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Nutrients > Ch 5; Lipid > Flashcards

Ch 5; Lipid Flashcards

1
Q

The three main types of lipids are ________, ________, and ________.

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

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2
Q

________ is the most common lipid in food and the human body.

A

Triglycerides

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3
Q

Saturated fatty acids are ________ at room temperature because they have only single bonds.

A

Solid

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4
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids contain ________ bonds and are usually found in ________ and ________.

A

Double, plant oils, seafood

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5
Q

The two essential fatty acids are ________ (omega-3) and ________ (omega-6).

A

Alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid

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6
Q

________ is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats, creating trans fats.

A

Hydrogenation

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7
Q

________ is known as “bad cholesterol” because it delivers cholesterol to the body’s cells.

A

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)

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8
Q

________ is known as “good cholesterol” because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the blood

A

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)

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9
Q

The ________ is the part of the cell membrane made up of phospholipids that controls what enters and exits the cell.

A

Lipid bilayer

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10
Q

Cholesterol is used to make ________, ________, and ________.

A

Bile acids, vitamin D, sex hormones

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11
Q

The process of ________ allows dietary lipids to be transported in the blood.

A

Emulsification

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12
Q

diet high in ________ fats and ________ fats increases the risk of heart disease.

A

Saturated, trans

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13
Q

The body stores excess energy as fat in ________ tissue.

A

Adipose

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14
Q

_______ is a condition where fatty deposits build up in the arteries, leading to heart disease.

A

Atherosclerosis

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15
Q

What are the main components of a triglyceride?
a) Glycerol and three fatty acids
b) Two phosphates and a lipid
c) A protein and a sugar
d) Cholesterol and water

A

a) Glycerol and three fatty acids

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16
Q

Which type of fat is liquid at room temperature?
a) Saturated fats
b) Trans fats
c) Unsaturated fats
d) Cholesterol

A

c) Unsaturated fats

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17
Q

Which lipoprotein is responsible for removing cholesterol from the blood?
a) LDL
b) VLDL
c) HDL
d) Triglycerides

A

c) HDL

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18
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids in the body?
a) Energy storage
b) Insulation
c) Production of bile acids
d) Formation of red blood cells

A

d) Formation of red blood cells

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19
Q

What process allows fats to mix with water?
a) Hydrogenation
b) Emulsification
c) Transamination
d) Fermentation

A

b) Emulsification

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20
Q

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?
a) Stearic acid
b) Linoleic acid
c) Palmitic acid
d) Butyric acid

A

b) Linoleic acid

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21
Q

Which of these fats is considered the healthiest?
a) Trans fats
b) Saturated fats
c) Polyunsaturated fats
d) Hydrogenated fats

A

c) Polyunsaturated fats

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22
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the body?
a) Acts as an energy source
b) Used to make bile acids and hormones
c) Converts glucose to glycogen
d) Builds muscle tissue

A

b) Used to make bile acids and hormones

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23
Q

Which dietary habit increases heart disease risk the most?
a) Eating a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids
b) Consuming a high amount of trans fats
c) Eating more fiber and vegetables
d) Drinking plenty of water

A

b) Consuming a high amount of trans fats

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24
Q

What are phospholipids used for in the body?
a) Energy storage
b) Forming cell membranes
c) Building proteins
d) Digesting carbohydrates

A

b) Forming cell membranes

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25
What is the major function of lipoproteins? a) Transporting lipids in the blood b) Breaking down sugars c) Storing excess fat d) Producing enzymes
a) Transporting lipids in the blood
26
How are trans fats mainly created? a) By frying foods at high temperatures b) Through hydrogenation c) By emulsification d) Through bile production
b) Through hydrogenation
27
Which of the following is a good source of healthy fats? a) Doughnuts b) Butter c) Avocados d) Processed cheese
c) Avocados
28
Which of the following is NOT a lipid? a) Cholesterol b) Protein c) Triglyceride d) Phospholipid
Protein
29
What is the main function of triglycerides?
Energy storage
30
What type of fat is solid at room temperature?
Saturated fat
31
What are the two essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3)
32
What process creates trans fats?
Hydrogenation
33
What lipoprotein is called "bad cholesterol"?
LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)
34
What lipoprotein is called "good cholesterol"?
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)
35
What is cholesterol used to make?
Bile acids, vitamin D, sex hormones
36
What organ produces bile?
Liver
37
What percentage of daily calories should come from fat?
20-35%
38
What is the function of phospholipids?
Forming cell membranes
39
What food is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids?
Fish
40
What is atherosclerosis?
Buildup of fat in artery walls
41
What macronutrient is the most energy-dense?
Lipids (9 kcal/g)
42
What does bile do in fat digestion?
Emulsifies fats for digestion
43
Lipid meaning
group of organic molecules, most of which do not dissolve in water. They include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
44
The major form of lipid in food and in the body. They consist of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Triglyceride
45
Organic molecules made up of a chain of carbons linked to hydrogen atoms with an acid group at one end.
Fatty acid
46
Types of lipids containing phosphorous. The most common are the phosphoglycerides, which are composed of a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached.
Phospholipid
47
Types of lipids with a structure composed of multiple chemical rings.
Sterol
48
fatty acid in which the carbon atoms are bound to as many hydrogens as possible and which, therefore, contains no carbon-carbon double bonds
Saturated
49
term used in the popular media to refer to the saturated oils—coconut, palm, and palm kernel oil—that are derived from plants grown in tropical regions.
Tropical oil
50
fatty acid that contains 1 carbon- carbon double bond.
Monounsaturated
51
polyunsaturated fatty acid
fatty acid that contains 2 or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
52
acid containing a carbon-carbon double bond between the third and fourth carbons from the omega end.
Omega 3 fatty acid
53
A fatty acid containing a carbon-carbon double bond between the sixth and seventh carbons from the omega end.
Omega 6
54
Trans fatty acid, explain what type and place of hydrogen
Unsaturated, opposite sides of double bond
55
The process whereby hydrogen atoms are added to the carbon-carbon double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids, making the
Hydrogenation
56
A class of phospholipid consisting of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.
Phosphoglyceride
57
Substances that allow water and fat to mix by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones.
Emulsifiers
58
Two layers of phosphoglyceride molecules oriented so that the fat-soluble fatty acid tails are sandwiched between the water-soluble phosphate-containing heads.
Lipid bilayer
59
A phosphoglyceride composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a molecule of choline.
Lecithin
60
A lipid that consists of multiple chemical rings and is made only by animal cells.
Cholesterol
61
Particles formed in the small intestine when the products of fat digestion are surrounded by bile acids. They facilitate the absorption of fat.
Micelles
62
Particles containing a core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a shell of protein, phospholipids, and cholesterol that transport lipids in blood and lymph.
Lipoprotein
63
Lipoproteins assembled by the liver that carry lipids from the liver and deliver triglycerides to body cells.
very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
64
Lipoproteins that transport cholesterol to cells. Elevated LDL- cholesterol increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
65
Lipoproteins that pick up cholesterol from cells and transport it to the liver so that it can be eliminated from the body. A high level of HDL decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
66
Regulatory molecules, including prostaglandins and related compounds, that can be synthesized from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
eicosanoids
67
When glucose, and as a consequence, oxaloacetate levels in the cell are low, fatty acids will be converted to ketone bodies.
Ketone body formation
68
The enzymes lipoprotein lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase mediate the storage and removal of triglycerides in adipose tissue, respectively, according to energy intake and energy needs.
Storing and retrieving energy in fat.
69
condition characterized by dry, scaly skin and poor growth that results when the diet does not supply sufficient amounts of the essential fatty acids.
essential fatty acid deficiency
70
atherosclerosis
type of cardiovascular disease that involves the buildup of fatty material in the artery walls.
71
atherosclerotic plaque
The cholesterol-rich material that is deposited in the arteries of individuals with atherosclerosis. It consists of cholesterol, smooth- muscle cells, fibrous tissue, and eventually calcium.
72
are a type of phospholipid that consist of a backbone of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.
Phosphoglycerides
73
Which of the following is an example of an omega-3 fatty acid? a) Linoleic acid b) Alpha-linolenic acid c) Oleic acid d) Palmitic acid
B
74
What is the primary reason the food industry uses hydrogenated fats? a) To increase nutritional value b) To make them easier to digest c) To make them more stable and less susceptible to rancidity d) To reduce the cost of production
C
75
Where is most of the cholesterol in the body found? a) Liver b) Bloodstream c) Cell membranes d) Muscle tissue
C
76
Which lipoprotein is the least dense? a) HDL b) LDL c) Chylomicron d) VLDL
C
77
Where are VLDLs made? a) Small intestine b) Liver c) Tissues d) Bloodstream
B
78
Which lipoprotein is referred to as "good cholesterol"? a) LDL b) VLDL c) HDL d) Chylomicron
C
79
What is the main cause of atherosclerosis? a) Lack of exercise b) Buildup of fatty material in artery walls c) High fiber intake d) Low levels of cholesterol
B
80
According to the sources, which of the following is NOT a risk factor for heart disease? a) High LDL cholesterol b) High fiber diet c) Smoking d) High blood pressure
B
81
Main function of phospholipids
To act as emulsifiers and allow for transport in blood
82
Where is cholesterol made in body
Liver
83
What are lipoproteins
Transport particles for water in soluble lipids
84
Where does LDL cholesterol deliver
Deliver cholesterol to tissues
85
Function of chylomicrons
Carry large dietary lipids from SI
86
What are the two essential fatty acids?
Alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) and linoleic acid (omega-6)

Nutrients (15 decks)

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