types of lipids with a
structure composed of multiple
chemical rings.
Sterol
fatty
acid in which the carbon atoms
are bound to as many hydrogens
as possible and which, therefore,
contains no carbon-carbon
double bonds
Saturated
term used in
the popular media to refer to the
saturated oils—coconut, palm,
and palm kernel oil—that are
derived from plants grown in
tropical regions.
Tropical oil
fatty acid that contains 1 carbon-
carbon double bond.
Monounsaturated
polyunsaturated fatty acid
fatty acid that contains 2 or
more carbon-carbon double
bonds.
acid containing a carbon-carbon
double bond between the third
and fourth carbons from the
omega end.
Omega 3 fatty acid
A fatty
acid containing a carbon-carbon
double bond between the sixth
and seventh carbons from the
omega end.
Omega 6
Trans fatty acid, explain what type and place of hydrogen
Unsaturated, opposite sides of double bond
The process
whereby hydrogen atoms are
added to the carbon-carbon
double bonds of unsaturated
fatty acids, making the
Hydrogenation
A class
of phospholipid consisting of
a glycerol molecule, two fatty
acids, and a phosphate group.
Phosphoglyceride
Substances that
allow water and fat to mix by
breaking large fat globules into
smaller ones.
Emulsifiers
Two layers of
phosphoglyceride molecules
oriented so that the fat-soluble
fatty acid tails are sandwiched
between the water-soluble
phosphate-containing heads.
Lipid bilayer
A phosphoglyceride
composed of a glycerol backbone,
two fatty acids, a phosphate
group, and a molecule of choline.
Lecithin
A lipid that consists
of multiple chemical rings and is
made only by animal cells.
Cholesterol
Particles formed in the
small intestine when the products
of fat digestion are surrounded
by bile acids. They facilitate the
absorption of fat.
Micelles
Particles
containing a core of triglycerides
and cholesterol surrounded by a
shell of protein, phospholipids,
and cholesterol that transport
lipids in blood and lymph.
Lipoprotein
Lipoproteins
assembled by the liver that carry
lipids from the liver and deliver
triglycerides to body cells.
very-low-density lipoproteins
(VLDLs)
Lipoproteins that transport
cholesterol to cells. Elevated LDL-
cholesterol increases the risk of
cardiovascular disease.
low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
Lipoproteins that pick up
cholesterol from cells and
transport it to the liver so that it
can be eliminated from the body.
A high level of HDL decreases the
risk of cardiovascular disease.
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Regulatory
molecules, including
prostaglandins and related
compounds, that can be
synthesized from omega-3 and
omega-6 fatty acids.
eicosanoids
When glucose, and
as a consequence, oxaloacetate
levels in the cell are low, fatty
acids will be converted to ketone
bodies.
Ketone body formation
The enzymes lipoprotein lipase
and hormone-sensitive lipase
mediate the storage and removal
of triglycerides in adipose tissue,
respectively, according to energy
intake and energy needs.
Storing and
retrieving energy in fat.
condition characterized by dry,
scaly skin and poor growth that
results when the diet does not
supply sufficient amounts of the
essential fatty acids.
essential fatty acid deficiency
atherosclerosis
type of
cardiovascular disease that
involves the buildup of fatty
material in the artery walls.
atherosclerotic plaque
The
cholesterol-rich material that
is deposited in the arteries of
individuals with atherosclerosis.
It consists of cholesterol, smooth-
muscle cells, fibrous tissue, and
eventually calcium.
are a type of phospholipid that consist of
a backbone of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.
Phosphoglycerides
Which of the following is an example of an omega-3 fatty acid?
a) Linoleic acid
b) Alpha-linolenic acid
c) Oleic acid
d) Palmitic acid
B
What is the primary reason the food industry uses hydrogenated fats?
a) To increase nutritional value
b) To make them easier to digest
c) To make them more stable and less susceptible to rancidity
d) To reduce the cost of production
C
Where is most of the cholesterol in the body found? a) Liver b) Bloodstream c) Cell membranes d) Muscle tissue
C
Which lipoprotein is the least dense? a) HDL b) LDL c) Chylomicron d) VLDL
C
Where are VLDLs made?
a) Small intestine
b) Liver
c) Tissues
d) Bloodstream
B
Which lipoprotein is referred to as “good cholesterol”?
a) LDL
b) VLDL
c) HDL
d) Chylomicron
C
What is the main cause of atherosclerosis?
a) Lack of exercise
b) Buildup of fatty material in artery walls
c) High fiber intake
d) Low levels of cholesterol
B
According to the sources, which of the following is NOT a risk factor for heart disease?
a) High LDL cholesterol
b) High fiber diet
c) Smoking
d) High blood pressure
Main function of phospholipids
To act as emulsifiers and allow for transport in blood
Where is cholesterol made in body
Liver
What are lipoproteins
Transport particles for water in soluble lipids
Where does LDL cholesterol deliver
Deliver cholesterol to tissues
Function of chylomicrons
Carry large dietary lipids from SI
What are the two essential fatty acids?
Alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) and linoleic acid (omega-6)
